The vomiting reflex, or emetic reflex, involves three steps. First, nausea develops as a warning sensation. Then retching occurs through spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm and chest muscles combined with glottis closure. Finally, vomiting expels gastric contents through the mouth. The vomiting center located in the medulla receives input from the GI tract, chemoreceptor trigger zone, vestibular apparatus, and higher brain centers. It coordinates the motor responses through various cranial nerves that cause antiperistalsis and ejection of vomitus.
Defecation..( the guyton and hall physiology)Maryam Fida
Definition:
“Voiding of feces is known as defecation”.
Feces is formed in the large intestine and stored in sigmoid colon.
internal sphincter
Composed of circular smooth muscle
Lies immediately inside the anus
external sphincter
Composed of striated voluntary muscle
Controlled by pudendal nerve. therefore, it is under voluntary, conscious.
reflex pathway
When feces enter rectum
|
Distension of rectal wall
|
Impulses from the nerve endings are transmitted via afferent fibers of pelvic nerve to the defecation center, situated in sacral segments (center) of spinal cord.
|
The center in turn, sends motor impulses to the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum via efferent nerve fibers of pelvic nerve.
|
Motor impulses cause strong contraction of descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum and relaxation of internal sphincter.
Simultaneously, voluntary relaxation of external sphincter occurs. It is due to the inhibition of pudendal nerve.
VOMITING
Definition:
“Vomiting or emesis is the abnormal emptying of stomach and upper part of intestine through esophagus and mouth “.
Defecation..( the guyton and hall physiology)Maryam Fida
Definition:
“Voiding of feces is known as defecation”.
Feces is formed in the large intestine and stored in sigmoid colon.
internal sphincter
Composed of circular smooth muscle
Lies immediately inside the anus
external sphincter
Composed of striated voluntary muscle
Controlled by pudendal nerve. therefore, it is under voluntary, conscious.
reflex pathway
When feces enter rectum
|
Distension of rectal wall
|
Impulses from the nerve endings are transmitted via afferent fibers of pelvic nerve to the defecation center, situated in sacral segments (center) of spinal cord.
|
The center in turn, sends motor impulses to the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum via efferent nerve fibers of pelvic nerve.
|
Motor impulses cause strong contraction of descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum and relaxation of internal sphincter.
Simultaneously, voluntary relaxation of external sphincter occurs. It is due to the inhibition of pudendal nerve.
VOMITING
Definition:
“Vomiting or emesis is the abnormal emptying of stomach and upper part of intestine through esophagus and mouth “.
Enteric nervous system - GIT physiology, EXTRINSIC AND INTRINSIC NERVE SUPPLY, Meissner's and myenteric's plexus.
local reflex, short reflex. Parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve supply of GIT. Functions of the plexuses.
this presentation comprises of everything about the process of defecation and the defecation reflex and the nerve supply involved.
also discusses about the types of defecation reflexes and deals about them seperately in detail.
Enteric nervous system - GIT physiology, EXTRINSIC AND INTRINSIC NERVE SUPPLY, Meissner's and myenteric's plexus.
local reflex, short reflex. Parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve supply of GIT. Functions of the plexuses.
this presentation comprises of everything about the process of defecation and the defecation reflex and the nerve supply involved.
also discusses about the types of defecation reflexes and deals about them seperately in detail.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
2. TERMINOLOGY
Nausea-is an unpleasant subjective sensation that most
people have experienced at some point in their lives and usually
recognize as a feeling of impending vomiting in the epigastrium
or throat.
Retching-muscular activity of the abdomen and thorax, often
voluntary, leading to forced inspiration against a closed mouth
and glottis without oral discharge of gastric contents.
Vomiting- Vomiting is a partially voluntary act of forcefully
expelling gastric or intestinal content through the mouth
3. VOMITING CENTER
Vomiting center is situated bilaterally in
medulla oblongata near the tractus solitarius
The sensory impulses from the irrited part of
GIT or other organs are transmitted to the
vomiting center through vagus and sympathetic
afferent fibers.
The motor impulses causing act of the vomiting
are transmitted from vomiting center through V,
VII,IX, X and XII cranial nerves to the upper part
of gastrointestinal tract and through spinal
nerves to diaphragm and abdominal muscle.
4.
5.
6. MECHANISM OF VOMITING (EMESIS)
Movements in the GIT start even before actual
vomiting
During the excessive irritation of the stomach or
upper part of intestine ,the antiperistalsis begins.
And vomiting occurs few minutes after this.
The antiperistalsis in the ileum and runs backward
through the intestine pushing the intestinal
contents into duodenum and stomach within 3-5
minutes. The rate of antiperistalsis is about 2-3 cm
per second.
7. After the antiperistalsis movements the voluntary
muscle are put into action. At the same time,
there is relaxation of lower esophageal
sphincter. After inspiratory movement, there is
closure of glottis. This is followed by contraction
of abdominal muscle with a characteristics jerk
called retching. This compress the stomach
against contracted diaphragm and abdominal
organs. And the pressure inside the stomach
increased. This increased pressure causes
emptying of contents through the relaxed
esophagus.
8.
9. During Ejection of Vomitus
1)The esophagus is relaxed throughout.
2)Glottis closed.
3)Larynx and Hyoid bone drawn upward and
forward.
4)Respiration inhibited.
5)Throat is diluted to allow free exit of
vomitus.
The entry of vomitus into Nasopharynx is
prevented by the Elevation of Soft Palate.
10. VOMITING REFLEX (EMETIC REFLEX)
There are three steps in the vomiting reflex
First -Nausea develops.
Second-retching occurs as a result
of activation of spasmodic
contractions of the diaphragm and
intercostal muscles combined with
closure of the glottis.
Third- the act of vomiting occurs.
11. NAUSEA
An unpleasant sensation that
immediately precedes vomiting
Cold sweat, pallor, salivation
Noticeable disinterest in the
surrounding
12. Without any expulsion of gastric
contents.
Can occur without vomiting
But normally it generates the
pressure gradient that leads to
vomiting.
Retching
Follows Nausea
15. The vomiting center receives input from four
major areas
1) GI tract(Irritation of the mucosa of upper
GIT is the strong stimulus for vomiting.
Irritation of Duodenum provide the strongest
stimulus )
2) Chemoreceptor trigger zone
3) Vestibular apparatus
4) Higher Cerebral
cortex.(SMELL,TASTE,PAIN,MEMORY, FEAR)
17. Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone
It is the small area located bilaterally on the floor of
4th ventricle.
A chemoreceptor(DOPAMINE 2, 5-HYDROXY
TRYPTOMINE) cell initiate vomiting when they are
electrically stimulated by certain circulating chemical
agents.
It is lies outside the blood brain barrier(BBB)
Administration of certain crude drugs morphine,
amorphine, digitalis derivative stimulate
chemoreceptor zone and initiate vomiting.
Destruction of this area inhibits vomiting but does not
inhibit vomiting due to irrigative stimulation of upper
GIT.
18. Vestibular Apparatus
Emesis due to Motion Sickness
Rapidly changing direction of the motion
of the body causes Vomiting
This is because motion stimulates the
labyrinth organs → abnormally stimulates
a Vestibulocochler nerve(VIII)→Vestibular
nucleus(HISTAMINE1,MUSCURINIC)→
Chemoreceptor trigger zone → Vomiting
center → vomiting