Pile foundations_Advanced Construction TechnologyA Makwana
Pile foundation is that type of deep foundation in which the loads are taken to a low level by means of vertical members which may be of timber, concrete or steel.
Fibers are usually used in concrete to control cracking due to plastic shrinkage and to drying shrinkage. They also reduce the permeability of concrete and thus reduce bleeding of water. Some types of fibers produce greater impact–, abrasion–, and shatter–resistance in concrete. Generally fibers do not increase the flexural strength of concrete, and so cannot replace moment–resisting or structural steel reinforcement. Indeed, some fibers actually reduce the strength of concrete.
The amount of fibers added to a concrete mix is expressed as a percentage of the total volume of the composite (concrete and fibers), termed "volume fraction" (Vf). Vf typically ranges from 0.1 to 3%. The aspect ratio (l/d) is calculated by dividing fiber length (l) by its diameter (d). Fibers with a non-circular cross section use an equivalent diameter for the calculation of aspect ratio. If the fiber's modulus of elasticity is higher than the matrix (concrete or mortar binder), they help to carry the load by increasing the tensile strength of the material. Increasing the aspect ratio of the fiber usually segments the flexural strength and toughness of the matrix. However, fibers that are too long tend to "ball" in the mix and create workability problems.
Some recent research[where?] indicated that using fibers in concrete has limited effect on the impact resistance of the materials.[1][2] This finding is very important since traditionally, people think that ductility increases when concrete is reinforced with fibers. The results also indicated that the use of micro fibers offers better impact resistance to that of longer fibers.[1]
The High Speed 1 tunnel linings incorporated concrete containing 1 kg/m³ of polypropylene fibers, of diameter 18 & 32 μm, giving the benefits noted below.
It is special type of concrete that can take the bending stresses.
It consist of special type of materials that makes it flexible. It was developed by the Professor Victor Li at the University of Michigan.
Its engineering name is Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC).
It exhibits the property of a ductile material instead of a brittle material which is shown by the conventional concrete.
This material can bring the revolution because of its some special quality such as flexibility, self-healing, lighter weight, etc. In some countries such as Japan, Korea, U.S.A, etc the flexible concrete is used in many structure.
But in India it is still a new material and requires proper research for its use in India.
Soon we may saw the use of flexible concrete in many structure.
For more info Visit this link: http://civildigital.com/all-about-flexible-concrete-bendable-concrete-engineered-cementitious-composite-ecc/
Image Courtesy:
https://3c1703fe8d.site.internapcdn.net/newman/gfx/news/hires/2016/1-newbendablec.jpg
High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete: According to some researchers, more than 30% fly ash by mass (equivalent as 50% by volume) of the cementitious material may be considered enough to classify the mixtures as High-Volume Fly Ash (HVFA) concrete. It is possible to produce sustainable, high performance concrete mixtures with 50% or more cement replacement by fly ash.
Pile foundations_Advanced Construction TechnologyA Makwana
Pile foundation is that type of deep foundation in which the loads are taken to a low level by means of vertical members which may be of timber, concrete or steel.
Fibers are usually used in concrete to control cracking due to plastic shrinkage and to drying shrinkage. They also reduce the permeability of concrete and thus reduce bleeding of water. Some types of fibers produce greater impact–, abrasion–, and shatter–resistance in concrete. Generally fibers do not increase the flexural strength of concrete, and so cannot replace moment–resisting or structural steel reinforcement. Indeed, some fibers actually reduce the strength of concrete.
The amount of fibers added to a concrete mix is expressed as a percentage of the total volume of the composite (concrete and fibers), termed "volume fraction" (Vf). Vf typically ranges from 0.1 to 3%. The aspect ratio (l/d) is calculated by dividing fiber length (l) by its diameter (d). Fibers with a non-circular cross section use an equivalent diameter for the calculation of aspect ratio. If the fiber's modulus of elasticity is higher than the matrix (concrete or mortar binder), they help to carry the load by increasing the tensile strength of the material. Increasing the aspect ratio of the fiber usually segments the flexural strength and toughness of the matrix. However, fibers that are too long tend to "ball" in the mix and create workability problems.
Some recent research[where?] indicated that using fibers in concrete has limited effect on the impact resistance of the materials.[1][2] This finding is very important since traditionally, people think that ductility increases when concrete is reinforced with fibers. The results also indicated that the use of micro fibers offers better impact resistance to that of longer fibers.[1]
The High Speed 1 tunnel linings incorporated concrete containing 1 kg/m³ of polypropylene fibers, of diameter 18 & 32 μm, giving the benefits noted below.
It is special type of concrete that can take the bending stresses.
It consist of special type of materials that makes it flexible. It was developed by the Professor Victor Li at the University of Michigan.
Its engineering name is Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC).
It exhibits the property of a ductile material instead of a brittle material which is shown by the conventional concrete.
This material can bring the revolution because of its some special quality such as flexibility, self-healing, lighter weight, etc. In some countries such as Japan, Korea, U.S.A, etc the flexible concrete is used in many structure.
But in India it is still a new material and requires proper research for its use in India.
Soon we may saw the use of flexible concrete in many structure.
For more info Visit this link: http://civildigital.com/all-about-flexible-concrete-bendable-concrete-engineered-cementitious-composite-ecc/
Image Courtesy:
https://3c1703fe8d.site.internapcdn.net/newman/gfx/news/hires/2016/1-newbendablec.jpg
High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete: According to some researchers, more than 30% fly ash by mass (equivalent as 50% by volume) of the cementitious material may be considered enough to classify the mixtures as High-Volume Fly Ash (HVFA) concrete. It is possible to produce sustainable, high performance concrete mixtures with 50% or more cement replacement by fly ash.
Scenarios prevailing in Textile industry all over the world, various standards, role of WTO.
Various Safety measures and standards followed all over world.
Presentation about Under-construction Mahakali Bridge Project in 3 days Training Program on Construction and Quality Control of PSC Bridges चैत्र ११,१२,१३ ,२०७७ organized by
Federal Road Supervision and Monitoring Office, Surkhet
Who invented the motor car, segway, aeroplane, hang glider, and the train? This is a small presentation on the inventors who made this possible. (Their pictures, and date of invention is mentioned in the presentation.)
This is my presentation for my MA English class. You are free to modify, share, redistribute and add to it in any way you like.
*I do not own the images used in the presentation. They are the property of their respective owners.
If your eyes are causing pain. Go through these tips. Add your tips by downloading the slide and uploading it with your name. The idea is: my eyes were hurting me and I made these slides so that anyone can follow these tips, get some sort of help and spread these slides as a gesture of thanks.
I will try to make it a longer project. But I'd be delighted if you can do that.
*The images used in the slides are the property of their respective owners. I do not own any of the pictures. This presentation is made for an educational purpose only.
This is my presentation for my MA English class. You are free to modify, share, redistribute and add to it in any way you like.
*I do not own the images used in the presentation. They are the property of their respective owners.
Things Fall Apart
WHAT DOES THE PHRASE“FALL APART” MEANS
“Collapse, break down, either physically or mentally and emotionally”
“come apart at the seams; go to pieces.”
CHINUA ACHEBE [1930 (NOW, AGE 80)]
PUBLISHER: HEINEMANN, 148 (1958 )
CHARACTERS MENTIONED IN THESE QUESTIONS
QUESTION 1
OKONKWO’S DESIRE to be strong, wealthy and respected comes from both his CULTURAL experience and his feelings about his FATHER. WHICH AFFECTS HIM MORE? (Choose, and explain why one affects more)
HE IS OKONKWO
WHAT IS DESIRE?
“Noun: A strong feeling of wanting
Verb: Strongly wish for something” Google
“he feeling that accompanies an unsatisfied state” The Free Dictionary
“Synonyms: ambition, aspiration, dream” TFD
OKONKWO’S DESIRE TO BE STRONG
Both - It comes from both feelings Cultural and feelings about father
Cultural experience
BEING STRONG
More honours for his village for bravery
TRAGIC FLAW: “My father, they have killed me!... He was afraid of being thought weak” (Achebe 43)
More valued and respected
Crowning Ceremony
OKONKWO’S DESIRE TO BE RESPECTED COMES FROM CULTURE ALSO
The desire comes from his standing among his people will positively transformed. Unlike his father with no titles.
“who had risen so suddenly from great poverty and misfortune to be one of the lords of the clan. The old man bore no ill-will towards Okonkwo. INDEED HE RESPECTED HIM FOR HIS INDUSTRY AND SUCCESS” (Achebe 19).
MORE SHEEPS
MORE TITLES
MORE SHEEP/ANIMALS + MORE TITLES + MORE MONEY = MORE RESPECT, MORE WIVES
Being strong meant being a warrior, a defender, a protector and a leader – Ibo people respected warriors.
He desires to be somebody instead of being nobody like this father.
OKONKWO AND UNOKA (HIS FATHER ARGUING)
Being Wealthy
Warrior awards
The more the animals the more the respect
The important question of what affects him more?
His feelings about his father affects him more
Feelings about his father changed his life
Father’s GUILT ‘of being nobody’ made him struggle
The guilt of suicide committed by his father
WHAT AFFECTS HIM MORE?
“whenever he was angry and could not get his words out quickly enough, he would use his fists. He had NO PATIENCE WITH UNSUCCESSFUL MEN. He had had no patience with his father” (Achebe 3).
At least at the end (BEING A WARRIOR) he realizes its TIME TO SACRIFICE his own self. Even though, he knew it is the most difficult part in his life. Okonkwo was all the time running away from this embarrassment of dying like this father. And now being like his father meant his salvation for himself and his people.
... (text displayed as much as the system allows)
This is my presentation for my MA English class. You are free to modify, share, redistribute and add to it in any way you like.
*I do not own the images used in the presentation. They are the property of their respective owners.
ALTITUDE. Vertical distance of an aircraft or object above a given reference, such as ground or sea level.
AMPLIFIER. An electronic device used to increase signal magnitude or power.
AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM). A method of impressing a message upon a carrier signal by causing the carrier amplitude to vary proportionally to the message waveform.
ANTENNA SYSTEM. Routes RF energy from the transmitter, radiates the energy into space, receives echoes, and routes the echoes to the receiver.
A presentation prepared by my friend's friend. I have done no editing at all, I'm just uploading the presentation as it is.
This is a very basic traffic light circuit that is built around the TTL family 74145.
The circuit is stepped by a 555 astable oscillator. The rate at which the timer IC changes is determined by the value of resistance.
The Oscillators output is divided by a 74LS90 divider that produces a (BCD) output.
There are four counts for RED, two counts for ORANGE and four counts for GREEN.
A presentation prepared by my friend's friend. I have done no editing at all, I'm just uploading the presentation as it is.
This presentation will cover:
Report purpose and planning
Report format and organization
Headings and language
Visual design
Source documentation
Finishing touches
A presentation prepared by my friend's friend. I have done no editing at all, I'm just uploading the presentation as it is.
Chapter 3 History and Geography The Foundations of Culture Water Birds (Ali)
The importance of history and geography in the understanding of international markets
The effects of history on a country’s culture
How culture interprets events through its own eyes
How the United States moved west and how this more affected attitudes
The effect of geographic diversity on economic profiles of a country
Why markets need to be responsive to geography of a country
Economic effects of controlling population growth versus aging population
Communications are an integral part of international commerce
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2. CONTENTS:
Project Overview
Civil Construction and Fatima Fertilizer
My Working Areas
○ Roads and its Structures
○ Weigh Bridge
○ Nitro Phosphate (NP) Plant
3. Project Overview:
Salient Features:
Start of Land Acquiring in Year 2005.
Total Land Acquired 800 acres.
Estimated Cost in Rs. = 8,000 million
Start of project phase in April 2007 (NA plant).
Total no of plants/supporting areas are 50+.
Four Types of Fertilizer Products/Plants having design
capacity.
1. Urea 1500 MTPD
2. CAN 1400 MTPD
3. NP 1200 MTPD
4. NPK 1000 MTPD
4. Project Overview:
Salient Features:
Other Supporting Plants having design capacity
1. Ammonia 1500 MTPD
2. Nitric Acid 1500 MTPD
3. Offsite & Utilities 50 MW
Gas consumption of 75 MMCFD
Civil Contractors
1. CNCEC China
2. IPL Pakistan
Civil Designers
1. NESPAK Pakistan
2. A & A Pakistan
5. Civil Construction and Fatima Fertilizer:
Civil Engineering role in the establishment of any
kind of project is not ignorable.
The project like Fatima Fertilizer, its importance is
more.
Fatima Fertilizer have structures
From simple pumps foundations to complex pile
foundation under Prilling towers and Ammonia Tank.
From steel structures of Urea, CAN, Bulk Storage & Ware
houses to concrete structures of Cooling Tower, Raw water
Reservoir, Bagging, NA and NP plants.
From Technical building, CCR I & II, Substations to Strom
water drains, water pits, area development and network of
roads.
6. Civil Construction and Fatima Fertilizer:
In Fatima Fertilizer, basic form of structure is
frame structure .
Frame Structure is a combination of beams and
columns and load is transfer through this system
to design foundation.
Two types of frame structures are used.
1. Steel Structures
2. Concrete Structures
7. Steel Structures:
Steel structures are basically composite structures
having substructure of concrete and superstructure
of steel e.g.
• Ammonia & Urea Plants
• CAN & NPK Plants
• Bulk Storage (Phase-I)
• Ware houses, Pipe Racks etc.
8. Concrete Structures:
Concrete structures comprise of both substructure
and superstructure of concrete e.g.
• Raw Water Reservoir and Treatment Plant
• Cooling Tower & Urea Prilling Tower
• Bagging (Phase I & II)
• Bulk storage (Phase II)
• NP Plant
• Substations CCR I & II and Equalization Basin
• Workshop, Technical Building, Laboratory, etc
9. Pictorial View of Civil Construction in
FFCL:
Construction View of
Urea Prilling Tower and Plant
14. Bagging (Phase – II)
under construction
NP Plant
under construction
15. My Working Areas:
In Fatima Fertilizer during my Trainee period of
1 year, I worked on Roads and its Structures,
Construction of Weigh Bridge and also play a
vital role in the construction of NP plant.
16. Job Responsibilities:
Study of Drawings
Design Reviews
Survey of roads
Quality Control at site ( Formwork, Steel & Concrete)
Inspections before concrete
Checking of Bar Bending Schedule
Checking of Bills
17. Roads and its Structures:
Salient Features
Total length of Roads = 17.484 km
Completed Length of roads = 8.301 km
Remaining Length of roads = 9.183 km
Roads have Strom water drain and walkway on one
side, and shoulders on both sides.
Designer = Akbar & Associates
Contractors = IPL, Farhan Munir &
Company, AHCC
Type of Pavement = Rigid Pavement
Design Capacity = 90 Tons
18. What is Rigid Pavement?
Rigid pavements are generally constructed of a reinforced
concrete slab or more recently a continuously reinforced
concrete road base.
The pavement structure deflects very little under loading
due to the high modulus of elasticity of their surface
course.
A rigid pavement structure is typically composed of a PCC
or RCC surface course built on top of either
○ the sub-grade or
○ an underlying base course.
20. Why we (FFCL) preferred Rigid Pavement instead
of Flexible Pavement (Carpet Road)?
Rigid Pavement lasts much, much longer i.e. 30+ years compared
to 5-10 years of flexible pavements.
In the long run it is about half the cost to install and maintain.
But the initial costs are somewhat high.
Rigid pavement has the ability to bridge small imperfections in
the sub grade.
Less Maintenance cost and Continuous Traffic and Flow.
Low thermal variation as compared to Flexible Pavement.
Rigid Pavement has one draw back in terms of its repair i.e. we
have to remove 2-3 panels instead of damaged portion as in case
of Flexible pavements.
26. Nitro Phosphate (NP) Plant:
NP plant started from Prilling Tower in 2009.
Estimated Civil Cost in Rs. = 279.1 million
Civil Designer = NESPAK
Civil Contractor = IPL
80% of Civil work completed.
Remaining 20% include Refrigeration area
and Lime Drying unit, paints, brick masonry,
and finishing works.
27. Nitro Phosphate (NP) Plant:
NP Plant is divided into four parts
Prilling Tower & Lift Well
Main Building
Substation
CN & AN Section, Refrigeration Area, and Lime
Drying Unit
28. Salient Features:
Prilling Tower supported on 72 piles of length 27m.
Prilling Tower has height of 67.9m and diameter of 19m.
Lift Well has height of 70.1m, supported on 900mm thick
raft foundation.
Main Building has dimensions of 67.5m x 27.5m x 37.3m
supported on raft foundation.
Main Building comprise of 10 floors max on line 1-2.
Substation comprise of 2 floors supported on isolated
foundation.
29. Special Techniques adopted at NP Plant:
Prilling Tower and Lift Well concrete done by
using Slip Form Method.
Strengthening of Columns has to be decided.
30. Slip Form Method:
The most common method adopted for the construction of
an RCC outer shell/prilling tower is by using the ‘slip form
method’.
In this method the form work for the concrete literally slips
up cm by cm to produce an integrated concrete column in
the form of wall.
Continuous pouring of concrete ensures a joint free
construction.
At a rate of 0.3 meters per hour, this is consider as fast
construction method.
31. Components of Slip Form Method:
Slip form method is comprise of a complicated system of jacks
and radial screws.
Radial steel yokes, which have an inverted “U” at both ends,
support the slip form shuttering all around the shell/prilling
tower.
Walers strengthen and keep the shuttering in place.
The working deck and scaffolding is supported from the
walers and yokes.
The yokes are supported on hydraulic jacks, which move on
jack rods embedded in the concrete.
As the concrete pouring progresses the jacks lifts up the yokes,
together with the decks and slip form.
Screwed on pieces extend the jack rod as the work progresses.
The entire system of decks and shuttering appear as if floating
on top of the tower.
34. Strengthening of Columns:
To increase the capacity of NP Main Building columns
from 3500 Tons to 5500 Tons, the procedure that is used
called Strengthening of columns.
Why Strengthening of columns needed?
Continuous changing of mechanical design of Cfit of
NP main building, load on columns increased from
3500 Tons to 5500 Tons.
To counter this problem, columns has to be strengthened
by using concrete and steel jacketing.