All business occupancy buildings fifteen meters or more in height in the Philippines shall be equipped with an approved, supervised sprinkler system designed to NFPA 13 standards, or an equivalent safety system. Additionally, all buildings must comply with applicable provisions of the Fire Code of the Philippines and its implementing rules and regulations.

1. SECTION 10.2.14.6 HIGH RISE BUILDINGS
All business occupancy buildings fifteen (15) meters or
more in height shall be provided throughout with
approved, supervised sprinkler system, fully electrically
supervised designed in accordance with NFPA 13: Standard
for the Installation
of Sprinklers (latest edition); or shall be designed with a
system that will provide equivalent safety. Building height
shall be measured from the ground level to floor of the
topmost storey.
In addition to the above requirements, all buildings
regardless of height shall comply with other applicable
provisions of the Fire Code of the Philippines and
this IRR.
Fire Code of the Philippines 2008 IRR
CHAPTER VIII
LIGHT AND VENTILATION
Section 801. General Requirements of Light and Ventilation.
(a) Subject to the provisions of the Civil Code of the
Philippines on Basement of Light and View and to the
provisions of this part of the Code, every building shall
be designed, constructed, and equipped to provide adequate
light and ventilation.
(b) All buildings shall face a street or public alley or a
private street which has been duly approved.
(c) No building shall be altered nor arranged so as to reduce
the size of any room or the relative area of windows to
less than that provided for buildings under this Code, or
to create an additional room, unless such additional room
conforms to the requirements of this Code.
(d) No building shall be enlarged so that the dimensions of the
required court or yard would be less than that prescribed
for such building.
National Building Code of the Philippines

2. Superframe earthquake proof structure
The proposed system is composed of core walls, hat beams
incorporated into the top level, outer columns and viscous
dampers vertically installed between the tips of the hat beams
and the outer columns. During an earthquake, the hat beams
and outer columns act as outriggers and reduce the
overturning moment in the core, and the installed dampers
also reduce the moment and the lateral deflection of the
structure. This innovative system can eliminate inner beams
and inner columns on each floor, and thereby provide buildings
with column-free floor space even in highly seismic regions.

3. Vertical circulation is the means by which building occupants
accessspecific areas of a building, including: internal stairs.
internal ramps. elevators.
VERTICAL CIRCULATION
Element of Vertical circulation:
1. RAMP.
2. STAIR.
3. ELEVATOR.
4. ESCALATOR.
Service:
• Simply state that service is defined as those part of a building
that consists of the
service lift, fire stair,
• Toilet, M&E service riser duct .
1. TOILET
2. FIRE STAIR.
3. SERVICE/FIRE ELEVATOR
4. RISER DUCT
Core:
• The core of a multistory building that integrates functions
and service needs for established
occupants. Such areas are normally composed of toilet
facilities, elevator banks, janitors’ closet,
utilities, mechanical facilities, smoke shafts and stair.
• Core also known as facade envelope is a spatial element for
load-bearing high-rise building
system
Types of core:
1. Central core
2. Split core
3. End core
4. Atrium core
a. If the building structure been R.C.C,the core structure
should be shear wall. In this case core structure may not be
steel structure. b. If the building structure been steel , the
core structure should be steel structure. In this case core
structure may be R.C.C structure.c. If the building structure
been Composite ,the core structure should be shear wall. In
this case core structure may not be steel structure.
Structure of Core:

4. Limitations of stairs for high rise buildings
• All step risers should be
solid.
• Open risers can be a source
of visual confusion and are
disconcerting for many
people to use.
• Spiral stairs and stairs with
tapered treads should not
be used, as they are much
more likely to cause
tripping.
• Spiral stairs create problem
as the force is more in
highrise .
Sky Lobby Zone
A sky lobby is an intermediate interchange floor where
people can change from an
express elevator that stops only at the sky lobby to a local
elevator which stops at every
floor within a segment of the building.
Structural Considerations in Escalator Installation
Floor-to-floor height should be taken into account in
determining loads on supporting
members. Generally for floor-to-floor heights of less than 20 ft,
the escalator truss need be
supported only at top and bottom. Increased vertical rise can
create the need for
intermediate support points. A structural frame should be
installed around the escalator well
to carry the floor and well way railing.
o Plumbing is the system of pipes, drains, fittings, valves, and
fixtures installed for the distribution of potable water for
drinking, heating and washing, and waterborne waste removal.
"Plumbing" also refers to the skilled trade which installs and
maintains it. The plumbing industry is a basic and substantial
part of every developed economy.[1] The word derives from
the Latin plumbing for lead, as the first effective pipes used in
Roman era were lead pipes. "Plumbing" often denotes the
supply and waste system of an individual building,
distinguishing it from water supply and sewage systems that
serve a group of buildings.
Plumbing System

5. The major categories of plumbing systems or subsystems
are:
• potable cold and hot tap water supply
• plumbing drainage venting
• sewage systems and septic systems with or without hot
water heat
recycling and gray water recovery and treatment systems
• Rainwater, surface, and subsurface water drainage
• fuel gas piping
• hydronic, i.e. heating and cooling systems utilizing water
to transport thermal energy, as in district heating systems,
like for example the New York City steam system.
Plumbing System
Ducted Distribution of Services
• Service duct require careful planning and should be
considered at an early stage in the design of a building.
• Accommodation of the plant and the layout of services are
the two essential factors in design.
• It is usual to need some 7 – 10% of the total floor area for
plant spaces and ducts.
The purpose :
• conceal the services and to facilitate inspection,
repair and alterations.
• Helps to reduce noise
• Protects the services from damage
Important of unified system of services distribution
• Most services can be run in common ducts except flammable
liquids and gases
• The pattern of distribution of services is considered as a
whole in relation to the building planning
• 3 different categories of services run having different
requirements for patterns of distribution:
• Wells and flues
• Pipes and ventilation trucking's
• Electrical cables
• Stair and lift wells run vertically through buildings. They do
not required linkage with services at each floor level but
prevent an obstacle to horizontal distribution of other
services

6. Arrangement pattern & spatial effect of Service:
(RISER DUCT)
• Duct layout should be near of toilet block for cost
effective ducting
• Duct shaft should be included maintenance door
Vertical ducts & Underground ducts
• Vertical ducts: dimensions are
often found varied due to lack
of planning in the design process
• Underground ducts: would
conflict with columns and
foundations in construction
Vertical ducts Underground ducts
Vertical Circulation & Services
1 .Lift Lobby
2. Fire Exit
3. Toilet Block
4. Fire & Service Elevator
5. Riser Duct
Central core: Mechanical ventilation
Ramp break over angle
Angle of departure
Max 10 Degree
To reduce incident of
tailpipe and rear bumping
dragging.
Angle of approaches
Max 15 Degree
reference
Department of Architecture

7. Case studies: innovative design
Designed by MVRDV in Australia, Turm Mit
Taille is an understated design with a very
clever shape. The twisting 10 lower floors
taperat a mid-point, but it's not just a funky
design.The tapered mid section actually
reduces the shadow cast onto neighbouring
facades, reducing the shadow coverage to just
two hours a day. The curve also helps reduce
the effect of wind and other severe weather,
diverting it away to allow comfort underneath.
The Turm Mit Taille, or "tower with waist",
design won a competition in Vienna and is
expected to be constructed in 2016. The
skyscraper will have 30 floors, 110 parking
bays and a downstairs plaza. The facade is
glass and steel.
TURM MIT TAILLE
Credit: MVRDV

8. Built out of office rubbish, France's Chartier-
Corbasson Architectes design for an organic
skyscraper allows waste from office workers
in the building to be used to "grow" the
skyscraper by building more levels.
Using bamboo scaffolding, the concept is for
the skyscraper to be somewhat self-
generating. The tower would have
reconditioning plants built into it that allow
waste products to be taken up to the plants
from lower levels for reforming into usable
building products to extend the tower
higher.
The design is for the skyscraper to be built in
London and brings a new meaning to the
term upcycling
Credit: Chartier Corbassons architectes
ORGANIC SKYSCRAPER
Case studies: innovative design

9. Credit: Ministry of Housing (Egypt)
A pyramid-shaped skyscraper has been planned
for Egypt's Sheikh Zayed City, in Cairo.
Also intended to be the tallest building in Egypt,
at 200 metres high, the 49-storey tower will be a
striking mixed-use highrise featuring
commercial, administrative, entertainment,
hotel and residential sections.
It will be built in a partnership between real
estate developers and the government's New
Urban Communities Authority.
Named Zayed Crystal Spark, concept mock-ups
show a monument-like tower, surrounded by
water features and lights. More details on the
project are expected this month.
Case studies: innovative design
ZAYED CRYSTAL SPARK

10. Bionic tower in Abu Dhabi,UAE
Bionic
Having an anatomical structures or physiological processes that are
replaced or enhanced by electronic or mechanical components.
Having extraordinary strength ,powers ,or capabilities;
superhuman.
The bionic tower unifies structure, space and architect-
ural expressions similar naturally occurring systems of
organization
The design proposes a natural system of organic
structure and organization
New materials and technologies enable adaptability ,
responsiveness, environmental awareness and
strength.
Instead of array of individual element the building
behaves like an organism the building systems and
skin are sensor controlled and reacts to external
influences like air pressure, temperature, humidity, air
pollution and solar radiation
by LAVA( laboratory for Visionary Architecture)
Ar. Chris Bosse / Ar. Tobias Wallisser/ Ar. Alexander Reick
Building skin Substructure Exoskeleton structure Slab and core

11. SUSTAINABLE STRUCTURES
The Chicago Spire, a 150 story tower designed by architect
Santiago Calatrava, has an unusual building facade formed by
its pointed floor plan which is twisted 360 degrees around its
axis towards the top (see Figure 1). In this tower, the exterior
skin doesn’t express the structural system of the building. It
was difficult to integrate an exterior structural system with the
twisted building façade because structures tend to lose their
stiffness and bearing capacity when excessively twisted.
Therefore a conventional internal core structure was designed.
Chicago Spire, Chicago, USA (source: Chicago Spire LLC) and its
floor plan
Sustainable structural systems often depend on the
architectural forms of the building. Structural
and architectural forms may be combined to reduce
material use. For example, stiffened architectural
forms will have good structural performance as well.
Sustainable structures may use nonconventional renewable
materials such as bamboo. In the Tjibaou Cultural Centre in
New Caledonia, by architect Renzo Piano, bamboo was
successfully utilized as a primary structural material (Figure
4). Besides being a naturally renewable construction
material, bamboo was an abundant local material, which
significantly reduced embodied building energy. This form
and structure can also be explored for tall building
construction.

12. SUSTAINABLE STRUCTURES
Efficient structures, such as diagrid, have been used recently on
two projects by architect Norman Foster: the Hearst Tower in
New York and the Swiss Re Tower in London (Figure 6). In both
cases, the structural systems were located near the buildings’
exterior and were expressed on the facades.
Hearst Tower, New York, USA (source: Foster and Partners) and
its floor plan
A good example of the combination of structure and
architectural form highly responsive to its environment is
The Met, a 69 story residential tower in Bangkok . The
building structure consists of a series of closely spaced
parallel shear walls . The shear walls formthree clusters of
residential units, separated by air gaps. Along the building
height, the clusters are connected by sky bridges
supporting gardens or community spaces. The air
pathways between the three clusters of residences allow
free air movement, thus providing the building with
natural ventilation. The shear walls’ layout also allows
cross ventilation inside the residential units. In addition to
ventilation, the air pathways between the shear walls
reduce wind force impact on the structure. Recessed
windows and hanging gardens also provide shade which
helps avoid overheating in the hot and humid Bangkok
climate.
Swiss Re Tower, London, UK (source: Foster and Partners) and
its floor plan The Met, Bangkok, Thailand (source: Arch Daily) and its
floor plan

13. SUSTAINABLE STRUCTURES
Another example of sustainable structural and architectural
integration is the Cocoon Tower in Tokyo by Tange Associates (Tange
and Minami 2009). This 50 story tower is a vertical campus housing
Tokyo high education institutions . The building structure consists of
an inner core and three elliptical diagrid frames located at the
perimeter. The diagrid frames are rigidly connected only at the base
and at the top. Each of the three diagrid frames houses a classroom
at every floor. The circular space between the exterior structures
forms a series of three story atriums stacked on topof each other. The
atriums serve as student lounges or enclosed school yards.
Cocoon Tower, Tokyo, Japan (source: Archicentral) and its floor
plan.
Masdar Headquarters, Abu Dhabi, UAE (source: E-architect) and its
floor plan
Masdar Headquarters is designed as the world’s first
large-scale, mixed-use “positive energy” building
which produces more energy than it consumes (E-
architect 2008). The structure of the building is
composed of conical towers enclosed in diagrid
.Apart from supporting floor loads and providing
lateral bracing, the towers serve as building atriums.
The diagrid-laced atriums create stack ventilation,
and are reminiscent of such elements of Islamic
architecture as wind towers and Arabic courtyards.
The large roof is used for solar energy generation
using photovoltaic arrays. The building will use
sustainable materials, integrated wind turbines, and
additional systems to generate energy and reduce
waste. Although the Masdar Headquarters is a mid-
rise building, the same ideas could be easily applied
to the design of tall buildings.

14. Proposed design solutions for sustainable structures
SUSTAINABLE STRUCTURES
CONCEPTS
a model of the desired interaction between architectural form, structural efficiency, and energy efficiency
required to design a sustainable structure. The design of such a structure requires collaboration between the
architect and engineer, both of whom must have a deep understanding of energy efficient design. shows the
examples of sustainable structures that embrace the energy efficiency ideas addressed above. In the first design
solution, the building merges from an undulating organic form at the bottom to a rectangular form at the top. In
the second design, a similar building is curved along a semicircle. Although the buildings are narrow and tall,
these undulating architectural-structural forms resist lateral loads well because of an increased moment of
inertia and stiffness. In addition, these narrow forms with curved exterior surfaces enable energy efficiency
strategies, such as maximizing daylight penetration, use of natural ventilation, and heat collection. To be truly
energy efficient, the proposed sustainable structures should be designed for the corresponding environmental
conditions and climate.
Model of integration

15. REFERENCES
Arch Daily, 2009. The Met / WOHA [Online] (Updated 11 November 2009) Available at:
http://www.archdaily.com/40378/the-met-woha/ [Accessed 30 January 2010].
E-architect, 2008. Masdar Headquarters, Abu Dhabi: Images + Information [Online] (Updated 22
Elnimeiri, M., Gupta, P., 2008. Sustainable structure of tall buildings, The Structural Design of
Tall and Special Buildings 17, pp. 881-894.
Pank, W., Girardet, H., 2002. Tall buildings and sustainability, The Economic development research
program, Corporation of London.
Tange, P.N., Minami, M., 2009. Case study: Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower, CTBUH Journal 1, pp. 16-19.
Yeang, K., 1999. The green skyscraper: the basis for designing sustainable intensive buildings,
Prestel.
February2008)Availableat: http://www.earchitect.co.uk/dubai/masdar_headquarters_abu_dhabi.htm [
Accessed 30 January 2010].

16. Steel
Concrete
This classification of structural
systems is a guideline and
should be treated as such.
Considerations in other design
and service criteria:
• to building shape,
• aspect ratio,
• architectural functions,
• load conditions,
• building stability &
• site constraints.
Structural Classification
A tube-in-tube structure has an inner
braced core added tothe perimeter tube
to improve its shear stiffness in resisting
lateral forces.

17. A latticed truss tube has perimeter
frames of closely spaced
diagonals with no vertical columns.
A trussed tube has trussed wall frames of
widely spaced
columns tied together by diagonal or cross
bracing.
A braced tube is a framed
structure tied together by a
system
of diagonal braces.
Bundled tubes is an assembly of narrow tubes tied directly
to each other to form a modular structure that behaves like a
multicellular box girder cantilevering out of the ground. More
tubes are sometimes provided in the lower portion
of a tall structure where greater lateral force resistance
is needed.

18. A framed tube has closely spaced perimeter
columns rigidly connected by deep spandrel
beams.
A perforated shell tube has perimeter shear walls with less
than 30% of the surface area perforated by openings

24. HVAC
Factors to consider in the selection, design, and
installation of a heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning
system include:
• Performance, efficiency, and both the initial and life
costs of the system
• Fuel, power, air, and water required and the means for
their delivery and storage; some equipment may require
direct access to the outdoors.
• Flexibility of the system to service different zones of a
building, which may have different demands because of
use or site orientation. Decentralized or local systems
are economical to install, require short distribution
runs, and allow each space or zone to have individual
temperature control, while central systems are
generally more energy-efficient, easier to service, and
offer better control of air quality.
• Type and layout of the distribution system used for the
heating and cooling media. To minimize friction loss,
ductwork and piping should have short, direct runs with
a minimum of turns and offsets.
• Space requirements for the mechanical equipment
and the distribution system. The heating, ventilating,
and air-conditioning equipment of a building can often
occupy 10% to 15% of the area of a building; some
pieces of equipment also require space or a domain for
access, service, and maintenance. Air duct systems
require more space than either pipes carrying hot or
chilled water or wiring for electric resistance heating.
Ductwork should therefore be carefully laid out to be
integrated with the structure and spaces of a building,
as well as with its plumbing and electrical systems.
• Access required for service and maintenance
The service core or cores of a building house the
vertical distribution of mechanical and electrical
services, elevator shafts, and exit stairways.
These cores must be coordinated with the
structural layout of columns, bearing walls, and
shear walls or lateral bracing as well as with the
desired patterns of space, use, and activity.
Shown above are some basic ways in which we
can lay out the service cores of a building.
Air for heating, cooling, and ventilating is supplied through registers and
diffusers. They should be evaluated in terms of their air-flow capacity and
velocity, pressure drop, noise factor, and appearance.
Air-supply outlets should be located to distribute warm or cool air to
the occupied areas of a space comfortably, without noticeable drafts,
and without stratification. The throw distance and spread or diffusion
pattern of the supply outlet should be carefully considered along with any
obstructions that might interfere with the air distribution