This document discusses concrete cloth, a flexible concrete-impregnated fabric that hardens when hydrated. It was developed by a British engineering company to provide a rapidly deployable emergency shelter. When hydrated, concrete cloth forms a thin, durable, waterproof and fire-resistant concrete layer. It has a variety of uses in construction and infrastructure projects due to its strength, flexibility, and ease of installation. Concrete cloth can be cut, joined, painted, and installed using common tools and techniques.
This document discusses self-curing concrete as an alternative to traditional water curing methods. Self-curing concrete contains chemical compounds that restrict the mixing water from leaving the curing concrete, allowing hydration to continue. This eliminates the need for external water curing in remote areas or projects where water access is limited. Self-curing concrete provides benefits like higher strength, durability, and resistance to cracking compared to uncured concrete through its internal curing mechanism. It is a useful technique when traditional water curing is not feasible or economical.
This document discusses using a scientific approach to determine the workability of concrete by measuring its rheological properties. It outlines that workability is traditionally determined through empirical tests like slump tests, which have limitations. Rheology allows measurement of yield stress and plastic viscosity, parameters that better describe concrete flow. Various rheometers are described that can measure these properties, like coaxial cylinder and parallel plate devices. Factors influencing concrete rheology are also discussed. The document concludes workability should be evaluated based on rheological measurements to address limitations of empirical tests.
The document discusses the different types of shrinkage that can occur in concrete, including plastic shrinkage, drying shrinkage, autogenous shrinkage, and carbonation shrinkage. Plastic shrinkage causes cracks on the surface of fresh concrete due to evaporation before setting. Drying shrinkage is defined as the contraction of hardened concrete from the loss of capillary water, which can lead to cracking, warping, and deflection without any external loading. In summary, the document outlines the main types of volume changes and shrinkage that concrete undergoes both during the plastic and hardened states.
No-fines concrete is a type of concrete that omits fine aggregates, resulting in a highly permeable and porous material. It has a large void content of 15-25% which allows for high rates of water permeability. While it has lower compressive strength than traditional concrete, ranging from 3.5-28 MPa, it is lighter in weight and has benefits for drainage applications. Proper mixture design, placement, and long-term maintenance are important to sustain its permeability over time.
Concrete is a widely used construction material consisting of cement, water, and aggregates. The strength of concrete is specified using its 28-day cube strength in N/sq.mm. Formwork is used to mold wet concrete into desired shapes and allow it to cure. Formwork design involves choosing traditional or systematic approaches using wood or steel components like props, beams, sheathing to form columns, walls, and beams until the concrete gains sufficient strength. Proper formwork is important for quality concrete finish and structural integrity.
Fibre reinforced concrete has fibres added to increase its tensile strength and crack resistance. It has higher ductility, toughness, and post-cracking capacity compared to normal concrete. Various fibre types can be used including steel, glass, carbon and natural fibres. The fibres control cracking, increase strength and durability. Proper fibre volume, aspect ratio and distribution are needed to achieve optimal mechanical properties in the fibre reinforced concrete. Its applications include pavements, structural elements and precast construction.
This document provides an introduction to fibre reinforced concrete (FRC). It discusses the benefits of FRC such as improved tensile strength and ductility. It also outlines different types of fibres that can be used, factors that affect the properties of FRC like fibre type and volume, and applications of FRC such as overlays and precast products. Current developments in FRC including high fibre volume microfibre systems and slurry infiltrated fibre concrete are also mentioned.
This document discusses concrete cloth, a flexible concrete-impregnated fabric that hardens when hydrated. It was developed by a British engineering company to provide a rapidly deployable emergency shelter. When hydrated, concrete cloth forms a thin, durable, waterproof and fire-resistant concrete layer. It has a variety of uses in construction and infrastructure projects due to its strength, flexibility, and ease of installation. Concrete cloth can be cut, joined, painted, and installed using common tools and techniques.
This document discusses self-curing concrete as an alternative to traditional water curing methods. Self-curing concrete contains chemical compounds that restrict the mixing water from leaving the curing concrete, allowing hydration to continue. This eliminates the need for external water curing in remote areas or projects where water access is limited. Self-curing concrete provides benefits like higher strength, durability, and resistance to cracking compared to uncured concrete through its internal curing mechanism. It is a useful technique when traditional water curing is not feasible or economical.
This document discusses using a scientific approach to determine the workability of concrete by measuring its rheological properties. It outlines that workability is traditionally determined through empirical tests like slump tests, which have limitations. Rheology allows measurement of yield stress and plastic viscosity, parameters that better describe concrete flow. Various rheometers are described that can measure these properties, like coaxial cylinder and parallel plate devices. Factors influencing concrete rheology are also discussed. The document concludes workability should be evaluated based on rheological measurements to address limitations of empirical tests.
The document discusses the different types of shrinkage that can occur in concrete, including plastic shrinkage, drying shrinkage, autogenous shrinkage, and carbonation shrinkage. Plastic shrinkage causes cracks on the surface of fresh concrete due to evaporation before setting. Drying shrinkage is defined as the contraction of hardened concrete from the loss of capillary water, which can lead to cracking, warping, and deflection without any external loading. In summary, the document outlines the main types of volume changes and shrinkage that concrete undergoes both during the plastic and hardened states.
No-fines concrete is a type of concrete that omits fine aggregates, resulting in a highly permeable and porous material. It has a large void content of 15-25% which allows for high rates of water permeability. While it has lower compressive strength than traditional concrete, ranging from 3.5-28 MPa, it is lighter in weight and has benefits for drainage applications. Proper mixture design, placement, and long-term maintenance are important to sustain its permeability over time.
Concrete is a widely used construction material consisting of cement, water, and aggregates. The strength of concrete is specified using its 28-day cube strength in N/sq.mm. Formwork is used to mold wet concrete into desired shapes and allow it to cure. Formwork design involves choosing traditional or systematic approaches using wood or steel components like props, beams, sheathing to form columns, walls, and beams until the concrete gains sufficient strength. Proper formwork is important for quality concrete finish and structural integrity.
Fibre reinforced concrete has fibres added to increase its tensile strength and crack resistance. It has higher ductility, toughness, and post-cracking capacity compared to normal concrete. Various fibre types can be used including steel, glass, carbon and natural fibres. The fibres control cracking, increase strength and durability. Proper fibre volume, aspect ratio and distribution are needed to achieve optimal mechanical properties in the fibre reinforced concrete. Its applications include pavements, structural elements and precast construction.
This document provides an introduction to fibre reinforced concrete (FRC). It discusses the benefits of FRC such as improved tensile strength and ductility. It also outlines different types of fibres that can be used, factors that affect the properties of FRC like fibre type and volume, and applications of FRC such as overlays and precast products. Current developments in FRC including high fibre volume microfibre systems and slurry infiltrated fibre concrete are also mentioned.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Steel fibre reinforced concrete samson adesope & yared aseffaSamsonFemiAdesope
Fibre has been in existence as far back as era ancient time, in the past the horsehair and straw were using in mudbrick. In early 1900s the use of asbestos fibre in concrete material was introduced but it has limitation due to its hazard on human health. In 1950s concept of composite material was adopted in concrete work in which fibre is one of the them but it has not been widely used nowadays as a reinforced material in concrete. In early 1960s in the United States, investigation was firstly made to assess the potential of steel fibres as a reinforcement for concrete. Ever since then, a series of researches have been performed on fibres which steel and glass are major considerations
The document discusses concrete cloth, a new flexible construction material. Concrete cloth is a fabric impregnated with dry concrete mix and reinforcing fibers. It hardens when hydrated with water to form a thin, durable concrete layer. It offers advantages over traditional concrete like flexibility, ease of installation, and faster construction. The document describes the composition of concrete cloth, its properties, methods of installation, various applications in construction like ditch lining, slope protection, shelters and more. Advantages include rapid construction and cost effectiveness, while limitations are reduced working time in heat and delayed setting if not fully saturated.
1) The document discusses methods for designing high-performance concrete mixes, including the limitations of existing methods like ACI 211-1 which are intended for normal concrete.
2) It proposes a new simplified method that involves selecting the water-to-binder ratio, water content, superplasticizer dosage, coarse aggregate content, and entrained air content in sequence.
3) The key aspects of high-performance concrete that make existing mix design methods inadequate include the ability to independently control slump and water content using superplasticizers, and the need to satisfy requirements like low permeability and high durability in addition to high strength.
Concrete permeability is a key factor in its durability. Permeability is affected by water-cement ratio, with lower ratios producing less permeable concrete. Curing also impacts permeability. Proper curing, including moist curing, produces less permeable concrete. Permeability testing involves measuring water flow through a sample over time under pressure. Sulfate attack can occur when sulfates penetrate permeable concrete and form expansive compounds that crack the material. Resistance to sulfates is improved with lower permeability concrete.
Tube like structure made up from steel & concrete under water bodies called submerged Floating Tunnel. Advantages of this structure is less energy consumption, reduces air & noise pollution. This structure is under the water so ships can easily pass over it.
This document discusses the types and uses of geotextiles in pavement construction. It describes the three main types of geotextiles - woven, non-woven, and knitted - and explains how they are manufactured. The key functions of geotextiles in pavement are identified as separation, filtration, reinforcement, drainage, and erosion control. Geotextiles are typically placed between the subgrade and aggregate base layers in pavement to prevent mixing of materials and increase pavement strength and lifespan.
Properties of fresh and Hardened ConcreteVijay RAWAT
The document discusses various properties of fresh and hardened concrete. It describes workability, consistency, segregation, bleeding, mixing, placing, consolidating, and curing of fresh concrete. It also discusses compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, permeability, and durability of hardened concrete. The key properties of fresh concrete include workability, consistency, segregation, bleeding, setting time, and uniformity. Compressive strength is identified as the most important property of hardened concrete.
This document discusses the applications of concrete cloth in civil engineering. Concrete cloth is a flexible cement-impregnated fabric that hardens when hydrated to form a thin, durable concrete layer. It combines the flexibility of geo textile fabrics with the durability of hardened concrete. The document outlines the material properties and manufacturing process of concrete cloth. It then describes various applications of concrete cloth in civil engineering projects, such as for ditch lining, slope protection, pipeline protection, and as shelter material. The advantages of concrete cloth include rapid deployment, ease of use, flexibility, strength and waterproof properties.
Prestress loss occurs as prestress reduces over time from its initial applied value. There are two types of prestress loss - immediate losses during prestressing/transfer and long-term time-dependent losses. Immediate losses include elastic shortening, anchorage slip, and friction. Long-term losses include creep and shrinkage of concrete and relaxation of prestressing steel. The quantification of losses is based on strain compatibility between concrete and steel. For a pre-tensioned concrete sleeper, the percentage loss due to elastic shortening was calculated to be approximately 2.83% based on the stress in concrete at the level of the tendons.
This document discusses techniques for underwater concrete construction. It covers topics such as concrete specifications, laying techniques using methods like tremie, bucket placing, and pump placement. Tremie placement is described as the standard method, involving pumping concrete through a watertight pipe. Concrete mixes for tremie placement require workability additives and a maximum aggregate size of 20mm. Repair works are also discussed, involving defining the repair area, cleaning, haulage, inspection, and environmental considerations.
Light transmitting concrete, also known as translucent concrete, is a concrete-based building material that transmits light through the uniform distribution of optical fibers throughout its body. It works on the principle of total internal reflection within the fibers to transmit light over long distances with minimal loss. Potential applications of light transmitting concrete include use in floors, ceilings, walls, and pavements to illuminate buildings while retaining compressive strength comparable to ordinary concrete.
Water plays a key role in cement concrete as it acts as a reactant in the chemical process of hydration that provides concrete its strength over time. The water-cement ratio is an important factor, with lower ratios producing higher strength concrete. Water used for mixing must meet requirements for quality and impurities. Admixtures can be used to improve workability or reduce the water content. Proper curing is also important for achieving design strength and durability of the concrete. Sprayed concrete has advantages over poured concrete such as lower permeability and faster strength gain.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Papercrete is a building material made from recycled paper, Portland cement, and sand. It is produced by mixing these ingredients into a slurry that can be poured and molded like concrete. Papercrete has benefits like being lightweight, a good insulator, and environmentally friendly since it uses recycled paper. However, it also has drawbacks like low structural strength, absorbency of water, and lack of approval by building codes. Overall, papercrete is a sustainable building material option for small, single-story structures.
Fiber reinforced concrete is a concrete consisting of cement, water, aggregates, and discontinuous fibers. There are many types of fibers that can be used including steel, plastic, glass, and natural materials. Fiber reinforced concrete has advantages over plain concrete like improved toughness and flexural strength. It is also more economical than using steel reinforcement and is less prone to corrosion. Some common applications of fiber reinforced concrete include pipes, slabs, countertops, and tiles.
Curing concrete is important to allow the cement hydration process to continue and develop strength over time. Proper curing ensures concrete reaches its designed strength and durability by controlling moisture loss. Common curing methods include water curing through ponding, sprinkling or wet coverings; membrane curing using plastic sheeting or curing compounds; and steam curing to accelerate strength gain. Curing should continue for at least 7 days for normal concrete and 14 days if blended cements are used. Inadequate curing can lead to reduced strength, increased permeability and poor durability.
Fiber reinforced concrete is a composite material made of cement, mortar or concrete with closely spaced fibers added. The fibers, which can include glass, carbon, polypropylene or nylon, increase the tensile strength and crack resistance of the concrete.
Fiberglass reinforced concrete (GFRC) specifically uses glass fibers in the mix. It provides an ultra-strong yet flexible concrete that protects against environmental damage. GFRC is lightweight, durable, and can be cast into complex shapes.
Some key properties and applications of fiber reinforced concrete include increased tensile strength, impact resistance, limited crack growth, use in pavement overlays, industrial floors, bridges, canal linings, blast resistant structures, and pre
Concrete cloth is a flexible fabric impregnated with dry concrete mix. It hardens when hydrated with water to form a durable and waterproof concrete layer. Some key advantages are that it is faster and easier to install than traditional concrete, can be cut and shaped easily before setting, and is flexible. Applications include ditch lining, slope protection, pipeline coating, and reinforcement of sandbags. It is seeing increasing use in construction and emergency situations due to its versatility.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Steel fibre reinforced concrete samson adesope & yared aseffaSamsonFemiAdesope
Fibre has been in existence as far back as era ancient time, in the past the horsehair and straw were using in mudbrick. In early 1900s the use of asbestos fibre in concrete material was introduced but it has limitation due to its hazard on human health. In 1950s concept of composite material was adopted in concrete work in which fibre is one of the them but it has not been widely used nowadays as a reinforced material in concrete. In early 1960s in the United States, investigation was firstly made to assess the potential of steel fibres as a reinforcement for concrete. Ever since then, a series of researches have been performed on fibres which steel and glass are major considerations
The document discusses concrete cloth, a new flexible construction material. Concrete cloth is a fabric impregnated with dry concrete mix and reinforcing fibers. It hardens when hydrated with water to form a thin, durable concrete layer. It offers advantages over traditional concrete like flexibility, ease of installation, and faster construction. The document describes the composition of concrete cloth, its properties, methods of installation, various applications in construction like ditch lining, slope protection, shelters and more. Advantages include rapid construction and cost effectiveness, while limitations are reduced working time in heat and delayed setting if not fully saturated.
1) The document discusses methods for designing high-performance concrete mixes, including the limitations of existing methods like ACI 211-1 which are intended for normal concrete.
2) It proposes a new simplified method that involves selecting the water-to-binder ratio, water content, superplasticizer dosage, coarse aggregate content, and entrained air content in sequence.
3) The key aspects of high-performance concrete that make existing mix design methods inadequate include the ability to independently control slump and water content using superplasticizers, and the need to satisfy requirements like low permeability and high durability in addition to high strength.
Concrete permeability is a key factor in its durability. Permeability is affected by water-cement ratio, with lower ratios producing less permeable concrete. Curing also impacts permeability. Proper curing, including moist curing, produces less permeable concrete. Permeability testing involves measuring water flow through a sample over time under pressure. Sulfate attack can occur when sulfates penetrate permeable concrete and form expansive compounds that crack the material. Resistance to sulfates is improved with lower permeability concrete.
Tube like structure made up from steel & concrete under water bodies called submerged Floating Tunnel. Advantages of this structure is less energy consumption, reduces air & noise pollution. This structure is under the water so ships can easily pass over it.
This document discusses the types and uses of geotextiles in pavement construction. It describes the three main types of geotextiles - woven, non-woven, and knitted - and explains how they are manufactured. The key functions of geotextiles in pavement are identified as separation, filtration, reinforcement, drainage, and erosion control. Geotextiles are typically placed between the subgrade and aggregate base layers in pavement to prevent mixing of materials and increase pavement strength and lifespan.
Properties of fresh and Hardened ConcreteVijay RAWAT
The document discusses various properties of fresh and hardened concrete. It describes workability, consistency, segregation, bleeding, mixing, placing, consolidating, and curing of fresh concrete. It also discusses compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, permeability, and durability of hardened concrete. The key properties of fresh concrete include workability, consistency, segregation, bleeding, setting time, and uniformity. Compressive strength is identified as the most important property of hardened concrete.
This document discusses the applications of concrete cloth in civil engineering. Concrete cloth is a flexible cement-impregnated fabric that hardens when hydrated to form a thin, durable concrete layer. It combines the flexibility of geo textile fabrics with the durability of hardened concrete. The document outlines the material properties and manufacturing process of concrete cloth. It then describes various applications of concrete cloth in civil engineering projects, such as for ditch lining, slope protection, pipeline protection, and as shelter material. The advantages of concrete cloth include rapid deployment, ease of use, flexibility, strength and waterproof properties.
Prestress loss occurs as prestress reduces over time from its initial applied value. There are two types of prestress loss - immediate losses during prestressing/transfer and long-term time-dependent losses. Immediate losses include elastic shortening, anchorage slip, and friction. Long-term losses include creep and shrinkage of concrete and relaxation of prestressing steel. The quantification of losses is based on strain compatibility between concrete and steel. For a pre-tensioned concrete sleeper, the percentage loss due to elastic shortening was calculated to be approximately 2.83% based on the stress in concrete at the level of the tendons.
This document discusses techniques for underwater concrete construction. It covers topics such as concrete specifications, laying techniques using methods like tremie, bucket placing, and pump placement. Tremie placement is described as the standard method, involving pumping concrete through a watertight pipe. Concrete mixes for tremie placement require workability additives and a maximum aggregate size of 20mm. Repair works are also discussed, involving defining the repair area, cleaning, haulage, inspection, and environmental considerations.
Light transmitting concrete, also known as translucent concrete, is a concrete-based building material that transmits light through the uniform distribution of optical fibers throughout its body. It works on the principle of total internal reflection within the fibers to transmit light over long distances with minimal loss. Potential applications of light transmitting concrete include use in floors, ceilings, walls, and pavements to illuminate buildings while retaining compressive strength comparable to ordinary concrete.
Water plays a key role in cement concrete as it acts as a reactant in the chemical process of hydration that provides concrete its strength over time. The water-cement ratio is an important factor, with lower ratios producing higher strength concrete. Water used for mixing must meet requirements for quality and impurities. Admixtures can be used to improve workability or reduce the water content. Proper curing is also important for achieving design strength and durability of the concrete. Sprayed concrete has advantages over poured concrete such as lower permeability and faster strength gain.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Papercrete is a building material made from recycled paper, Portland cement, and sand. It is produced by mixing these ingredients into a slurry that can be poured and molded like concrete. Papercrete has benefits like being lightweight, a good insulator, and environmentally friendly since it uses recycled paper. However, it also has drawbacks like low structural strength, absorbency of water, and lack of approval by building codes. Overall, papercrete is a sustainable building material option for small, single-story structures.
Fiber reinforced concrete is a concrete consisting of cement, water, aggregates, and discontinuous fibers. There are many types of fibers that can be used including steel, plastic, glass, and natural materials. Fiber reinforced concrete has advantages over plain concrete like improved toughness and flexural strength. It is also more economical than using steel reinforcement and is less prone to corrosion. Some common applications of fiber reinforced concrete include pipes, slabs, countertops, and tiles.
Curing concrete is important to allow the cement hydration process to continue and develop strength over time. Proper curing ensures concrete reaches its designed strength and durability by controlling moisture loss. Common curing methods include water curing through ponding, sprinkling or wet coverings; membrane curing using plastic sheeting or curing compounds; and steam curing to accelerate strength gain. Curing should continue for at least 7 days for normal concrete and 14 days if blended cements are used. Inadequate curing can lead to reduced strength, increased permeability and poor durability.
Fiber reinforced concrete is a composite material made of cement, mortar or concrete with closely spaced fibers added. The fibers, which can include glass, carbon, polypropylene or nylon, increase the tensile strength and crack resistance of the concrete.
Fiberglass reinforced concrete (GFRC) specifically uses glass fibers in the mix. It provides an ultra-strong yet flexible concrete that protects against environmental damage. GFRC is lightweight, durable, and can be cast into complex shapes.
Some key properties and applications of fiber reinforced concrete include increased tensile strength, impact resistance, limited crack growth, use in pavement overlays, industrial floors, bridges, canal linings, blast resistant structures, and pre
Concrete cloth is a flexible fabric impregnated with dry concrete mix. It hardens when hydrated with water to form a durable and waterproof concrete layer. Some key advantages are that it is faster and easier to install than traditional concrete, can be cut and shaped easily before setting, and is flexible. Applications include ditch lining, slope protection, pipeline coating, and reinforcement of sandbags. It is seeing increasing use in construction and emergency situations due to its versatility.
Concrete cloth is a flexible cement-impregnated fabric that hardens into a thin concrete layer when hydrated with water. It was originally developed for rapidly deployable shelters but now has a wide range of applications. Concrete cloth is quicker and cheaper to install than conventional concrete, can be cut and formed on site, and requires only water for construction. It is durable, waterproof, and fireproof once set.
This document provides information about Concrete Cloth, a flexible cement-impregnated fabric that hardens when hydrated to form a thin, durable concrete layer. It can be used for applications like secondary containment, erosion control, and lining channels, ditches, slopes, and culverts. The document discusses Concrete Cloth's composition, installation process, abrasion resistance, applications, and case studies. Installation typically involves rolling out the fabric, hydrating it with water, and allowing it to cure into a hardened surface within 24 hours.
Shotcreting is a concrete application method where a dry concrete mix is pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a surface. It involves using a mortar gun or concrete sprayer attached to a compressor to spray layers as thin as 10-15 mm. Shotcreting produces a high strength and waterproof concrete covering. It is used to construct thin concrete structures like shells and vaults as well as for tunnel lining and repairing existing concrete. A dry cement-aggregate mix is moistened and projected through a hose nozzle onto the surface in layers. Chemical additives are added to accelerate the curing process. Surface preparation and multiple thin layers with reinforcement in between are required for shotcreting application.
Cement concrete is a composite material consisting of a binding material (cement or lime), aggregates (fine and coarse), water, and admixtures. The cement and water form a paste that coats the aggregates and binds them together. Concrete can be classified based on its constituents, method of production, place of casting, and bulk density. Proper curing is important for concrete to gain strength and hardness through hydration. Common curing methods include water curing, membrane curing, and steam curing. The water-cement ratio significantly impacts concrete strength, with lower ratios producing stronger concrete.
Special Concrete And Concreting MethodRutvij Patel
This document discusses various types of special concretes including lightweight concrete, high density concrete, mass concrete, plum concrete, fiber reinforced concrete, polymer concrete, ferrocement, high strength concrete, high performance concrete, precast concrete, and fly ash concrete. It describes the materials and properties of each type of concrete and their applications in construction.
Lightweight concrete uses lightweight aggregates to reduce density compared to normal concrete. It is used to reduce structural loads and transport/handling costs. High density concrete uses heavy aggregates like iron or lead to increase density above 2600 kg/m3. It is used for radiation shielding, counterweights, and seawalls. Shotcrete is concrete sprayed at high velocity through a hose. It is used for tunnel linings and slopes due to its ability to coat any surface. Fibers are added to concrete to increase crack resistance and tensile strength. Different fiber types include steel, glass, and polymers.
Lightweight concrete uses lightweight aggregates to reduce density compared to normal concrete. It is used to reduce structural loads and transport/handling costs. High density concrete uses heavy aggregates like iron or lead to increase density above 2600 kg/m3. It is used for radiation shielding, counterweights, and seawalls. Shotcrete is concrete sprayed at high velocity through a hose. It is used for tunnel linings and slopes due to its ability to coat any surface. Fibers are added to concrete to increase crack resistance and tensile strength. Different fiber types include steel, glass, and polymers.
Concrete cloth is a flexible fabric impregnated with concrete that hardens when hydrated with water to form a durable, waterproof and fire-resistant layer. It allows concrete construction without plant or mixing equipment by simply positioning the cloth and adding water. Originally developed for emergency shelters, further research has led to incredible changes in construction. Concrete cloth consists of a fiber matrix with a concrete mix and a waterproof PVC backing. Hydration occurs when water is drawn into the mix through hydrophilic fibers. It is used for applications like ditch lining, slope protection, and shelters due to advantages like strength, waterproofing, fire resistance, and ease of use.
Pervious or porous concrete is a special type of concrete with a high porosity that allows water to pass directly through it. This is achieved through a mix with a highly interconnected void content of around 20-35% and the absence of fine aggregates. Pervious concrete has environmental benefits like reducing stormwater runoff and replenishing groundwater, but also has disadvantages like being susceptible to clogging. It has a range of applications in pavements, sports courts, and other surfaces. Proper mix design, placement, finishing, curing and maintenance are important to ensure the permeability and strength of pervious concrete.
This document discusses different types of special concrete and factors that affect the durability of concrete. It describes 10 types of special concrete: 1) light weight concrete, 2) polymer modified concrete, 3) fiber reinforced concrete, 4) high performance concrete, 5) pumped concrete, 6) roller compacted concrete, 7) self-compacting concrete, 8) high density concrete, 9) ready mixed concrete, and 10) green concrete. It also discusses recycled concrete and various methods to improve the durability of concrete structures. The document provides details on the composition, properties and applications of these special concretes.
The document provides information on various topics related to advanced construction technology:
1. It discusses different types of admixtures used in concrete, their functions, classifications and typical quantities used.
2. Lightweight concrete and the production of lightweight aggregates are described.
3. Shotcrete/gunite installation techniques and special concretes like ferrocement and fiber reinforced concrete are outlined.
4. Principles of pre-stressed concrete including materials, methods, advantages and causes for losses in pre-stress are summarized.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC), including its history, materials, specifications, and advantages/disadvantages. RCC uses steel reinforcement embedded in concrete to resist tensile, shear, and sometimes compressive stresses. François Coignet is considered a pioneer of RCC, building the first reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Proper proportions and mixing of cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water are needed to produce durable concrete. Precast concrete involves casting pieces off-site then transporting them for assembly.
This document discusses epoxy injection and vacuum concrete techniques. It describes how epoxy injection can be used to repair cracks in concrete by bonding to the concrete and restoring structural strength. It also discusses polyurethane resins which can seal cracks and allow for some movement. The document then explains how vacuum concrete uses suction to remove excess water from fresh concrete, resulting in a lower water-cement ratio and higher strength without reducing workability.
Concrete is a composite material made of aggregates, sand, cement and water. It has many useful properties such as versatility, durability and fire resistance which make it widely used in construction. Fresh concrete must have adequate workability and consistency to be properly mixed, placed and consolidated. Proper curing is also important to allow the cement to fully hydrate and gain strength over time. While concrete has advantages, it also has disadvantages like low tensile strength and requires careful mixing to ensure uniformity.
This document provides an overview of concrete, including its composition, properties, production process, and testing. Some key points:
- Concrete is a composite material made of cement, fine and coarse aggregates, and water. It can be classified based on its cementing material, mix proportions, performance specifications, grade, density, and place of casting.
- The production of concrete involves batching, mixing, transporting, placing, compacting, curing, and finishing. Proper batching and mixing are important to ensure uniform strength. Compaction removes entrapped air for maximum strength. Curing maintains moisture for proper hardening.
- Concrete properties depend on water-cement ratio, with maximum theoretical
The document discusses different types and uses of concrete. It describes three ways concrete can be classified: by binding material (cement or lime concrete), design (plain, reinforced, or pre-stressed concrete), and purpose (vacuum, air entrained, or light weight concrete). For each type, the key ingredients and common uses are provided. The document also covers mix design ratios, water-cement ratios, slump and workability tests, and the compaction factor test for evaluating concrete workability.
Self curing concrete is , defines self-curing concrete as “the process by which small inclusions dispersed within the concrete hold the water during mixing and up to the setting time and release it during cement hydration.”
Curing is maintaining moisture and temperature in concrete to allow hydration and development of properties. Proper curing increases strength, durability, and resistance to damage. Self-curing or membrane curing uses compounds that form a film to retain moisture in concrete without external water. These compounds are hydrophobic molecules that form a monomolecular film to reduce evaporation and allow internal hydration, improving concrete properties where external curing is not possible. Application procedures and different compound types were discussed.
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Statutory approvals are required at various stages of construction projects in India including residential and commercial projects. Approvals are needed during the project feasibility stage, sanction stage, and after completion. They must be obtained from various departments like revenue, development authorities, municipal corporations, pollution control boards, forest and traffic departments. Common approvals needed include change in land use, layout approval, environment clearance, NOCs for drainage, electricity, and traffic coordination.
Labour Contract Work Rates – Miscellaneous Works (Residential & Commercial P...SSudhaVelan
This document lists labor contract work rates for various miscellaneous construction works for residential and commercial projects. It provides over 50 line items with detailed rates for tasks like paver laying, door and window installation, waterproofing, plumbing works, steel fabrication, tile works, barricading, scaffolding equipment cleaning and maintenance, and more. Rates are provided per unit of measurement like square meter, number, running meter, etc.
Heavy Construction Equipment Productivity SSudhaVelan
1) Construction equipment productivity refers to the time equipment is productively working, and higher productivity means tasks can be completed more efficiently. Poor productivity increases unexpected costs and budget overruns.
2) The document provides productivity rates for various pieces of heavy construction equipment processing different materials, such as a 32-ton bulldozer moving 83 cubic meters of earth per hour.
3) It also lists factors that affect productivity like rework, lack of experience, and regulatory delays, and provides tips to maximize productivity like regular maintenance, trained operators, and following safety guidelines.
The document discusses different types of electrical wires and cables used in residential and commercial projects. It describes the basic components and purposes of electric wires, cables, and different wire types including stranded, copper, aluminum, coaxial, fiber optic, and armored cables. It also covers wire sizes commonly used for apartment electrical projects and various cable standards.
This document provides an overview of color theory and psychology. It discusses primary colors (red, yellow, blue), secondary colors (orange, green, violet) which are made by mixing primaries, and tertiary colors which are made by mixing primaries and secondaries. It also covers color properties like hue, saturation, and value. Colors are categorized as warm (red, orange, yellow) or cool (blue, green, violet). Basic color schemes like monochromatic, analogous, complementary, and achromatic are explained. Finally, the document discusses how color impacts psychological perceptions of mood, weight, temperature, and recovery from illness.
Basics of Electrical Busbar - Residential & Commercial Projects SSudhaVelan
Busbar is a metallic strip used for electrical power distribution that makes it easier, less expensive, and more flexible compared to traditional cabling. Common sizes for commercial and industrial applications range from 40 to 1200 amps. Copper busbar is preferred for its high conductivity, durability, and lifespan, though aluminum is also used. Busbars can be segregated with barriers between phases, non-segregated in a common enclosure, sandwiched between insulation, or air insulated. Installing busbars provides benefits over cabling like compact design, better heat dissipation, flexibility, cost savings, improved resistance, lower energy losses, and easier distribution.
Light transmitting concrete is a mixture of optical glass fibers and fine concrete that can be used as prefabricated blocks or panels. Thousands of parallel optical glass fibers form a matrix between the two main surfaces of each block, leading light through both sides with minimal loss up to 20 meters. The fibers transmit light at incident angles greater than 60 degrees. Materials for light transmitting concrete include cement, fine sand, water, and 4-5% optical fibers by volume ranging from 2 μm to 2 mm thick.
Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) is a concrete that is mixed in a pugmill and placed with dump trucks and spread with bulldozers. It is compacted in lifts of 100-250mm thick using vibratory steel drum rollers. RCC does not require internal vibration and can be used for port, rail, highway, and industrial facilities. Some advantages are reduced cement, no formwork, and ability to maintain traffic flow during placement. Limitations include a rougher surface and difficulty compacting near edges.
Rajinikanth enjoys traveling through three airports - Kangra Airport in India, Changi Airport in Singapore, and Chennai Airport in India. These appear to be his favorite airports based on the document listing them.
Fire Protection System - Automatic Fire DetectorsSSudhaVelan
This document discusses automatic fire detection systems and different types of fire detectors. It describes how fire alarms are used to protect life and property by alerting people to emergencies. Various detectors are discussed that can detect smoke, heat, radiation or flames using different operating principles like fixed temperature, rate of rise, ionization, optical scattering, sampling or multi-criteria. Examples of applications and limitations of different detector types are provided.
3D Printing Concrete Building ConstructionsSSudhaVelan
3D printing technology can be used to construct buildings by depositing layers of concrete or other materials in a process similar to inkjet printing. The "ink" used is a special concrete mixture containing Portland cement, aggregate, additives, and fibers. Large 3D printers either have a fixed structure and print modular pieces for assembly or use a flexible robotic arm to print entire structures on site in a single piece. The printing process involves converting a 3D CAD model into thin layers that are deposited one by one to build up the structure. 3D printed buildings offer advantages like speed of production, design flexibility, and reduced construction waste.
Fire blankets are made of fiberglass fabric, which makes them highly effective for quickly extinguishing fires. They can withstand high temperatures up to 600°C and are useful for reducing burns and preventing the spread of fires. Different types of fire blankets include welding blankets for withstanding sparks and molten metal, and ceramic fire blankets that can withstand extremely high temperatures up to 1260°C for heavy-duty welding protection. The document discusses the specifications and applications of fiberglass, silicone-coated fiberglass, and ceramic fire blankets.
Construction Software – Design , Analysis , Estimate & ERPSSudhaVelan
The document discusses various construction software used for design, analysis, estimation, and project management. It summarizes key software including AutoCAD for drafting, STAAD Pro and ETABS for structural analysis and design, Revit for building information modeling (BIM), Primavera and MS Project for construction scheduling and planning, ArcGIS for mapping, VISSIM for traffic simulation, ANSYS and COMSOL for finite element analysis, and estimation software like EasyPro, Estimator, and Candy for quantity takeoff and cost estimation. The software support the construction process from design through project completion.
This document discusses electrochromic (smart) glass that can change tint or opacity when an electric current is applied. Smart glass benefits include energy savings through solar control, as well as design flexibility without needing exterior shading. It can be automated or controlled through a building management system, mobile apps, or voice commands. While smart glass provides sustainability benefits, it has higher upfront costs and questions around long-term durability compared to ordinary glass. The technology works by applying low voltage to cause lithium ions to move between layers in the glass' coating, changing its light transmission properties.
Smart Concrete Sensors - Temperature and Strength Monitoring-Early Project C...SSudhaVelan
This document discusses smart concrete sensors that monitor temperature and strength of curing concrete in real-time. The sensors are embedded in concrete and connect to software to provide continuous data on curing and drying. This allows removal of forms and stressing of tendons sooner based on actual strength. The sensors are accurate, small devices that provide data to optimize curing, quality control, and mix design. Monitoring concrete strength electronically is more efficient, reliable, and cost-effective than traditional cube testing.
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a technique that uses radio waves between 1-1000 MHz to map underground structures by emitting signals and detecting echoes to build images. GPR is used to locate buried utilities, for mine site evaluation, forensic investigations, archaeological digs, and detecting unexploded ordnance by measuring signal time delay and strength. The document provides an overview of GPR including how it works and its various applications.
Kanban is a visual project management tool used to manage work as it moves through a process. A Kanban board visualizes work, limits work-in-progress, and maximizes efficiency. It identifies potential bottlenecks. Common Kanban cards include withdrawal, supplier, emergency, and production cards. The six Kanban practices are to visualize the process, control work in progress, manage flow, communicate policies, implement feedback, and collaborate for improvement. Kanban offers advantages like versatility, continuous improvement, responsiveness, higher output, and team empowerment. Disadvantages include potential for Kanban board misuse and unsuitability for dynamic projects.
Construction Contracts – Hybrid Annuity ModelSSudhaVelan
The document discusses the hybrid annuity model (HAM) for building national highways in India. Under HAM, the government provides 40% of the project cost to private developers as construction support, and pays the remaining 60% as annuity payments plus interest over the operations period. HAM has helped speed up highway construction in India by renewing private sector interest in projects, with substantial progress made under the model in the past three and a half years.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
2. Concrete Canvas
• Known as Concrete Cloth.
• Flexible, concrete-impregnated fabric that hardens on
hydration to form a thin, durable, waterproof and fire-resistant
concrete layer.
• Basically, it is concrete cloth on a roll.
• GCCM (geosynthetic composite cementitious mat)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. FUNCTION
• Concrete Canvas , allows concrete construction without the need for plant
or mixing equipment.
• Simply unroll and position Concrete Canvas, and then just add water.
• Concrete Canvas has no impact on the pH of runoff water.
• Concrete Canvas is widely used as a cheaper alternative to non-structural
shotcrete.
• Concrete Canvas is available in 3 thicknesses: 5, 8 and 13mm thick.
8. APPLICATIONS
Slope Protection
• Concrete Canvas is increasingly being used as an alternative to non-structural
shotcrete to protect slopes from surface erosion caused by weathering, surface
run-off and environmental degradation.
9.
10.
11. Channel Lining
• Concrete Canvas is rapidly becoming the ditch lining material of choice for
engineers and contractors around the world. Concrete Canvas is typically
10 times faster to install than conventional concrete solutions, with
installation speeds of up to 200 m2/hr possible with only a three-man crew
for a longitudinal layup.
15. Outfalls
• Concrete Canvas has been
used worldwide as an
effective method of
preventing surface erosion
and scour associated with
water run-off from culverts
outlets, spillways and over-
toppings.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28. Physical Properties of Concrete Canvas
Product
Thickness
(mm)
Batch Roll
Size (sqm)
Bulk Roll
Size (sqm)
Roll
Width
(m)
Mass
(unset)
(kg/m2)
Density
(unset)
(kg/m3)
Density
(set)
(kg/m3)
5 10 200 1.0 7 1500 +30-35%
8 5 125 1.1 12 1500 +30-35%
13 N/A 80 1.1 19 1500 +30-35%
29. Do’s & Don’ts
• Concrete Canvas cannot be over hydrated and therefore an excess of water is
always recommended. Minimum ratio of water: Concrete Canvas is 1:2 by weight.
• Do not jet high pressure water directly onto the matting as this may wash a channel
in the material.
• Concrete Canvas has a working time of 1-2 hours after hydration. Do not move the
material once it has begun to set.
• Concrete Canvas will set hard in 24 hours but will continue to gain strength for years
• If Concrete Canvas is not fully saturated, the set may be delayed, and strength
reduced. If the set is delayed, re-wet with a large excess of water.
30. S.
No.
Product Prices in
Rs.(per sqm)
1- Concrete Canvas 5 mm, Batch roll size -10 sqm,
Bulk rool size-200 sqm. Roll width- 1meter
3,400/-
2- Concrete Canvas 8 mm, Batch roll size - 05 sqm,
Bulk rool size-125 sqm. Roll width- 1.1 meter
4,890/-
3- Concrete Canvas 13 mm, Batch roll size –N/A,
Bulk roll size-80 sqm. Roll width- 1.1 meter
6,990/-