High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete: According to some researchers, more than 30% fly ash by mass (equivalent as 50% by volume) of the cementitious material may be considered enough to classify the mixtures as High-Volume Fly Ash (HVFA) concrete. It is possible to produce sustainable, high performance concrete mixtures with 50% or more cement replacement by fly ash.
High volume fly ash concrete is a concrete where a replacement of about 35% or more of cement is made with the usage of fly ash.
Fly ash concrete is an eco-friendly construction material in which fly ash replaces a part of Portland cement.
High volume fly ash concrete is a concrete where a replacement of about 35% or more of cement is made with the usage of fly ash.
Fly ash concrete is an eco-friendly construction material in which fly ash replaces a part of Portland cement.
what is polymer concrete, types, properties, material used in manufacturing process , manufacturing process, applications and their advantages. case study on polymer composite concrete.
A UHPC (ultra high performance concrete) presentation projects.Nolan Mayrhofer
UHPC presentation featuring select international Ductal projects. This is an in depth look at the types of architectural projects UHPC is best suited for.
Concrete is the most widely used construction material in India with annual consumption exceeding 100 million cubic meters.
High performance concrete is a concrete in which certain characteristics are developed for a particular application and environment, so that it will give excellent performance in the structure in which it will be placed.
A high-strength concrete is always a high performance concrete, but a high-performance concrete is not always a high-strength concrete.
Marsh cone test is reliable and simple method to study the rheological properties of cements and mortars.
Flow time of cement/mortar through marsh cone is indicator of viscosity, which depends upon cement super plasticizer compatibility.
This presentation gives a brief introduction on FRC's history, definition and why is it used. Types of FRC's and it's applications is explained in detail in later stages.Also, it covers various properties that affects FRC and a Case study in end.
Concrete is made up of ingredients like Cement, Fine Aggregate (Sand), Coarse Aggregate, Water and admixtures. Concrete mix design is done to Optimize the requirements of Cement, Sand, Aggregate and Water in order to ensure that concrete parameters in both Plastic Stage (like workability) and in Hardened Stage (like Compressive Strength and durability) are achieved. The Concrete mix design is as per Indian Standards (IS 10262) and might vary from country to country. The nominal mix design ratios available for concrete less than M30 in strength are only thumb rules and are generally over designed. As the actual site conditions vary and the mix design should be adjusted as per the location and other factors.
A presentation on High Performance Concrete - High performance concrete is a concrete mixture, which possess high durability and high strength when compared to conventional concrete.
The strength of a material is defined as the ability to resist stress without failure.
It is important to note that High strength and High-performance concrete are not synonymous.
Concrete is defined as High strength concrete on the basis of its compressive strength measured at a given age.
In early 1970’s any concrete mixture that showed 40MPa or more compressive strength at 28 days were design as High strength concrete.
Later 60-100MPa concrete mixture was commercially developed and used in the construction of high rise buildings and long-span bridges in many parts of the world.
basic knowledge about performance and characteristics of fly ash based concrete. this was my first presentation....so hard core civil engineers might consider me a layman!... anyway its a good way to start knowing gist and basics.
what is polymer concrete, types, properties, material used in manufacturing process , manufacturing process, applications and their advantages. case study on polymer composite concrete.
A UHPC (ultra high performance concrete) presentation projects.Nolan Mayrhofer
UHPC presentation featuring select international Ductal projects. This is an in depth look at the types of architectural projects UHPC is best suited for.
Concrete is the most widely used construction material in India with annual consumption exceeding 100 million cubic meters.
High performance concrete is a concrete in which certain characteristics are developed for a particular application and environment, so that it will give excellent performance in the structure in which it will be placed.
A high-strength concrete is always a high performance concrete, but a high-performance concrete is not always a high-strength concrete.
Marsh cone test is reliable and simple method to study the rheological properties of cements and mortars.
Flow time of cement/mortar through marsh cone is indicator of viscosity, which depends upon cement super plasticizer compatibility.
This presentation gives a brief introduction on FRC's history, definition and why is it used. Types of FRC's and it's applications is explained in detail in later stages.Also, it covers various properties that affects FRC and a Case study in end.
Concrete is made up of ingredients like Cement, Fine Aggregate (Sand), Coarse Aggregate, Water and admixtures. Concrete mix design is done to Optimize the requirements of Cement, Sand, Aggregate and Water in order to ensure that concrete parameters in both Plastic Stage (like workability) and in Hardened Stage (like Compressive Strength and durability) are achieved. The Concrete mix design is as per Indian Standards (IS 10262) and might vary from country to country. The nominal mix design ratios available for concrete less than M30 in strength are only thumb rules and are generally over designed. As the actual site conditions vary and the mix design should be adjusted as per the location and other factors.
A presentation on High Performance Concrete - High performance concrete is a concrete mixture, which possess high durability and high strength when compared to conventional concrete.
The strength of a material is defined as the ability to resist stress without failure.
It is important to note that High strength and High-performance concrete are not synonymous.
Concrete is defined as High strength concrete on the basis of its compressive strength measured at a given age.
In early 1970’s any concrete mixture that showed 40MPa or more compressive strength at 28 days were design as High strength concrete.
Later 60-100MPa concrete mixture was commercially developed and used in the construction of high rise buildings and long-span bridges in many parts of the world.
basic knowledge about performance and characteristics of fly ash based concrete. this was my first presentation....so hard core civil engineers might consider me a layman!... anyway its a good way to start knowing gist and basics.
Shortcreting has proved to be the best method for construction of curved surfaces. Domes are now much easier to construct with the advent of shotcrete technology. Tunnel linings are also becoming easy with this technology. Not only are these but there a wide range of applications where this technology has been a leading one. This technical paper includes the concept of shotcrete and how it differs from conventional concrete. It also enumerates the different types of process involved in shotcreting i.e. dry mix process and wet mix process. Advantages of shotcrete and its applications in various fields like tunneling, canals, buildings etc. are specified in detail. This paper presents an overview of shotcreting technology along with its applications.
DEFINITION OF SHOTCRETE:-
Shotcrete is a mortar or high performance concrete conveyed through a hose and pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a backing surface. It is the force of this spraying action that leads to compaction of the concrete or mortar which then forms layers of concrete to the required thickness. Shotcreting has been an acceptable way of placing cementitious material in a variety of applications.
Usually patented polypropylene fibers are included in the shotcrete which increases the cohesive nature of the shotcrete through mechanically binding the cementitious materials together. This mechanism reduces the rebound waste that occurs through the shotcreting process and these fibers also resist plastic shrinkage and cracking through their ability to enhance the early stage tensile strength of concrete.
Shotcrete also gives better surface finishes and reduces surface tearing on non- linear sections. Cementitious material containing the poly propylene fibers resist cycles of freezing and thawing and also reduces the chances of water and chemical penetrations.
Flash Industries is basically an environment friendly start up wherein we will be introducing the business of manufacturing Fly Ash Bricks with a view point of eliminating Fly Ash from the ecosystem as an environmental pollutant, which will provide huge benefits to organizations as well as to the environment.
Done by Steel Group, Ahmed bin Hanbal Independent Secondary school for boys
Concrete is a composite material composed mainly of water, aggregate, and cement.
We've chosen this product to participate in Qatar's 2030 vision and to help Qatar in the field of industry .
the objectives are
1 - To make concrete durable
2 - To help the bases of buildings to stay for along life time .
3 – To reuse the industrial waste .
4- To improve concrete work-ability .
Analysis the Characteristic Behaviour of Concrete by Partial Replacement of C...ijtsrd
Rice Husk Ash RHA is actually a byproduct of the industry specially agricultural that contains higher quantity of silicon dioxide SiO2 . With this analysis, for the very first time of the Middle East, in order to supply regular RHA, a specific furnace was designed as well as constructed. Afterwards, Efforts were made to figure out the optimum temperature as well as time period of burning up. Results indicate that temperature of 6500 centigrade as well as sixty minutes burning period are actually the very best combination. Subsequently different experiments had been carried away to establish attributes of concretes integrating the best possible RHA. These tests include compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, modules of elasticity, fast chloride as well as water permeability permeability check. Results indicate that concrete including RHA had greater compressive strength, splitting tensile strength as well as modulus of elasticity from different ages in contrast to that of the management concrete. Additionally, results indicate which RHA as an artificial pozzolanic content has improved the durability of RHA concretes as well as reduced the chloride diffusion. Sandeep Tak | Rajdeep Singh | Ashish Verma "Analysis the Characteristic Behaviour of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement by Rice Husk Ash and Fly Ash" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25266.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/25266/analysis-the-characteristic-behaviour-of-concrete-by-partial-replacement-of-cement-by-rice-husk-ash-and-fly-ash/sandeep-tak
Effect of corrosion inhibitor on properties of concrete and mortar made with ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of corrosion inhibiting admixture on concrete and mortar properties is investigated experimentally. Two reference
concretes and mortars are considered, based on ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and slag cement. The effect of corrosion inhibiting
admixture (a sodium nitrite-based inhibitor) is evaluated. The properties of the fresh concrete (setting time, density and workability)
and of the hardened concrete (compressive strength, bending tensile strength and splitting tensile strength) are evaluated. From
experimental results, it has been observed that addition of sodium nitrite as corrosion inhibitor (CI) decreases the compressive
strength of OPC mortar at all ages i.e. 7 and 28 days, while an increasing trend is observed for addition of CI in slag cement mortars.
There is no remarkable change in density observed for addition of CI for both types of mortars made with OPC and slag cement. 7
days compressive strength decreases with addition of CI to concrete cube made with OPC, while an increasing trend is observed for
concrete made with slag cement. 28 days compressive strength of concrete cubes made with both type of cements decreases with
addition of CI. Further addition of silica fume (10%) with combination of CI improves the compressive strength.
Index Terms: corrosion inhibitor, silica fume, ordinary Portland cement, slag cement,
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
why we use fly ash in concrete , production of fly ash, how it improve the fresh and harden properties of concrete
how it react when mix with concrete.
Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Cement by Flyash and GGBSijsrd.com
This paper presents a laboratory investigation on optimum level of Fly ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) as a partial replacement of cement to study the strength characteristics of concrete. Portland cement was partially replaced by 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10% of GGBS and Fly ash by 20%, 40%, 60% respectively. The water to cementations materials ratio was maintained at 0.45 for all mixes. The strength characteristics of the concrete were evaluated by conducting Compressive strength test, Splitting Tensile strength test and Flexural strength test. The compression strength test were conducted for 7days and 28days of curing and split tensile strength test and flexural strength test were conducted for 28days of curing on a M25 grade concrete. The mix proportion M25 was found to be 1:1.36:2.71.The test results proved that the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete mixtures containing GGBS and Fly ash increases as the amount of GGBS and Fly ash increase. After an optimum point, at around 9% of GGBS and 40% of Fly ash of the total binder content, the further addition of GGBS and fly ash does not improve the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength.
Effect of mill scale and fly ash waste on the performance of cement mortareSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper investigates effect of mill scale and fly ash wastes as a replacement of fine aggregate generally natural sand on the performance of cement mortar. Utilization of fly ash and mill scale in cement mortar production not only provides significant environmental benefits but also enhances performance of the cement mortar when used at optimum amounts. They may be used in the form of finely ground additive to replace part of aggregates in cement mortar. This study looked at the feasibility of mill scale and fly ash waste inclusion as partial aggregate replacement in normal cement mortar. Properties of cement mortar incorporating fly ash and mill scale waste as partial substitution for natural aggregate were investigated. The study involves six replacement levels of mill scale and fly ash wastes into cement mortar for each mix design. Mortar cubes are tested for strength, & water absorption. The partial replacement of fine aggregate by M(3,30), M(5,30), M(8,30), M(10,30), M(12,30), M(15,30) ( M-mix of mill scale & fly ash %) improves the properties of normal mortar. In the design mix of industrial wastes produced, percentage of fly ash is kept constant (30 %) and mill scale is varied from 0 to 15 % by weight of natural sand. The test results indicate that the mechanical properties of mill scale and fly ash modified mortar are improved to a great extent, whereas the water absorption is reduced as compared to that of plain mortar.
Keywords: Mill Scale, Fly Ash, Compressive Strength, Durability, Water Absorption, Density
METHODS OF RETROFITTING EARTHQUAKE DAMAGESUmer Farooq
The primary purpose of earthquake retrofitting is to keep a home from being displaced from its concrete foundation. Retrofitting means making improvements to an existing building. The purpose is to make the building safer and less prone to major structural damage during an earthquake. Existing homes need to be retrofitted because our understanding of the effects of earthquakes as well as construction techniques have improved after the homes were built. The terms house bolting, foundation bolting and cripple wall bracing are often used synonymously with earthquake retrofitting
Oldest branch of engineering, next to Military engineering. All engineering works other than for military purposes were grouped in to Civil Engineering. Mechanical, Electrical, Electronics & present day Information technology followed it.
A professional engineering discipline that deals with the analysis, design, construction and maintenance of infrastructural facilities such as buildings, bridges, dams, roads etc.
Civil Engineering is everywhere. Civil Engineering is a composite of many specific disciplines that include structural engineering, water engineering, waste material management and engineering, foundation engineering etc. among many.
Diaphragm wall: Construction and DesignUmer Farooq
Diaphragm walls are concrete or reinforced concrete walls constructed in slurry-supported, open trenches below existing ground.
Concrete is placed using the Tremie installation method or by installing pre-cast concrete panels (known as a pre-cast diaphragm wall). Diaphragm walls can be constructed to depths of 150 meters and to widths of 0.5 to 1.50 meters.
One of the most efficient structural systems against heavy wind loads is the bundled tube structural system
The first person to implement the bundled tube structural system was Fazlur Rahman Khan from Dhaka, Bangladesh with the design of the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments in Chicago, Illinois.
Reinforced earth is a combination of earth and linear reinforcing strips that are capable of bearing large tensile stresses.
The reinforcement provided by these strips enable the mass to resist the tension in a way which the earth alone could not. The source of this resistance to tension is the internal friction of soil, because the stresses that are created within the mass are transferred from soil to the reinforcement strips by friction.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH VOLUME FLY ASH CONCRETE SUBJECTED TO ELEVATED ...Umer Farooq
Fly ash is a finely divided waste product resulting from the combustion of pulverized coal in power plants.
It contains large amounts of silica, alumina and small amount of unburned carbon, which pollutes environment.
It is grey in colour and alkaline in nature.
The particle size ranges between 5-120 microns
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
1. Some Properties of
HIGH-VOLUME FLY ASH CONCRETE
By
PROF. ARUN KUMAR CHAKRABORTY
Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Bengal Engineering and Science University
Shibpur; Howrah – 711 103; West Bengal
2. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Fly ash, a principal byproduct of coal burning power plants,Fly ash, a principal byproduct of coal burning power plants,
is an industrial waste product containing large amounts of silica,is an industrial waste product containing large amounts of silica,
alumina and small amount of unburned carbon, which pollutesalumina and small amount of unburned carbon, which pollutes
environment. This fly ash has real disposal problems, and shouldenvironment. This fly ash has real disposal problems, and should
hence be utilized effectively for various purposes.hence be utilized effectively for various purposes.
Fly ash, being primarily pozzolanic, can actually replace aFly ash, being primarily pozzolanic, can actually replace a
percentage of the Portland cement, to produce a stronger, morepercentage of the Portland cement, to produce a stronger, more
durable and more environment friendly concrete.durable and more environment friendly concrete.
The cement production process releases a lot of carbon-di-The cement production process releases a lot of carbon-di-
oxide in atmosphere, which is the primary green house gas thatoxide in atmosphere, which is the primary green house gas that
causes global warming. Hence replacement of a considerablecauses global warming. Hence replacement of a considerable
portion of cement by fly ash, can make a major contributionportion of cement by fly ash, can make a major contribution
toward solving the global warming problem.toward solving the global warming problem.
3. Fly Ash Concrete:Fly Ash Concrete:
In commercial practice, the dosage of fly ash is limited toIn commercial practice, the dosage of fly ash is limited to
15%-30% by mass of the total cementitious material, which has15%-30% by mass of the total cementitious material, which has
a beneficial effect on the workability and cost economy ofa beneficial effect on the workability and cost economy of
concrete but for improved durability against sulfate attack,concrete but for improved durability against sulfate attack,
alkali-silica expansion, and thermal cracking, larger amounts ofalkali-silica expansion, and thermal cracking, larger amounts of
fly ash, are necessary.fly ash, are necessary.
High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete:High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete:
According to some researchers, more than 30% fly ash byAccording to some researchers, more than 30% fly ash by
mass (equivalent as 50% by volume) of the cementitiousmass (equivalent as 50% by volume) of the cementitious
material may be considered enough to classify the mixtures asmaterial may be considered enough to classify the mixtures as
High-Volume Fly Ash (HVFA) concrete.High-Volume Fly Ash (HVFA) concrete.
It is possible to produce sustainable, high performanceIt is possible to produce sustainable, high performance
concrete mixtures with 50% or more cement replacement by flyconcrete mixtures with 50% or more cement replacement by fly
ash.ash.
4. Behaviour of High Volume Fly Ash in Concrete:Behaviour of High Volume Fly Ash in Concrete:
It is generally observed that a higher substitution ofIt is generally observed that a higher substitution of
Portland cement by fly ash reduces the water requirement forPortland cement by fly ash reduces the water requirement for
obtaining a given workability, mainly due to three mechanisms:obtaining a given workability, mainly due to three mechanisms:
Fly ash gets absorbed on the surface of oppositely chargedFly ash gets absorbed on the surface of oppositely charged
cement particles and prevent them from flocculation, releasingcement particles and prevent them from flocculation, releasing
large amounts of water, thereby reducing the water-demand forlarge amounts of water, thereby reducing the water-demand for
a given workability.a given workability.
The spherical shape and the smooth surface of fly ashThe spherical shape and the smooth surface of fly ash
particles help to reduce the interparticle friction and thusparticles help to reduce the interparticle friction and thus
facilitate mobility.facilitate mobility.
Due to its lower density and higher volume per unit mass,Due to its lower density and higher volume per unit mass,
fly ash is a more efficient void-filler than Portland cement.fly ash is a more efficient void-filler than Portland cement.
5. Applications of High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete:Applications of High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete:
HVFA system has proven to be an economical constructionHVFA system has proven to be an economical construction
material. Several applications of HVFA concrete in structures,material. Several applications of HVFA concrete in structures,
and pavements have been reported all over the world.and pavements have been reported all over the world.
Few information are available on long term properties andFew information are available on long term properties and
durability aspects of HVFA concrete, particularly, in India,durability aspects of HVFA concrete, particularly, in India,
where there is a lot of variation in quality and properties of flywhere there is a lot of variation in quality and properties of fly
ash.ash.
A detailed study is hence necessary to reveal theseA detailed study is hence necessary to reveal these
aspects before prescribing the High Volume Fly Ashaspects before prescribing the High Volume Fly Ash
Technology in practical application considering the availabilityTechnology in practical application considering the availability
of local materials and climatic condition in our country.of local materials and climatic condition in our country.
6. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMEXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
MATERIALS USED:MATERIALS USED:
Detailed properties of cement and fly ash is given inDetailed properties of cement and fly ash is given in Table 1Table 1..
Detailed properties of Coarse and Fine aggregates are shownDetailed properties of Coarse and Fine aggregates are shown
inin Table 2Table 2..
Conplast SP430 manufactured by M/S Fosroc India Ltd.Conplast SP430 manufactured by M/S Fosroc India Ltd.
Bangalore, has been used as a superplasticizer (conforming toBangalore, has been used as a superplasticizer (conforming to
ASTM C 494 type F) and Pidicrete CF-21 manufactured by PidiliteASTM C 494 type F) and Pidicrete CF-21 manufactured by Pidilite
Industries has been used as normal plasticizer (ASTM Type A).Industries has been used as normal plasticizer (ASTM Type A).
TYPES OF CONCRETE MIXES:TYPES OF CONCRETE MIXES:
Detailed mix proportions are given in tablesDetailed mix proportions are given in tables
T3.1, T3.2, T3.3, T3.4, T3.5 and T3.6.T3.1, T3.2, T3.3, T3.4, T3.5 and T3.6.
7. Table1: Physical Properties and Chemical Analysis of the Materials usedTable1: Physical Properties and Chemical Analysis of the Materials used
Physical Tests
Cement OPC
(Ambuja)
Cement PPC
(Ambuja)
Fly ash
Garden Reach
•Specific gravity Experimental Value 3.17 3.12 2.03
IS Code Requirement 3.15 - -
•Fineness Experimental Value - passing 45 micron 84 92 88
-specific surface, Blaine, cm2
/g 3294 3402 4892
IS Code Requirement 2250 3000 -
•Compressive strength of 70.7 mm cubes, Mpa 3 - day 30.12 27.91 -
7 - day 37.22 37.49 -
28 - day 42.83 47.44 -
IS Code Requirement 3 - day 27 16 -
7 - day 37 22 -
28 - day 53 33 -
Chemical Analysis (%)
•Silicon dioxide (SiO2
) 18.67 - 57.1
•Aluminium oxide (AI2
O3
) 6.07 - 27.1
•Ferric oxide (Fe2
O3
) 4.96 - 7.4
•Calcium oxide (CaO) 60.12 - 2.1
•Magnesium oxide (MgO) 2.13 2.93 1.2
•Alkalis equivalent - - 2.42
•Titanium oxide (TiO2
) - - 1.2
•Sulphur trioxide (SO3
) 2.57 2.68 0.1
8. Table2: Grading of Coarse and Fine AggregateTable2: Grading of Coarse and Fine Aggregate
Coarse Aggregate
Indian Standard
Requirements for
Coarse Aggregate
As per IS 383
Fine Aggregate
Indian
Standard
Requirements
for Fine
Aggregate
As per IS 383
Sieve
Size
mm
Type I
Passing
%
Type II
Passing
%
Type I
(20mm
graded)
Type II
(16mm
graded)
Sieve
Size
mm
Passing
%
Passing
%
( For Grading
Zone II )
20.00 100.00 100.00 95-100 100 4.75 100.0 90-100
16.00 90.00 100.00 - 90-100 2.36 95.7 75-100
12.50 - - - - 1.18 82.2 55-90
10.00 50.00 51.54 25-55 30-70 0.60 55.1 35-59
4.75 2.12 0.00 0-10 0-10 0.30 12.6 0-30
2.36 - - - - 0.15 0.9 0-10
9. Table T3.1: Mix Proportion and Fresh Properties ofTable T3.1: Mix Proportion and Fresh Properties of
different M20 concrete mixes having cementitiousdifferent M20 concrete mixes having cementitious
material content 350 Kg/mmaterial content 350 Kg/m33
made with O.P.Cmade with O.P.C
Mix
No.
Fly
Ash
%
Cement
%
Aggregate
W/CM
WRA
L/m3 C.F.
Slump
mmCoarse
kg/m3
Fine
kg/m3
OL-0 0 100
1217 745
0.50 3.0 0.94 75
OL-30 30 70 0.48 1.8 0.94 105
OL-40 40 60 0.46 3.1 0.95 105
OL-50 50 50 0.43 3.8 0.92 95
10. Table T3.2: Mix Proportion and Fresh Properties ofTable T3.2: Mix Proportion and Fresh Properties of
different M40 concrete mixes having cementitiousdifferent M40 concrete mixes having cementitious
material content 400 Kg/mmaterial content 400 Kg/m33
made with O.P.Cmade with O.P.C
Mix
No.
Fly
Ash
%
Cement
%
Aggregate
W/CM
S.P.
L/m3 C.F.
Slump
mmCoarse
kg/m3
Fine
kg/m3
OM-0 0 100
1183 800
0.40 5.5 0.94 120
OM-30 30 70 0.36 4.9 0.92 110
OM-40 40 60 0.34 4.6 0.95 105
OM-50 50 50 0.32 4.6 0.91 120
11. Table T3.3: Mix Proportion and Fresh Properties ofTable T3.3: Mix Proportion and Fresh Properties of
different M60 concrete mixes having cementitiousdifferent M60 concrete mixes having cementitious
material content 450 Kg/mmaterial content 450 Kg/m33
made with O.P.Cmade with O.P.C
Mix
No.
Fly
Ash
%
Cement
%
Aggregate
W/CM
S.P.
L/m3 C.F.
Slump
mmCoarse
kg/m3
Fine
kg/m3
OH-0 0 100
1125 675
0.32 9.6 0.92 105
OH-30 30 70 0.29 5.8 0.95 95
OH-40 40 60 0.29 7.8 0.95 100
OH-50 50 50 0.28 6.2 0.93 115
12. Table T3.4: Mix Proportion and Fresh Properties ofTable T3.4: Mix Proportion and Fresh Properties of
different M20 concrete mixes having cementitious materialdifferent M20 concrete mixes having cementitious material
content 350 Kg/mcontent 350 Kg/m33
made with P.P.Cmade with P.P.C
Mix
No.
Fly
Ash
%
Cement
%
Aggregate
W/CM
WRA
L/m3 C.F.
Slump
mmCoarse
kg/m3
Fine
kg/m3
PL-0 30 70
1217 745
0.52 3.6 0.95 80
PL-40 40 60 0.48 2.7 0.91 95
PL-50 50 50 0.46 3.7 0.93 110
13. Table T3.5: Mix Proportion and Fresh Properties ofTable T3.5: Mix Proportion and Fresh Properties of
different M40 concrete mixes having cementitious materialdifferent M40 concrete mixes having cementitious material
content 400 Kg/mcontent 400 Kg/m33
made with P.P.Cmade with P.P.C
Mix
No.
Fly
Ash
%
Cement
%
Aggregate
W/CM
S.P.
L/m3 C.F.
Slump
mmCoarse
kg/m3
Fine
kg/m3
PM-0 30 70
1183 800
0.42 5.5 0.92 90
PM-40 40 60 0.38 5.6 0.92 125
PM-50 50 50 0.36 5.4 0.95 115
14. Table T3.6: Mix Proportion and Fresh Properties ofTable T3.6: Mix Proportion and Fresh Properties of
different M60 concrete mixes having cementitious materialdifferent M60 concrete mixes having cementitious material
content 450 Kg/mcontent 450 Kg/m33
made with P.P.Cmade with P.P.C
Mix
No.
Fly
Ash
%
Cement
%
Aggregate
W/CM
S.P.
L/m3 C.F.
Slump
mmCoarse
kg/m3
Fine
kg/m3
PH-0 30 70
1125 675
0.34 9.6 0.94 85
PH-40 40 60 0.32 5.8 0.93 110
PH-50 50 50 0.30 6.4 0.93 110
15. TYPES OF TESTS ON CONCRETE SAMPLES:TYPES OF TESTS ON CONCRETE SAMPLES:
Compressive strength at 28days, 91days, 180 days and 365Compressive strength at 28days, 91days, 180 days and 365
days as per IS 516:1959.days as per IS 516:1959.
Flexural strengths at 28, 91 and 365 days as per IS516: 1959.Flexural strengths at 28, 91 and 365 days as per IS516: 1959.
Splitting tensile strengths at 28, 91 and 365 days as per ISSplitting tensile strengths at 28, 91 and 365 days as per IS
5816: 1999.5816: 1999.
Abrasion test at 56 and 365 days as per IS 1237: 1980.Abrasion test at 56 and 365 days as per IS 1237: 1980.
Water Permeability at 56 and 365 days as per DIN1048 part V.Water Permeability at 56 and 365 days as per DIN1048 part V.
Rebound Hammer Test and Ultra Sonic Pulse Velocity Test asRebound Hammer Test and Ultra Sonic Pulse Velocity Test as
per IS 13311: 1992 Part I & II.per IS 13311: 1992 Part I & II.
16. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH VS %
FLYASH FOR M20 CONCRETE HAVING
CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL CONTENT
350 KG/M3
MADE WITH O.P.C. & P.P.C.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
% flyash(as replacement of cement)
CompressiveStrength(MPa)
91 days
180 days
365 days
28 days
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
30 35 40 45 50 55
% flyash (as replacement of cement)
compressivestrength(MPa)
28 days
365 days
180 days
91 days
O.P.C.O.P.C.
P.P.C.P.P.C.
17. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH vs %
FLYASH FOR M40 CONCRETE
HAVING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL
CONTENT 400 KG/M3
MADE WITH
O.P.C. & P.P.C.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
% flyash (as replacement of cement)
commpressivestrength(MPa)
91 days
180 days
365 days
28 days
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
30 35 40 45 50 55
% flyash (as replacement of cement)
compressivestrength(Mpa)
28 days
91 days
365 days
180 days
O.P.C.O.P.C.
P.P.C.P.P.C.
18. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH vs %
FLYASH FOR M60 CONCRETE
HAVING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL
CONTENT 450 KG/M3
MADE WITH
O.P.C. & P.P.C.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
% flyash (as replacement of cement)
compressivestrength(MPa)
28 days
91 days
180 days
365 days
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
30 35 40 45 50 55
% flyash (as replacement of cement)
compressivestrength(MPa)
28 days
91 days
365 days
180 days
O.P.C.O.P.C.
P.P.C.P.P.C.
19. Comparison of Compressive Strength of M20 Concrete having cementitious
material content 350 Kg/m3
using O.P.C & P.P.C. for different % of Fly Ash
46 44
40 40 41
38
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
30 40 50
% flyash (as replacement of cement )
compressivestrength(MPa)
O.P.C.
P.P.C
54 55
41
45
51 49
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
30 40 50
% flyash (as replacement of cement )
compressivestrength(MPa)
O.P.C.
P.P.C
28 Days28 Days28 Days28 Days 91 Days91 Days91 Days91 Days
20. Comparison of Compressive Strength of Concrete having cementitious material
content 350 Kg/m3
using O.P.C & P.P.C. for different % of Fly Ash.
57
67
53
47 49
62
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
30 40 50
% flyash (as replacement of cement )
compressivestrength(MPa)
O.P.C
P.P.C.
61
71
67
48
52
66
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
30 40 50
% flyash (as replacement of cement)
compressivestrength(MPa)
O.P.C.
P.P.C.
180180
DaysDays
180180
DaysDays 365 Days365 Days365 Days365 Days
21. Comparison of Compressive Strength of M40 Concrete having cementitious
material content 400 Kg/m3
using O.P.C & P.P.C. for different % of Fly Ash.
55
59
50
46
52 51
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
30 40 50
%flyash(as replacement of cement)
compressivestrength(MPa)
O.P.C.
P.P.C
66
72
5857 59 60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
30 40 50
%flyash(as replacement of cement)
compressivestrength(MPa)
O.P.C.
P.P.C
28 Days28 Days28 Days28 Days 91 Days91 Days91 Days91 Days
22. Comparison of Compressive Strength of Concrete having cementitious material
content 400 Kg/m3
using O.P.C & P.P.C. for different % of Fly Ash.
68 67
58
55 57
61
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
30 40 50
%flyash(as replacement of cement)
compressivestrength(MPa)
O.P.C.
P.P.C
70 72
60
55
64
55
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
30 40 50
% flyash (as replacement of cement)
compressivestrength(MPa)
O.P.C.
P.P.C.
180180
DaysDays
180180
DaysDays 365 Days365 Days365 Days365 Days
23. Comparison of Compressive Strength of M60 Concrete having cementitious
material content 450 Kg/m3
using O.P.C & P.P.C. for different % of Fly Ash.
68
60
70
66
62
52
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
30 40 50
% flyash (as replacement of cement)
compressivestrength(MPa)
O.P.C.
P.P.C
77
72 72
68 69
65
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
30 40 50
% flyash (as replacement of cement)
compressivestrength(MPa)
O.P.C.
P.P.C
28 Days28 Days28 Days28 Days 91 Days91 Days91 Days91 Days
24. Comparison of Compressive Strength of Concrete having cementitious material
content 450 Kg/m3
using O.P.C & P.P.C. for different % of Fly Ash.
64
75 76
70 72
67
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
30 40 50
%flyash(as replacement of cement)
compressivestrength(MPa)
O.P.C.
P.P.C
81
78 78
72 73
68
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
30 40 50
% flyash (as replacement of cement)
compressivestrength(MPa)
O.P.C.
P.P.C.
180180
DaysDays
180180
DaysDays 365 Days365 Days365 Days365 Days
25. SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH VS %
FLYASH FOR M20 CONCRETE HAVING
CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL CONTENT
350 KG/M3
MADE WITH O.P.C. & P.P.C.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
flyash (%)
SplitTensileStrength(Mpa)
28 days
91 days
365 days
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
30 35 40 45 50 55 60
flyash (%)
SplitTensileStrength(Mpa)
28 days
91 days
365 days
O.P.C.O.P.C.
P.P.C.P.P.C.
26. SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH VS %
FLYASH FOR M40 CONCRETE
HAVING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL
CONTENT 400 KG/M3
MADE WITH
O.P.C. & P.P.C.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
flyash (%)
SplitTensileStrength(Mpa)
28 days
91 days
365 days
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
30 35 40 45 50 55 60
flyash (%)
SplitTensileStrength(Mpa)
28 days
91 days
365 days
O.P.C.O.P.C.
P.P.C.P.P.C.
27. SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH VS %
FLYASH FOR M60 CONCRETE
HAVING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL
CONTENT 450 KG/M3
MADE WITH
O.P.C. & P.P.C.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
flyash (%)
SplitTensileStrength(Mpa)
28 days
91 days
365 days
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
30 35 40 45 50 55 60
flyash (%)
SplitTensileStrength(Mpa)
28 days
91 days
365 days
O.P.O.P.
C.C.
P.P.C.P.P.C.
28. Comparison of 28 Days Split Tensile Strength of Concrete having different
cementitious material content using O.P.C & P.P.C. for different % of Fly Ash.
4.43 4.35
3.72
4.86
5.21
3.98
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
30 40 50
FLYASH %
28DaysSplitTensileStrength(Mpa)
O.P.C
P.P.C
3.4 3.46
2.55
3.55 3.5
2.55
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
30 40 50
FLYASH %
28DaysSplitTensileStrength(Mpa)
O.P.C
P.P.C
3.67
3.94
4.28 4.29
3.65
4.6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
30 40 50
FLYASH %
28DaysSplitTensileStrength(Mpa)
O.P.C
P.P.C
450 Kg/m450 Kg/m33
350 Kg/m350 Kg/m33
400 Kg/m400 Kg/m33
31. FLEXURAL STRENGTH VS % FLY ASH
FOR CONCRETE HAVING
CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL CONTENT
350 KG/M3
MADE WITH O.P.C. & P.P.C.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
% of flyash (as replacement of cement)
Flexuralstrength(MPa)
28 days
91 days
365 days
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
30 35 40 45 50 55 60
% of flyash (as replacement of cement)
Flexuralstrength(MPa)
28 days
91 days
365 days
O.P.C.O.P.C.
P.P.C.P.P.C.
32. FLEXURAL STRENGTH VS % FLY ASH
FOR CONCRETE HAVING
CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL CONTENT
400 KG/M3
MADE WITH O.P.C. & P.P.C.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
% of flyash (as replacement of cement)
Flexuralstrength(MPa)
28 days
91 days
365 days
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
30 35 40 45 50 55 60
% of flyash (as replacement of cement)
Flexuralstrength(MPa)
28 days
91 days
365 days
O.P.C.O.P.C.
P.P.C.P.P.C.
33. FLEXURAL STRENGTH VS % FLY ASH
FOR CONCRETE HAVING
CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL CONTENT
450 KG/M3
MADE WITH O.P.C. & P.P.C.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
% of flyash (as replacement of cement)
Flexuralstrength(MPa)
28 days
91 days
365 days
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
30 35 40 45 50 55 60
% of flyash (as replacement of cement)
Flexuralstrength(MPa)
28 days
91 days
365 days
O.P.C.O.P.C.
P.P.C.P.P.C.
34. Comparison of 28 Days Flexural Strength of Concrete having different
cementitious material content using O.P.C & P.P.C. for different % of Fly Ash.
5.47 5.56
4.5
4.94
5.66 5.77
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
30 40 50
% of flyash (as replacement of cement)
flexuralstrength(MPa)
O.P.C.
P.P.C.
450 Kg/m450 Kg/m33
350 Kg/m350 Kg/m33
400 Kg/m400 Kg/m33
5.53
6.54
5.89
5.27
6.52
5.61
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
30 40 50
% of flyash (as replacement of cement)
flexuralstrength(MPa)
OPC
PPC
8.84
6.72 6.99
7.34 7.18
7.77
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
30 40 50
% of flyash (as replacement of cement)
flexuralstrength(MPa)
O.P.C.
P.P.C.
35. Comparison of 91 Days Flexural Strength of Concrete having different
cementitious material content using O.P.C & P.P.C. for different % of Fly Ash.
5.61
7.87
6.02
6.54 6.58
6.97
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
30 40 50
% of flyash (as replacement of cement)
flexuralstrength(MPa)
O.P.C.
P.P.C.
450 Kg/m450 Kg/m33
350 Kg/m350 Kg/m33
400 Kg/m400 Kg/m33
7.39 7.5
6.536.45
8.89
8.00
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
30 40 50
% of flyash (as replacement of cement)
flexuralstrength(MPa)
OPC
PPC
9.38
7.83
7.06
7.67
7.25 7.03
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
30 40 50
% of flyash (as replacement of cement)
flexuralstrength(MPa)
O.P.C.
P.P.C.
36. Comparison of 365 Days Flexural Strength of Concrete having different
cementitious material content using O.P.C & P.P.C. for different % of Fly Ash.
6.83
9.83
8.157.98
5.93
9.27
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
30 40 50
% of flyash (as replacement of cement)
flexuralstrength(MPa)
O.P.C.
P.P.C.
450 Kg/m450 Kg/m33
350 Kg/m350 Kg/m33
400 Kg/m400 Kg/m33
8.08 8.05
6.48
8.15 8.04
8.94
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
30 40 50
% of flyash (as replacement of cement)
flexuralstrength(MPa)
OPC
PPC
9.55
8.55 8.75
9.96
10.59
9.52
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
30 40 50
% of flyash (as replacement of cement)
flexuralstrength(MPa)
O.P.C.
P.P.C.
37. Change in Compressive Strength (with respect to 28 days) of Concrete
made with O.P.C. and P.P.C having cementitious material content
350 Kg/m3
for different % of Fly Ash due to various exposures.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 30 50
FLY ASH (%)
CHANGEINCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTH
W.R.T.28DAYS(%)
Air
MgCl2
MgSO4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 30 50
FLY ASH (%)
CHANGEINCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTH
W.R.T.28DAYS(%)
Air
MgCl2
MgSO4
O.P.O.P.
C.C.
P.P.P.P.
C.C.
38. Change in Compressive Strength (with respect to 28 days) of Concrete
made with O.P.C. and P.P.C having cementitious material content
400 Kg/m3
for different % of Fly Ash due to various exposures.
O.P.O.P.
C.C.
P.P.P.P.
C.C.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 30 50
FLY ASH (%)
CHANGEINCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTH
W.R.T.28DAYS(%)
Air
MgCl2
MgSO4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 30 50
FLY ASH (%)
CHANGEINCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTH
W.R.T.28DAYS(%)
Air
MgCl2
MgSO4
39. Change in Compressive Strength (with respect to 28 days) of Concrete
made with O.P.C. and P.P.C having cementitious material content
450 Kg/m3
for different % of Fly Ash due to various exposures.
O.P.O.P.
C.C.
P.P.P.P.
C.C.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 30 50
FLY ASH (%)
CHANGEINCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTH
W.R.T.28DAYS(%)
Air
MgCl2
MgSO4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 30 50
FLY ASH (%)
CHANGEINCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTH
W.R.T.28DAYS(%)
Air
MgCl2
MgSO4
40. Depth of Carbonation for Concrete made with O.P.C. and P.P.C.
having different cementitious material content for different
percentages of Fly Ash after 365 days exposure in air.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 30 50
FLY ASH (%)
CARBONATIONDEPTH(mm)
OPC
PPC
350350
Kg/mKg/m33
ProcedurProcedur
ee
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 30 50
FLYASH (%)
CARBONATIONDEPTH(mm)
OPC
PPC
400400
Kg/mKg/m33
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 30 50
FLY ASH (%)
CARBONATIONDEPTH(mm)
OPC
PPC
450450
Kg/mKg/m33
41. Abrasion Thickness of Concrete made with O.P.C. and P.P.C.
having cementitious material content 350 kg/m3
for different
percentages of Fly Ash at early and later ages
O.P.CO.P.C
..
P.P.CP.P.C
..
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
0 30 50
FLYASH(% )
ABRASIONTHICKNESS
(mm)
56 Days
365 Days
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
0 30 50
FLYASH(% )
ABRASIONTHICKNESS
(mm)
56 Days
365 Days
42. Abrasion Thickness of Concrete made with O.P.C. and P.P.C.
having cementitious material content 400 kg/m3
for different
percentages of Fly Ash at early and later ages
O.P.CO.P.C
..
P.P.CP.P.C
..
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
0 30 50
FLYASH(% )
ABRASIONTHICKNESS
(mm)
56 Days
365 Days
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
0 30 50
FLYASH(% )
ABRASIONTHICKNESS
(mm)
56 Days
365 Days
43. Abrasion Thickness of Concrete made with O.P.C. and P.P.C.
having cementitious material content 450 kg/m3
for different
percentages of Fly Ash at early and later ages
O.P.CO.P.C
..
P.P.CP.P.C
..
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
0 30 50
FLY ASH (%)
ABRASIONTHICKNESS
(mm)
56 Days
365 Days
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
0 30 50
FLY ASH (%)
ABRASIONTHICKNESS
(mm)
56 Days
365 Days
44. WATER PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE FOR DIFFERENT
PERCENTAGES OF FLY ASH AT 365 DAYS.
350350
Kg/mKg/m33
400400
Kg/mKg/m33
400400
Kg/mKg/m33
350350
Kg/mKg/m33
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 30 50
FLYASH (%)
WATERPERMEABILITY
(mm)
365
Days
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 30 50
FLYASH (%)
WATERPERMEABILITY
(mm)
365
Days
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 30 50
FLYASH (%)
WATERPERMEABILITY
(mm)
365
Days
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 30 50
FLYASH (%)
WATERPERMEABILITY
(mm)
365
Days
O.P.O.P.
CC
P.P.P.P.
CC
45. CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
For similar cementitious material content and similar range ofFor similar cementitious material content and similar range of
slump, the use of fly ash (0 to 50 %) decreased the water-to-slump, the use of fly ash (0 to 50 %) decreased the water-to-
cementitious-material ratio in general.cementitious-material ratio in general.
The long term strength of the concrete containing fly ash isThe long term strength of the concrete containing fly ash is
higher than that of control concrete without fly ash.higher than that of control concrete without fly ash.
Abrasion resistance of fly ash concrete is less thanAbrasion resistance of fly ash concrete is less than
corresponding samples without fly ash both at early and longercorresponding samples without fly ash both at early and longer
ages, in general. The loss of thickness due to abrasion increasesages, in general. The loss of thickness due to abrasion increases
with percentage of fly ash in concrete.with percentage of fly ash in concrete.
The fly ash concrete shows lower water permeability comparedThe fly ash concrete shows lower water permeability compared
to that of control concrete.to that of control concrete.
The depth of carbonation is increased with the increase inThe depth of carbonation is increased with the increase in
percentage replacement of fly ash in concrete.percentage replacement of fly ash in concrete.