information on types of beams, different methods to calculate beam stress, design for shear, analysis for SRB flexure, design for flexure, Design procedure for doubly reinforced beam,
shear walls are vertical elements of the horizontal force resisting system. Shear walls are constructed to counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure.
Prestressed concrete is a structural material that allows for predetermined, engineering stresses to be placed in members to counteract the stresses that occur when they are subject to loading.
information on types of beams, different methods to calculate beam stress, design for shear, analysis for SRB flexure, design for flexure, Design procedure for doubly reinforced beam,
shear walls are vertical elements of the horizontal force resisting system. Shear walls are constructed to counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure.
Prestressed concrete is a structural material that allows for predetermined, engineering stresses to be placed in members to counteract the stresses that occur when they are subject to loading.
This presentation elucidates the seismic behaviour of beam-column joint and some methods to improve the resistance of beam-column joints to seismic loads to avoid disasters.
Design of steel structure as per is 800(2007)ahsanrabbani
It does not offer resistance against rotation and also termed as a hinged or pinned connections.
It transfers only axial or shear forces and it is not designed for moment
It is generally connected by single bolt/rivet and therefore full rotation is allowed
Code approaches to seismic design of masonry infiled rc framesBinay Shrestha
Masonry infill (MI) increases the initial stiffness of reinforced concrete RC frames. Behavior of MI is difficult to predict because of significant variations in material properties and because of failure modes that are brittle in nature.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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1. Ductile Detailing of RC Frame Buildings
Training to LB technical staff on
Nepal National Building Code
Binay Shrestha
2. DETAILING OF RC MEMBERS
Detailing is often considered to be the preparation of
working drawings showing the size and location of the
reinforcement in a concrete structure.
Detailing involves the communication of the engineer’s
design to the contractors who build the structure. It
involves the translation of a good structural design
into the final structure.
Good detailing ensures that reinforcement and
concrete interact efficiently to provide satisfactory
behavior throughout the complete range of loading.
3. DETAILING OF RC MEMBERS
1. IS 456:2000 Indian Standard for Plane and
Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice
(Fourth Revision)
2. IS 13920 Indian Standard for Ductile
Detailing of Reinforced Concrete
Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces -
Code of Practice
4. DUCTILE DETAILING
• Better behavior
• To improve ductility of building
Earthquake-resistant design is concerned
about ensuring that the damages in
buildings during earthquakes are of the
acceptable variety, and also that they
occur at the right places and in right
amounts.
5. MAKE BUILDING DUCTILE
The most common
construction material:
• Masonry.
• Concrete.
• Steel is used as
reinforcement.
6. DUCTILITY FOR GOOD SEISMIC PERFORMANCE
Brittle & Ductile BehaviourBrittle & Ductile Behaviour Chain Analogy for Ductile FailureChain Analogy for Ductile Failure
14. How do Beams resist forces
Long straight bars
(longitudinal bars)
placed along its length.
Closed loop of small diameter bars (stirrups)
placed vertical at regular interval along its
length.
15. Flexure (Bending) Failure:
ductile failure and hence is desirable.
a) Brittle failure
Relatively more steel is present on the tension face,
crushes in compression which is undesirable
b) Ductile failure
Relatively less steel is present on the tension face, steel
yield first and redistribution occurs in the beam until
eventually concrete crushes.
2 Basic Types of Failure in Beams
16. Shear Failure:
A beam may also fail due to shearing action.
Closed loop stirrups are provided to avoid such shearing
action. Shear damage occurs when the area of these
stirrups is insufficient.
Shear failure is brittle, and therefore, shear failure must
be avoided in the design of RC beams.
2 Basic Types of Failure in Beams
17. GENERAL REQUIREMENT IS13920-1993
• The factored axial stress on the member under earthquake
loading shall not exceed 0.1 fck.
• The member shall preferably have a width-to-depth ratio of
more than 0.3.
• The width of the member shall not be less than 200 mm.
• The depth D of the member shall preferably be not more
than 1/4 of the clear span.
18. BEAM
-Width, b ≥ 200mm
- Nominal Cover ≥ 25mm
-Width to effective depth ratio ≥ 0.3
-Steel percentage ≤ 2.5%
-minimum area of tension bar :
As/(bd) =0.85/(fy)
-minimum ratio = 0.24√(fck/fy)
-max. ratio = 0.025
-minimum shear bar
Asv/(b*Sv) ≥ 0.4/(0.87*Fy)
where ,Sv = stirrups spacing
19. Longitudinal Bars : are provided to resist flexure
Requires on both faces at the ends and on the bottom fa
ce at mid length
At least two bars go through the full length of the
beam at the top as well as at the bottom of the beam.
At the ends of the beams, the amount of steel
provided at the bottom is at least half of that at the
top.
Flexure
20. Stirrups help in three ways
Carry vertical shear force and resist diagonal crack.
Protect concrete from bulging outward due to flexure
Prevent buckling of compressed longitudinal bar due to
flexure
Shear
21. a)Diameter at least 6 mm but not less than 8 mm for
beam longer than 5 m.
b)135 hook at both end and 10 times diameter
extension.
c)Maximum spacing less than half the depth of beam.
d)Maximum spacing less than quarter the depth of
beam for twice the depth of beam from support.
22. At the location of the lap, the bars transfer large forces from
one to another
Laps of the longitudinal bars are:
a) Made away from the face of column.
b) Not made at locations where they are likely to stretch by large
amounts and yield (eg. Bottom bars at mid length of the beam)
At the location of laps, vertical stirrups should be provided at clos
er spacing
24. Column can sustain 2 types of damage:
a) Axial Flexural (Combined Compression
Bending) failure
b) Shear Failure (Brittle Damage) & must be
avoided by providing lateral ties
How do Column resist EQ
25. Design
-Width to Depth ratio ≥ 0.4
-0.8% ≤ Steel percent ≤ 4.0%
-Number of bars in rectangular section ≥ 4
-Longitudinal bar diameter (φ) ≥ 12mm
-Clear cover ≥ 40mm
-Minimum width of column = 300mm
Column
26. Closely spaced horizontal closed ties
help in three ways,
(i) they carry the horizontal shear
forces induced by earthquakes, and
thereby resist diagonal shear cracks,
(ii) they hold together the vertical
bars and prevent them from
excessively bending outwards, and
(iii) they contain the concrete in the
column within the closed loops. The
ends of the ties must be bent as 135°
hooks. Such hook ends prevent
opening of loops and consequently
buckling
Column
27. In column where spacing between the corner bar
exceeds 300 mm:
Additional links with 180 hook ends for ties to be
effective in holding the concrete in its place and to
prevent the buckling of vertical bars
Column
28. Height of Confinement Zone:
larger of D, hc /6 or 450 mm
Spacing of ties in CZ:
< D/4
but >75 mm and < 100 mm
Spacing of ties in Lap Zone:
< D/2 and < 150 mm
Spacing of ties in rest :
< D/2
29. Lap splices shall be provided only in the central half of the member
length. It should be proportioned as a tension splice. Hoops shall be
provided over the entire splice length at spacing not exceeding 150
mm centre to centre. Not more than 50 percent of the bars shall be
spliced at one section.
Longitudanal Reinforcement
Transverse Reinforcement
The design shear force for columns shall be the maximum of:
a) calculated factored shear force as per analysis, and
b) a factored shear force given by….
31. COLUMN AND JOINT DETAILING
PROVISION OF
SPECIAL CONFINING
REINFORCEMENT IN
FOOTINGS
32. AREA OF CROSS SECTION OF SPECIAL
CONFINING REINFORCEMENT
• Area of cross section, Ash of the bar forming rectangular
hoop, to be used as special confining reinforcement shall not
be less than
Ash=0.18*S*hk*fck/fy*(Ag-Ak-1)
Where hk=longer dimension of the rectangular
confining hoop measured to its outer face
S= Pitch
33. Detailing for Reducing Short
Column Effect:
Provide Special Confining
Reinforcement in the form of
closely spaced ties
throughout the height and
into the column above.
34. Columns supporting
reactions from discontinued
stiff members, such as walls,
shall be provided with special
confining reinforcement over
their full height.
This reinforcement shall also
be placed above the
discontinuity for at least the
development length of the
largest longitudinal bar in
the column.
Where the column is
supported on a wall, this
reinforcement shall be
provided over the full height
of the column; it shall also be
provided below the
discontinuity for the same
development length.
35. Ash = area of the bar cross section,
S = pitch of spiral or spacing of hoops,
Dk = diameter of core measured to the outside of the spiral or hoop,
fck = characteristic compressive strength of concrete cube,
fy = yield stress of steel (of circular hoop or spiral),
Ag = gross area of the column cross section, and
Ak = area of the concrete core =
h = longer dimension of the rectangular confining hoop measured to
its outer face
The area of cross section, Ash, of the bar forming circular hoops
or spiral, to be used as special confining reinforcement, shall
not be less than
37. Deformability (ductility) of reinforced concrete members is a necessity. Note the obvious
differences of capability of concrete columns to take load after earthquake damage. The
reinforced column with more stirrups (ductile reinforcing) has an obvious capacity to
carry much more load than the column with less stirrups
38. Improper lapping of column bars
The pictures show damage concentration in the region of bar
lapping. Because of interaction between overlapped bars and
concrete for load transfer the overlapping section suffers higher
level of damage. This interaction is further coupled with lack of
stirrups which has led to buckling of bars, loss of concrete
39. BEAM COLUMN JOINT
In RC buildings, portions of columns that are common to
beams at their intersections are called beam-column
joints. Repairing damaged joints is difficult, and so
damage must be avoided.
40. Under earthquake moment,
the top & bottom beam bars
pull in opposite direction.
If size of joint is small or
concrete strength is low –
bar slips
Joint undergo geometric
distortion and if the size is
insufficient – diagonal crack
occur.
Can be controlled by –
providing large column size
– providing closed ties.
41. Column width – at least 20 times the diameter of largest
beam bar.
Closed loop steel ties in beam column joints confine the concrete in the
joint.
It also resist the shear force reducing the cracking & crushing of
concrete.
42.
43. In Exterior Joint – beam bar
need to be anchored into
column to ensure proper
gripping.
In Interior Joint – beam
bars need to go through
the joint without any cut in
the joint region. Also, these
bars must be placed within
column bars and with no
bends.
48. Since slabs are not significantly affected by lateral loads,
provisions of IS 13920 do not apply in this case . Following are
relevant provisions of IS 456:2000
-Reinforcement percentage ≥ 0.12%
-Nominal cover ≥ 15 mm
-Main steel spacing ≤ minimum of (3d, 300mm)
-Distributor steel spacing ≤ minimum of (4d, 450mm)
Slab