Cilia and flagella
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Cilia and flagella are similar in structure, each with a ring of nine pairs of microtubules surrounding two central pairs. Cilia are short, 5-10 μm long, found in greater numbers, and used to move materials like mucus in the respiratory passages. In contrast, flagella are much longer, up to 1000 μm, often occur singly, and help cells move, such as the tail of sperm cells allowing them to swim.
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11.13 (dr. hemant kumar) cell surface modifications
Microvilli, cilia, and flagella are cell surface projections that serve important functions.
Microvilli increase cell surface area and aid in absorption. They cover the intestinal surface and form the brush border. Cilia are shorter projections that beat in a coordinated way to move substances over cell surfaces, such as mucus in the respiratory tract.
Flagella are much longer than cilia and power sperm cell motility through whip-like beating. Both cilia and flagella contain microtubules in their core that extend from basal bodies anchored in the cell.
11.13 (dr. hemant kumar) cell surface modifications
Microvilli, cilia, and flagella are cell surface projections that serve important functions.
Microvilli increase the surface area of cells and aid in absorption and secretion. They are numerous projections found in the small intestine and kidney. Cilia are motile appendages that move substances over cell surfaces through coordinated beating. They are found in the respiratory and reproductive systems. Flagella are similar to cilia but much longer, as seen in sperm cells, and usually beat in a whip-like motion.
INSECT ABDOMEN:IT’S SEGMENTATION AND APPENDAGES,STRUCTURE,FUNCTION AND MODIFI...
INSECT ABDOMEN:IT’S SEGMENTATION AND APPENDAGES,STRUCTURE,FUNCTION AND MODIFICATION IN DIFFERENT ORDER OF INSECT.
624f456d-fcf1-4169-a52e-54d68daa4107.pptx
The abdomen of insects has 11 segments plus a telson. Abdominal segments are called uromeres. The 8th and 9th segments in females and the 9th in males contain modified appendages used for reproduction. There are typically 8 pairs of spiracles on the first eight abdominal segments. Some insects have reductions in abdominal segments. Appendages on the abdomen include styli in wingless insects, tracheal gills in aquatic immature stages, cerci and ovipositors. Abdominal appendages exhibit diversity in form and function.
Abdominal structures in insects
1. The abdomen of insects is segmented, with the basic number being 11 segments plus a telson bearing the anus. The 8th and 9th abdominal segments in females and the 9th in males contain external reproductive organs or genitalia.
2. Abdominal segments contain structures like spiracles, tympanums, and appendages that vary between insect groups. Appendages include styli, collophores, retinacula, furculae, gills, dolichasters, and prolegs.
3. Winged adults have appendages like cornicles, caudal breathing tubes, cerci, median caudal filaments, pygostyles, anal styli,
Insect mouth parts, Insect wing and its types and different systems of Insects
The document describes the different mouth parts of insects which include the labrum, mandibles, maxillae, labium, and hypopharynx. It also discusses the various types of insect wings such as membranous, fringed, haltere, scaly, tegmina, elytra, and hemelytra wings. Additionally, it provides a brief overview of insect reproduction, circulatory, nervous, excretory, digestive, respiratory, and digestive systems.
Xylem and phloem
Vascular tissue is found in vascular plants and contains the two primary components of xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals throughout the plant and is composed of tracheids, tracheae, fibers and parenchyma cells. Phloem transports nutrients and is composed of sieve tubes, companion cells, parenchyma and fibers. Both xylem and phloem are complex tissues with specialized cell types that facilitate their roles in conduction.
Genetic-Mutations-Science-Presentation-in-Blue-Orange-Flat-Graphic-Style_2023...
process that occurs after cell division where the newly formed cells are. structurally modified so that they can perform their function efficiently. and effectively. • Cell modification is features or structure of the cell that makes it different. from another type of cell and at the same time enables it to carry out.
insect head.pptx
This document discusses the anatomy and structures of the insect head and appendages. It begins by describing how the insect body is segmented and then grouped into three main tagmata: the head, thorax, and abdomen. It then focuses on the structures and segmentation of the insect head, including the sclerites, sutures, mouthparts, and types of heads based on mouthpart positioning. The document also discusses the antennae and its various modifications, as well as the structures and modifications of the legs between different insect orders.
Divesity in living organism
This document provides an overview of scientific classification and describes several key kingdoms and phyla. It notes that classification makes the study of organisms easier and explores life's diversity. It then describes characteristics of prokaryotes, protists, fungi, plants, and several animal phyla - including their defining features, examples of each group, and basic taxonomy. The last section briefly discusses the importance of binomial nomenclature in providing a uniform identification system for life.
Respiratory system.pdf
The respiratory system allows for gas exchange through its main functions. It includes airways like the nose, mouth, throat and windpipe that lead to the lungs. Within the lungs are bronchioles and alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between inhaled air and blood through capillaries. Muscles like the diaphragm and ribs help expand the lungs during inhalation to bring in air.
33classification (part 1)
This document discusses the classification of living things. It explains that organisms can be classified into groups like kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species based on their common features. The classification system moves from the biggest groups that include many organisms to smaller groups with fewer organisms. All living things are divided into five kingdoms - plants, protoctista, animals, monera and fungi. Within the animal kingdom, organisms are divided into vertebrates and invertebrates based on whether they have a backbone or not. Examples of invertebrate groups include arthropods, annelids, nematodes, jellyfish and flatworms. Vertebrate groups include mammals, fish, birds,
anatomy
The structure of epithelium is adapted to its functions. Epithelial tissue forms the outer layer of skin and lines body cavities and organs. It has several key characteristics, including cellularity, specialized cell junctions, and polarity between apical and basal surfaces. Epithelial cells regenerate quickly and have specialized structures like microvilli and cilia that increase surface area for functions like absorption, secretion, and transport. Different epithelial types have distinct structures tailored to their roles, such as stratified squamous epithelium resisting abrasion in the skin and transitional epithelium enabling organ distension in the urinary bladder. In summary, epithelial structure supports its diverse functions in various tissues and organs throughout the body.
The tissues of the lungs
The lungs are an organ made up of different types of tissues that work together to facilitate gas exchange. Squamous epithelium lines the alveoli and is thin and flat, allowing for efficient gas exchange between air and blood. Goblet cells in the lungs secrete mucus that traps dirt and bacteria inhaled through the air. Ciliated epithelium contains cilia that beat in rhythm to move the mucus and trapped particles up the trachea where they are swallowed and destroyed in the stomach, preventing lung infections. Damage from cigarette smoke can impair the cilia's ability to clear mucus, leading to coughing and increased susceptibility to lung infections in smokers.
STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION OF CILIA AND FLAGELLA- IN PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES ...
STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION OF CILIA AND FLAGELLA- IN PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES ...Kristu Jayanti College
1. Dr. Manikandan Kathirvel discusses cilia and flagella, which are hair-like structures that project from some cells.
2. Cilia can be motile or non-motile. Motile cilia help with movement and clearing substances. Non-motile or primary cilia act as sensory antennas.
3. Defects in cilia structure and function can cause various genetic disorders called ciliopathies, including primary ciliary dyskinesia and Alstrom syndrome.Ovule structure & types
This PPT has intended to explore the ovule of angiosperms and its diversity for undergraduate students of plant sciences.
Animal tissue
A tissue is a group of connected cells that have a similar function within an organism. There are four basic types of tissue in the body of all animals, including the human body. These make up all the organs, structures and other contents of the body.
Annelida
1. The phylum Annelida includes segmented worms like earthworms and leeches. They vary greatly in size, from less than 1 mm to over 3 meters long.
2. Annelids are classified into 3 main groups: Polychaetes, which show the most variation; Oligochaetes like earthworms, which are simpler in structure; and Hirudinea or leeches, which are uniform in appearance and lack appendages.
3. Annelids display a range of reproductive strategies, most commonly hermaphroditism. They play important ecological roles in nutrient cycling and as food sources.
Type of larvae and pupa in insect
This document discusses the different life stages of insects: eggs, larvae, and pupae. It describes the various types of eggs insects lay, such as sculptured, rounded, floating, pedicellate, ootheca, egg rafts, and egg pods. The document outlines the three main types of larvae - oligopod, polypod, and apodous - and provides subtypes examples. It also discusses the three types of pupae: obtect, exarate, and coarctate. The pupal stage is usually inactive and enclosed in a protective cocoon.
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11.13 (dr. hemant kumar) cell surface modifications
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As mechanics of breathing
During inspiration, contraction of the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm causes the rib cage to move upwards and outwards, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity and decreasing pressure inside. This lower pressure allows oxygen to move from the higher pressure atmosphere into the lungs. Expiration is usually a passive process where relaxation of these muscles causes the rib cage and diaphragm to move back to their original positions, decreasing thoracic cavity size, increasing pressure, and allowing gases to move out of the lungs into the lower pressure atmosphere.
types of WBC
This document summarizes the different types of white blood cells (WBCs). It discusses granulocytes which contain granules, including neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Agranulocytes do not contain granules and include lymphocytes and monocytes. Neutrophils are the most common type of WBC and function through phagocytosis. Eosinophils contain a bi-lobed nucleus and increase during allergic conditions. Basophils contain granules that release histamine and cause inflammation. Monocytes are single kidney shaped cells that phagocytose after becoming macrophages. Lymphocytes include B and T cells which carry out immune functions. B cells mature in bone marrow and
Seed dispersal
The document describes several plants and their seed dispersal mechanisms, including dandelion seeds that are carried by wind until moisture causes them to fall, burdock seeds that stick to animal fur to be transported, poppy heads that scatter seeds through small openings when shaken by wind, lupin pods that split open and catapult seeds away from the parent plant, and coconut husks and sycamore wings that help seeds float or spin farther on wind currents.
Flowerparts
The document discusses the main parts of a flower - the sepals, petals, stamen, and pistil. The sepals are the outermost ring that protect the developing bud. Inside are the petals, which attract pollinators with their color. The stamen are the male reproductive organs that produce pollen. In the center is the pistil, which contains the female reproductive organs including the stigma, style, and ovary that produce seeds.
Types of-asexual-reproduction
Types of asexual reproduction include binary fission, spore formation, and tuber formation. Binary fission involves a parent cell dividing into two equal daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent. Spore formation occurs when fungal hyphae grow vertically and produce spores that are released. Tuber formation takes place as underground stems of certain plants like potatoes swell into storage organs called tubers.
asexual and-sexual_reproduction
This document compares asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction involves one parent producing offspring that are identical to itself. It occurs in plants, bacteria, protists and some invertebrates. The offspring have no variation and less chance of survival. Sexual reproduction involves two parents producing offspring that are a combination of both parents, making them unique. This provides variation and ability to adapt to environmental changes, but requires finding a mate and takes longer.
Nutrition
Autotrophic nutrition refers to organisms that can produce their own organic compounds from inorganic sources. There are two main types: photoautotrophs like plants use light as an energy source through photosynthesis, while chemoautotrophs like deep sea bacteria use chemical energy through chemosynthesis to produce food without relying on sunlight. Both photosynthesis and chemosynthesis allow autotrophs to make their own organic compounds from inorganic materials like carbon dioxide and water.
types of RNA
There are three main types of RNA: transfer RNA (tRNA) which transfers amino acids to ribosomes for protein assembly, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which forms ribosomes along with proteins, and messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries genetic code from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm where proteins are made. mRNA is single stranded and made of 1000 nucleotides.
Adrenaline
Adrenaline causes several effects on the body including increasing the pulse rate and blood glucose levels to provide more energy to muscles, as well as increasing breathing rate to deliver more oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. It also causes physical reactions like sweating, goosebumps, hair standing on end, dilated pupils, and pale skin as blood is redirected away from the skin.
The eyeshaveit
The document describes the main parts of the eye including the cornea, iris, pupil, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, retina, and optic nerve. It explains that the cornea focuses light like a camera lens, the iris controls the pupil size to regulate light, and the lens bends light to enable vision. Rods and cones in the retina detect light and color. Protection features of the eye include eyebrows that prevent sweat from entering, eyelashes that collect particles, and tears that keep the eye clean and moist.
04 implantation (1)
The zygote undergoes rapid cell division over the first 30 hours after fertilization, dividing into 2, then 4, then 8 and 16 cells. The trophoblast layer develops into the chorion and amnion membranes, with the chorion growing finger-like villi to increase nutrient absorption and secreting HCG to sustain the corpus luteum, and the villi later forming part of the placenta. The amnion forms a sac around the fetus containing amniotic fluid to protect and provide room for movement of the fetus.
Menstruation
The menstrual cycle consists of four stages: the follicle stage where FSH stimulates follicle development; ovulation where the LH surge triggers egg release; the corpus luteum stage where the follicle forms the progesterone-producing corpus luteum; and menstruation where the corpus luteum breaks down in the absence of pregnancy, dropping estrogen and progesterone levels and causing shedding of the uterine lining.
gametogenesis
Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes over 65-70 days. It begins with spermatogonia that undergo mitosis and meiosis to form haploid spermatids from diploid spermatocytes. Sertoli cells secrete fluid to nourish spermatids and protect them, while interstitial cells secrete testosterone. Oogenesis similarly occurs in the ovaries, forming oocytes or eggs over a woman's lifetime from primary oocytes present at birth that undergo meiosis to become haploid secondary oocytes if fertilized.
Gametogenesis
- The document appears to be exam instructions and questions for a biology diploma exam. It provides exam rules and guidelines, as well as two sample exam questions.
- The first question is multiple choice, asking students to shade the correct answer for questions about respiratory and circulatory systems. It contains 14 questions.
- The second question asks students to analyze a graph showing lung pressure changes during breathing and calculate the difference between minimum inspiration and maximum expiration pressures. It is worth 14 marks.
- The document provides instructions for how students should answer multiple choice and graph analysis questions on the exam.
Female reproductive system
The female reproductive system functions to produce sex hormones, eggs, and support embryo development. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones like estrogen and progesterone. The fallopian tubes connect the ovaries to the uterus, catching eggs with cilia and transporting them. The uterus is a muscular organ that supports pregnancy, expanding significantly, with an inner lining that thickens each menstrual cycle to potentially allow embryo implantation.
Male reproductive system
The male reproductive system consists of both external and internal structures. Externally, it includes the testes which produce sperm and testosterone, the scrotum which holds the testes, and the penis. Internally, each testis contains seminiferous tubules that produce sperm and merge to form the epididymis and vas deferens, leading to the urethra which carries sperm and urine. Along the urethra are glands like the seminal vesicles and prostate that secrete fluids to nourish and protect sperm.
The stages-of-fertilisation-in-a-flowering-plant
The key structures in a flower include the stigma, anther, style, ovary, and ovule. The stages of pollination begin when a pollen grain lands on the stigma and stimulates the formation of a pollen tube. The pollen tube grows down the style and carries the pollen grain nucleus and two male gametes. It continues growing until it reaches the micropyle opening of the ovary, where the male gametes are released. One male gamete fuses with the female gamete to form a zygote, while the other fuses with the diploid nucleus to form triploid endosperm.
Inheritance terms to learn
Inheritance is the passing on of characteristics from one generation to the next. Chromosomes are structures in cells that contain genes, which are segments of DNA that code for particular traits. Alleles are variations of a gene that can cause differences in a characteristic. A dominant allele will be expressed over a recessive allele. An individual's genotype refers to their genetic makeup, while their phenotype describes their observable physical traits.
Glycolysis
The document discusses glycolysis, which is the first stage of respiration. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of cells and involves splitting a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. It has two stages - phosphorylation and oxidation. In phosphorylation, glucose is phosphorylated using ATP to form glucose phosphate, which then splits to form two triose phosphates. In oxidation, the triose phosphates are oxidized to form two pyruvate molecules while collecting hydrogen ions to form NADH, and producing a net gain of two ATP molecules.
Need for energy
This document discusses several biological processes that require energy: movement through cilia, flagella, and muscle contraction; maintaining a constant body temperature in endotherms; anabolic processes that form complex molecules; active transport moving molecules against concentration gradients; bioluminescence converting chemical energy to light; and secretion involving packaging and transport of secretory products into vesicles.
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Cilia and flagella
- 1. Cilia and flagella are very similar inCilia and flagella are very similar in structurestructure Each has a ring of nine pairs ofEach has a ring of nine pairs of microtubules surrounding two centralmicrotubules surrounding two central pairs.pairs.
- 2. CILIACILIA It is short ( 5 - 10µm)It is short ( 5 - 10µm) They are found inThey are found in greater numbersgreater numbers They are used toThey are used to move materials aboutmove materials about Eg. :Eg. : Cilia beat to carryCilia beat to carry mucus frommucus from respiratory passagerespiratory passage
- 4. FLAGELLAFLAGELLA They are upto 1000µm longThey are upto 1000µm long They often occur singlyThey often occur singly They help cells to moveThey help cells to move Eg.:Eg.: Tail of sperm cells allow themTail of sperm cells allow them to moveto move