The document is a seminar presentation on flagella and motility. It contains 18 slides that discuss the introduction, definition, chemical composition, structure, types, synthesis, importance and functions of bacterial flagella. The slides describe the key components of the flagella including the basal body embedded in the cell, the hook structure, and the long filament. It explains how flagella are made of protein, lipid and carbohydrate and that around 50 genes are required for their synthesis and function. The presentation also covers the different patterns of flagellation in bacteria and how flagella allow for motility and other functions like feeding, respiration and circulation in certain organisms.

1. A
SEMINAR
ON
F L A G E L LA & M O T I L I T Y
G.D.RUNGTA COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & TECHENOLOGY, KOHKA
BHILAI 1
BY:-
Dr. Arunima Karkun
Asst. Professor

2.  INTRODUCTION
 DEFENITION
 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
 STRUCTURE
 TYPES
 FLAGELLA- SYNTHESIS
 IMPORTANCE
 FUNCTION
 REFERENCES
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3. FLAGELLA & MOTILITY
FIG1- FLAGELLA & FIMBRIAE1

4.  A large number of bacteria are motile.
 Most possess one or more flagella on their surface that
allow them to swim.
 Bacterial flagella are tiny hair like organelles of
locomotion.
 The straight line movement is called a run and the turn is
called a tumble.
 Motility of eukaryotic flagella is depenedent upon ATPase
activity .
 Their fine protein structure requires special staining
techniques for demonstrating them with the light
microscope.
 The pattern of flagellation is an important feature in
identification of motile bacteria.
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FIG 2- STRUCTURE OF FLAGELLA
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6.  Protein-70-81%
 Lipid-13-23%
 Carbohydrate-1-6%
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7.  The ultra structure of the flagellum of E coli is
illustrated.
 About 50 genes are required for flagella synthesis and
function.
 The flagella apparatus consists of several distinct
proteins
 distinct proteins: a system of rings embedded in the
cell envelope (the basal body), a hook-like
structure near the cell surface, and the flagella
filament.
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8.  The innermost rings, the M and S rings, located in the plasma
membrane, comprise the motor apparatus.
 The outermost rings, the P and L rings, located in the
periplasme and the outer membrane respectively, function as
bushings to support the rod.
 where it is joined to the hook of the filament on the cell
surface. As the M ring turns, powered by an influx of protons,
the rotary motion is transferred to the filament which turns to
propel the bacterium
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9.  Transmission electron microscope studies have
shown that the bacterial flagellum is composed of
three parts:
 The longest & most obvious portion is the flagellar
filament,which extends from the cell surface to the
tip.
 A basal body is embedded in the cell.
 A short curved segment, the flagellar hook, links
the filament to its basal body & acts as flexible
coupling.
 The filament hollow rigid cylinder constructed of
sub unit of the protein flagellar which ranges in
molecular weight from 30,000-60,000 daltons
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10. The innermost rings, the M and S rings, located in the
plasma membrane, comprise the motor apparatus.
The outermost rings, the P and L rings, located in the
periplasm and the outer membrane respectively,
function as bushings to support the rod.
where it is joined to the hook of the filament on the cell
surface. As the M ring turns, powered by an influx of
protons, the rotary motion is transferred to the filament
which turns to propel the bacterium
FLAGELLA & MOTILITY
FIG 3– The UltraStructure Of Bacterial Flagella
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11. FLAGELLA & MOTILITY
FIG4- MECHANISM OF FLAGELLAR MOVEMENT9

12.  MONOTRICHOUS
Bacteria have one flagellum if it is located at & end
it is said to be
a polar flagellum .
Ex –pseudomonas v,cholerae
 AMPHITRICHOUS
Bacteria have a single flagellum at each pole .
Ex –organism in clusture,lactobaccilus.
 LOPHOTRICHOUS
Bacteria have a cluster of flagella at one or both
ends
Ex-spirillum,
 PERITRICHOUS
Flagella are spread fairly evenly over the whole
surface of
Peritrichous bacteria.
. Ex proteins vulgaris
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13.  The synthesis of bacterial flagella is a complex
process involving at least 20-30 gens.
 Besides the gene for flagellin, 10 or more genes
code for hook & basal body proteins, other genes
are concerned with the control of flagella
construction or function.
 When flagella are removed the regeneration of the
flagellar filament can then be studied.
 Transport of many flagellar components is carried
out by an apparatus in the basal body that is a
specialized type III protein secretion system.
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14.  Filament synthesis is an excellent example
of self-assembly.
 Many structures form spontaneously
through the association of there component
parts without the aid of any special enzymes
or other factors.
 The information required for filament
construction is present in the structure of
the flagellin sub unit it self.
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15. You should be able to differentiate true motility from
Brownian motility
Brownian movement is usually caused by the activity of
water molecules. (characterized by back and forth
movement)
True motility (the bacterial cells runs and tumble.)
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16. Locomotion
 Cilia Or Flagella Responsible For Locomotion In
Ciliate And In Ciliate And Flagella Protozoa
Ctenophores, some Annelida, And
Nemertea,rotifers,some Snails & The Ciliated
Larvae Of Annelid Mollusks & Echinodermata.
 In palamiciue the cilia cover the entire body
surface and the protozoan swims by the help of
its cilia.
 In the larva of annelida,mollusla and
echinodermata cilia are arranged in bands.
Feeding
Many sessile or sluggish animals are celery filter
feeders.
 example – the lancet amphioxus the ascidian
rotifers & the fresh water mussel.
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17. FLAGELLA & MOTILITY
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Respiration
water cunrents created by cillia facilitate
respiration
The continuous movement of water helps
exchanges of gases
Circulation
The animals lacking a true blood –vascular
system
eg- some annelids like tomopteris.
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18. C.B. POWER CELL BIOLOGY 3rd Edition
PRESCOTT JOHN HARLEY 5th Edition
&
DONALD KLEIN
GERALD KARP CELL & MOLECULAR 5th Edition
BIOLOGY
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19. THANK
YOU
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