The Golgi apparatus is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells that packages and modifies proteins and lipids. It consists of stacked, flattened sacs called cisternae. Proteins enter the Golgi at the cis face and undergo processing and modification as they move through the cisternae towards the trans face. At the trans face, proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles and transported to their final destinations within or outside the cell. The Golgi apparatus plays important roles in protein modification, secretion, and sorting of macromolecules.
Structure and functions of endoplasmic reticulumICHHA PURAK
The presentation consists of 57 slides,describes following heads
• DISCOVERY
• INTRODUCTION
• BIOGENESIS OF ER
• ISOLATION OF MICROSOMES FROM E R
• STRUCTURE
• COMPONENTS OF ER
CISTERNAE
VESICLES
TUBULES
• MAIN FUNCTION OF ER
• TYPES OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SER)
• FUNCTIONS OF SER
• ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER)
• FUNCTIONS OF RER
• SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• QUESTIONS
Structure and function of plasma membrane 2ICHHA PURAK
The presentation consists of 72 slides,describes following heads
DEFINITION : STRUCTURE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
COMPONENTS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE ( (BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES)
LIPID BILAYER
PROTEINS
CARBOHYDRATES
CHOLESTEROL
MODELS EXPLAINING STRUCTURE OF BIO MEMBRANE
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
MOBILITY OF MEMBRANE
GLYCOCALYX : GLYCOPROTEINS AND GLYCOLIPIDS
TRANSPORT OF IONS AND MOLECULES ACROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE
FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
DIVERSITY OF CELL MEMBRANES
SITE OF ATPASE ION CARRIER CHANNELS AND PUMPS-RECEPTORS
Structure and functions of MitochondriaICHHA PURAK
This Power Point Presentation (PPT) entitled “Structure and Functions of Mitochondria” consists of 118 slides with following sub-heads
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MITOCHONDRIA
SYNTHESIS OF MITOCHONDRIA
ISOLATION OF MITOCHNDRIA
SHAPE , SIZE AND NUMBER OF MITOCHONDRIA
STRUCTURE OF MITOCHONDRIA
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MITOCHONDRIA
FUNCTIONS OF MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIA –POWER HOUSE OF CELL
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA/ GENOME
TRANSPORT OF PROTEINS INTO MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITANCE
MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASES IN HUMAN
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
BOOKS CONSULTED
REFERENCES
Details of cytoskeleton element-microtubule. The Microtubule associated protein-type and function, Treadmilling and dynamic instability, Structure of cilia and flagella
Structure and functions of endoplasmic reticulumICHHA PURAK
The presentation consists of 57 slides,describes following heads
• DISCOVERY
• INTRODUCTION
• BIOGENESIS OF ER
• ISOLATION OF MICROSOMES FROM E R
• STRUCTURE
• COMPONENTS OF ER
CISTERNAE
VESICLES
TUBULES
• MAIN FUNCTION OF ER
• TYPES OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SER)
• FUNCTIONS OF SER
• ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER)
• FUNCTIONS OF RER
• SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• QUESTIONS
Structure and function of plasma membrane 2ICHHA PURAK
The presentation consists of 72 slides,describes following heads
DEFINITION : STRUCTURE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
COMPONENTS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE ( (BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES)
LIPID BILAYER
PROTEINS
CARBOHYDRATES
CHOLESTEROL
MODELS EXPLAINING STRUCTURE OF BIO MEMBRANE
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
MOBILITY OF MEMBRANE
GLYCOCALYX : GLYCOPROTEINS AND GLYCOLIPIDS
TRANSPORT OF IONS AND MOLECULES ACROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE
FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
DIVERSITY OF CELL MEMBRANES
SITE OF ATPASE ION CARRIER CHANNELS AND PUMPS-RECEPTORS
Structure and functions of MitochondriaICHHA PURAK
This Power Point Presentation (PPT) entitled “Structure and Functions of Mitochondria” consists of 118 slides with following sub-heads
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MITOCHONDRIA
SYNTHESIS OF MITOCHONDRIA
ISOLATION OF MITOCHNDRIA
SHAPE , SIZE AND NUMBER OF MITOCHONDRIA
STRUCTURE OF MITOCHONDRIA
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MITOCHONDRIA
FUNCTIONS OF MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIA –POWER HOUSE OF CELL
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA/ GENOME
TRANSPORT OF PROTEINS INTO MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITANCE
MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASES IN HUMAN
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
BOOKS CONSULTED
REFERENCES
Details of cytoskeleton element-microtubule. The Microtubule associated protein-type and function, Treadmilling and dynamic instability, Structure of cilia and flagella
The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.
It is of particular importance in processing proteins for secretion, containing a set of glycosylation enzymes that attach various sugar monomers to proteins as the proteins move through the apparatus.
here u will find every detail of golgi.
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Subtopics are introduction, etiology, clinical feature, DSM 5, Differential diagnosis, treatment.
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For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
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3. What is Golgi Apparatus ?
Also known as Golgi complex, Golgi
body or Golgi.
Membrane bound organelles, which are
sac-like.
Found in cytoplasm of most eukaryotic
cells and absent in prokaryotes,
Mammalian RBCs and sperm cells of
bryophytes.
Ranges from one to several within a cell.
In plant cells several small Golgi complex
– dictyosomes.
It is responsible for transporting,
modifying and packaging proteins and
lipids into vesicles.
4. Structure of Golgi Apparatus :-
Is made up of several stack of
parallel, flattened sac or cisternae.
Many peripheral tubules and
vesicles.
5. CISTERNAE
Golgi apppartaus is made up of approx 4- 8 cisternae .
Usually equally spaced in stark separated from each other
by thin layer of intercisternal cytoplasm .
Golgi complex has a distinct polarity ,the two poles are cis
and transface responsible for receiving and shipping
departments.
Forming (cis)face-convex side of stack,Maturing(trans)face-
concave side of stack.
• Secretory material
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
𝑣𝑖𝑎
transport vesicles
𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
golgi complex.
6.
7. Tubules & vesicles :-
Tubules: - small, round tubules formed from the periphery of
the cisternae .
And few get enlarged at the end to form vesicles.
Vesicles:-lie near the end and concave surface of the golgi
complex
Types of vesicles:-smooth vesicles and coated vesicles
Golgi matrix:-all golgi elements filled with a fluid.
8. Modification in CGN AND TGN
Two networks the Cis Golgi Network( CGN) and Trans Golgi Network
(TGN )are made up of outermost cisternae at the cis and trans face.
Vesicles containing proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
merge with the CGN and allowing protein to enter Golgi complex
As CGN receives protein from the ER it begins there modification
moving along membrane to membrane towards the TGN .
At Other end of Golgi complex , newly modified protein arrives at the
TGN where it is send off to different parts of the cell via transport
vesicles .
9. PATHWAY:
Proteins and lipids
Cluster of fused vesicles
𝑚𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑒
𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑒
𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒Cis
face
𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒Modified into functional
molecules and marked for
delivery
14. SYNTHESIS
It is also major site of carbohydrate synthesis .
Includes synthesis of glycoasaminoglycans (GAGs)
Golgi attaches to polysaccharides and protein
to form proteoglycans
15. SULFHATION
Golgi involves in the sulfation of ceratain molecules passing
through lumen via sulphotransferases that gain sulphur
molecule from a donor called PAPS .
Sulfation is generally performed in trans – Golgi network
Sulfation occurs in GAGs of proteoglycans as well as core
protein
Level of sulfation is very important to proteoglycans.
16. APOPTOSIS
Golgi has a putative role in apoptosis
A newly characterized protein (Golgi anti-apoptotic
protein) almost exclusively resides the Golgi and protects
cells from apoptosis
As yet it is an undefined mechanism
17.
18. PHOSPHORYLATION
Phosphorylation of molecules require
energy in the form of ATP .
The ATP is imported into the lumen of
Golgi which is utilized by casein kinase 1
and casein kinase 2 .
Apolipoprotein – forms a molecule VLDL
(constituent of blood serum)
19. Protein glycosylation within Golgi
Protein processing within golgi involves the
modification and synthesis of carbohydrate
portions of glycoprotein.
One of the major aspects of this processing is
the modification of N-linked oligosaccharides
that were added to protein in ER .
SEQUENCE OF REACTION:
Removal of 3 additional mannose residues
Sequential addition of N-acetyl glucosamine
Removal of 2 more mannoses
Addition of fucose and 2 more N-acetyl
glucosamine .
20. LIPID AND POLYSACCHARIDE
METABOLISM
ceramide sphingomyelin
glycolipid
Phosphorylcholine group is
transferred from phosphatidylcholine
to ceramide
When one or more sugar residues or
added then alternatively a variety of
different glycolipids can be synthesized
21. Vesicular transport from ER
to Golgi bodies
Process in which membrane –
enclosed transport vesicles
transport proteins from one
membrane-enclosed
compartment to another.
Proteins doesn’t move across the
lipid bilayer instead only move
between topologically equivalent
compartment like- lumen of ER
to lumen of Golgi to exterior of
the cell.
22. Protein Sorting and Export from the Golgi
Apparatus
Golgi apparatus transport proteins,
lipids and polysaccharides to their
final destinations secretory
pathway
Involves sorting of proteins into
different kinds of transport vesicles.
Which bud from the trans Golgi
network and deliver their contents
to the appropriate cellular
locations.
23. Transport from the Golgi
apparatus
Transport from golgi takes place by
two pathways.
1. Constitutive secretory pathway
2. Regulated secretory pathway
24. a. Constitutive secretory pathway
Proteins are secreted from a
cell continuously, regardless
of external signals or
factors.
Proteins are stored in
vesicles in the Golgi and
move directly to the cell
surface and fuse with the
PM and release the soluble
proteins.
25. b. Regulated secretory pathway:-
A distinct regulated secretory pathway in
which specific proteins are secreted in
response to environmental signals.
Proteins are sorted in trans Golgi network
and packed into secretory vesicles.
These secretory vesicles are usually larger
than other transport vesicles.
And stored until specific signals are
received , then fuses with plasma
membrane to release the proteins.
.
26. Selective transport of proteins to lysosomes
The process of protein sorting in the
Golgi lysosomes through selective
transport of proteins.
Then proteins are modified by
‘mannose phosphorylation’ in cis
Golgi network.
These phosphorylated mannose
molecules are specifically recognized
by a ‘mannose-6-phosphate receptor’
in trans Golgi network
27. Questions ???
1. When a molecule enters the Golgi apparatus the molecule enters
through the ______ and exits through the ______?
ANSWER: cis face, trans face