The document discusses chromosome manipulations and genetically engineered animals. It describes how animal models are used to develop medical treatments and test new drugs and procedures before applying them to humans. Regulations require testing plans and oversight to ensure animal welfare. Products undergo rigorous testing first in cell cultures, then animal models, before progressing to human trials. Animal models can provide information on how the body absorbs, metabolizes and excretes chemicals. Genetically engineered animals are also discussed as ways to improve food supply and understand biology.
It is the fundamental law of population genetics and provides the basis for studying Mendelian populations ( Mendelian population: A group of sexually inbreeding organisms living within a circumscribed area). It describes populations that are not evolving.
I would like to share this presentation file.
Some basics information regarding to molecular plant breeding, hope this help the beginner who start working in this field.
Thanks for many original source of information (mainly from slideshare.net, IRRI, CIMMYT and any paper received from professor and some over the internet)
Maternal effects are the influences of a mothers genotype on the phenotype of her offspring. It results from the asymmetric contribution of the female parent to the development of zygotes.
In terms of chromosomal genes, both male and female parents contribute equally to the zygote. The female parent contributes to the zygotes initial cytoplasm and organelles. Sperm rarely contribute anything other than chromosomes. Therefore zygotic development begins within a maternal medium and hence the maternal cytoplasm directly affects zygotic development.
Production of biodiesel from jatropha plantNofal Umair
Production of Bio-diesel from jatropha plant ....
By the increase in demand of fuel the resources are not as many to full control the demand of the world and the known reservoir wont last forever there fore an alternate energy source is required to fulfill the world fuel demand.
It is the fundamental law of population genetics and provides the basis for studying Mendelian populations ( Mendelian population: A group of sexually inbreeding organisms living within a circumscribed area). It describes populations that are not evolving.
I would like to share this presentation file.
Some basics information regarding to molecular plant breeding, hope this help the beginner who start working in this field.
Thanks for many original source of information (mainly from slideshare.net, IRRI, CIMMYT and any paper received from professor and some over the internet)
Maternal effects are the influences of a mothers genotype on the phenotype of her offspring. It results from the asymmetric contribution of the female parent to the development of zygotes.
In terms of chromosomal genes, both male and female parents contribute equally to the zygote. The female parent contributes to the zygotes initial cytoplasm and organelles. Sperm rarely contribute anything other than chromosomes. Therefore zygotic development begins within a maternal medium and hence the maternal cytoplasm directly affects zygotic development.
Production of biodiesel from jatropha plantNofal Umair
Production of Bio-diesel from jatropha plant ....
By the increase in demand of fuel the resources are not as many to full control the demand of the world and the known reservoir wont last forever there fore an alternate energy source is required to fulfill the world fuel demand.
The use of genetic engineering technology in animals has been associated with ethical issues, some of which relate to animal welfare. Discuss examples of genetically engineered animals and evaluate the ethical concerns of genetic engineering.
Weed Management in the Era of Glyphosate ResistanceDuPont Pioneer
There are several things growers can do to manage herbicide resistance, including understanding the biology of the weeds present, prevent weed seed production and routinely scouting fields.
it contain some production techniques of transgenic animals with some examples and utility in drug development (available transgenic animals model of drug and their activity).
Applications and uses in different field
Another techniques like transposons and knock-out & knock-in discussed later
It's include all the details about the transgenic technology.all the techniques like micro injection,SCNT,pro nuclear injection method.It include all the Transgenic mice bird and fish.
Bioreactors are essential in tissue
engineering, not only because they provide an
in vitro environment mimicking in vivo conditions
for the growth of tissue substitutes, but also
because they enable systematic studies of the
responses of living tissues to various mechanical
and biochemical cues.
DIFFUSION BASED AND VASCULAR CONSTRUCTS, TRANSPORT OF NUTRIENTS AND METABOLITES Vijay Raj Yanamala
he biggest challenge in the field of tissue engineering remains mass transfer
limitations. This is the limiting factor in the size of any tissue construct grown in vitro.
Within the body, most cells are found no more than 100–200mm from the nearest
capillary, with this spacing providing sufficient diffusion of oxygen, nutrients, and waste
products to support and maintain viable tissue. Likewise, when tissues grown in the
laboratory are implanted into the body, this diffusion limitation allows only cells within
100–200mm from the nearest capillary to survive.
Thus, it is critical that a tissue be pre-vascularized before implantation with proper
consideration given to the cell and tissue type, oxygen and nutrient diffusion rates, overall
construct size, and integration with host vasculature. In the laboratory, limited diffusion
of oxygen is the primary reason that construction of tissues greater than a few hundred
microns in thickness is currently not practicable.
Approaches to address this problem generally fall into six major categories:
scaffold functionalization,
cell-based techniques,
bioreactor designs,
(d)microelectromechanical systems(MEMS)–related approaches,
modular assembly,
in vivo systems
DIFFUSION BASED AND VASCULAR CONSTRUCTS, TRANSPORT OF NUTRIENTS AND METABOLITES Vijay Raj Yanamala
Tissue Engineering is the study of the growth of new connective tissues, or organs, from cells and a collagenous scaffold to produce a fully functional organ for implantation back into the donor host. It also refers to the application of engineering principles to the design of tissue replacements, usually formed from cells and biomolecules. Tissue engineering is a fast growing area of research that aims to create tissue equivalents of blood vessels, heart muscle, nerves, cartilage, bone, and other organs for replacement of tissue either damaged through disease or trauma. As an interdisciplinary field, principles from biological, chemical, electrical, materials science, and mechanical engineering are employed in research and development. Concepts and discoveries from the fields of molecular and cell biology, physiology and immunology are also readily incorporated into research activities for tissue engineering. Recent advancements in stem cell research provide exciting opportunities of using stem cells for regeneration of tissues and organs.
The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) is a government body which was set up in 2003 to bring together the functions of the Medicines Control Agency (MCA) and the Medical Devices Agency (MDA).
The Agency has the power to withdraw a product from the market, and in the case of medicines, to suspend production. The Agency can also prosecute a manufacturer or distributor if the law has been broken. The regulations need to be robust enough to protect the public’s health, and this costs money. The MHRA is funded largely by public monies from government for the regulation of devices, and by fees from the pharmaceutical industry for the regulation of medicines.
RAS (reticular activating system) is a set of connected nuclei responsible for regulating wakefulness and sleep wake transitions. RAS has both cholinergic and adrenergic components.
Anatomical components of RAS are
• Mid-brain reticular formation,
• Dorsal hypo-thalamus,
• Thalamic intra laminar nuclei,
• Tegmentum
Leucodepletion is a technical term for the removal of leucocytes (white blood cells) from blood components using special filters.
The leucocytes present in donated blood play no therapeutic role in transfusion and may be a cause of adverse transfusion reactions.
Removal of leucocytes may therefore have a number of potential benefits for transfusion recipients.
In medical field, a catheter is a thin tube made from biomaterial material that
has wide range of uses. Catheters are medical devices that can be inserted in the
body to treat diseases or perform a surgical procedure. Catheters are mainly used
in cardiovascular, urological, gastrointestinal, neurovascular, and ophthalmic
surgical applications.
Catheters can be inserted into a body cavity, duct, or vessel. Functionally, they
allow drainage, administration of fluids or gases, access by surgical instruments,
and also perform a wide variety of other tasks depending on the type of catheter.
The process of inserting a catheter is catheterization. In most uses, catheter is a
thin, flexible tube though catheters are available in varying levels of stiffness
depending on the application. A catheter left inside the body, either temporarily or permanently, may be referred to as an indwelling catheter.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. Benefits of Genetically Engineered Animals
Used to develop new medical treatments
Improve our food supply
Enhance our understanding of biology of all
animals, including humans
3. Animal Models
Animal systems are a model for the human system
Polio vaccine was developed using animals as test systems
Cataract surgical procedures were developed with animals
Dialysis was tested first in animals before being applied to
human conditions
4. Regulation of animal research
Animal Welfare Act
Sets specific regulations regarding, housing, feeding, cleanliness
and medical care of animals
Researchers must first develop a plan describing
Appropriateness of species to be used
Minimum number of animals needed for test
Oversight committee reviews and approves plan
Government agencies monitor welfare of the test animals
5. Phase Testing
Testing a new product for safety in humans involves
vigorously following scientific methodology developed
for animal systems
Involves collecting data from a statistically significant number of
trials (experiments) in lab cell tissue cultures, in live animals and
in human subjects.
3-stages of testing
Human trials
Animal
model
Tissue culture
if
successful
if
successful
6. Testing
If test results using cell cultures indicates toxicity of
product, then product will never be tested on live
animals.
Testing on live animals requires evaluation of more
than one species, since different species may respond
differently.
7. Phase Testing
Animal models can provide the following
information on a new product
Absorption of chemical by body
Body metabolism of chemical
Time require for chemical or product to be excreted
If significant problems are encountered with
product in live animals, then product is never
tested in humans.
8. Side-effects of new drugs discovered in animal
models
Example
Propecia
Used
to encourage hair growth
Animal studies indicated that serious birth
defects occurred in male offspring when
pregnant animals were given large doses of
drug
As a result of animal tests, warnings were put
on containers of Propecia to avoid birth defects
in humans using drug.
9. How do you select appropriate animal as a model for the
human system?
Look for genetic homology between animal and
human systems.
In addition, identify animal that
Has short time between generations
Can produce lots of offspring in each generation
Can be easily maintained and manipulated in the laboratory
10. Matching animal systems as models for the human
system
System
Lung and cardiovascular
Best animal model
for human
Dog
Immune system
HIV and AIDS research
Mice
Monkey and chimpanzee
11. A model organism is a non-human species that is
extensively studied to understand particular
biological phenomena
12. Enviro Pig TM
12
Transgenic pigs express phytase in their salivary glands
Phytic acid in the pig meal is degraded releasing phosphorus
The phosphorus is absorbed by the pig.
Normally the phytic acid/phosphorus complex passes through the pig and is excreted as
waste
Pig waste is a major pollutant & can cause eutrophication of lakes & streams.
YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ
1/20/2014
16. Laboratory rat
A laboratory rat is a rat of the species Rattus norvegicus (brown rat) which is bred and kept
for scientific research. Laboratory rats have served as an important animal model for
research in psychology,medicine, and other fields.
16
YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ
1/20/2014
21. Zebrafish
Lots of genetic similarity to humans
Egg lends itself to genetic transfer
no need to implant an egg inside a donor mother for gestation.
Embryos are transparent, making it possible to study
cell division under microscope from first hour of
creation.
transplant gene into embryo
Because the genetics of zebrafish and humans are
similar, they are ideal animal systems for determining
whether a new drug induces genetic mutations
22. Easy to follow
drug effect on
embryo
development
under
microscope, sinc
e egg can
mature outside
female.
24. Exchanging genes between individuals
Select for recombinant
before somatic cells
stop dividing
Somatic cell of human
Cloned in tissue culture
Chromosome 5
Homologous
Recombination
(rare event)
Targeted gene disruption or insertion
Reconstructed
embryo
Look for effect
of gene disruption
or insertion on
organ development
25. Homologous Recombination
flawed gene
Person 1
chromosome
good gene
Person 2
chromosome
Mix chromosomes
and promote DNA
replication by
mitosis.
gccatt ccgtc
cggtaa ggcag
gccatt ccgtc
cggtaa ggcag
Exchange section of DNA on one chromosome with
a section of DNA containing good gene on another
chromosome.
Offspring now has a copy of good gene from Person 2 in
allele donated from Person 1
26. Reconstructed embryo
Step 2: insert nucleus from transformed cell
Egg divides to produce
differentiated cells
Genetically
modified
somatic cells
Nucleus from
somatic cell
An new clone, a genetic
copy of the donor, forms
when the egg starts to
divide
Functional
tissue or organ
27. Embryo Reconstruction
EMBRYO RECONSTRUCTION BY
TRANSPLANTATION OF THE DONOR
INNER CELL MASS TO THE RECIPIENT
BOVINE BLASTOCYST
Embryo reconstruction for chimera production
has been used in experiments oriented towards
animal science such as the production of
interspecies pregnancies in domestic animals . So
far, chimeras have been obtained by the
aggregation of the blastomeric or by inner cell
mass transplantation . The aggregation of cell
from embryos results in embryos with a more
randomly distribution contribution of cells from
each donor to the trophoblast and ICM. in their
production of interspecific sheep-goat chimeras
produced one kid by the injection of a goat ICM
into a sheep blastocyst and one lamb from the
reciprocal injection
28. Nuclear Transfer
Step 1:
Remove the nucleus from an egg
egg
Suction
to hold egg
Perforate egg with
needle and withdraw
intact nucleus
30. Embryo twinning (conventional approach)
splitting embryos in half to produce artificially created twins
commonly practiced in cattle industry today
limitation is that organisms being copied is unknown
you
may or may not end up with an animal that has
the desired characteristics and you have to wait until
the animals is full-grown to find out.
Dolly was created from an adult cell-not an embryo
Dolly was an exact copy of an adult with known
characteristics.
How is this done?
31. Cells collected from donor animal and put in a
culture medium that keeps them alive but prevents
their replication and stops gene
expression.
Egg of an animal has it’s nucleus (DNA) removed
(enucleation)
Nucleus of cultured somatic cells from donor
animal are then inserted into a recipient animal’s
egg next to its cytoplasm.
Apply low-level electric charge and fuses with egg
cytoplasm to produce a 1-cell cloned embryo.
New cell containing egg behaves as if it were an
embryonic cell rather than an adult cell. Cell
division occurs just as it would in an ordinary
fertilized egg.
Transfer embryo to surrogate mother for gestation.
Newborn will be genetically identical to donor
34. Limits of cloning
Viable cell is required
Success rate is still low
Dolly was successful only after 277 failed attempts
only 29 implanted embryos lived longer than 6 days
Many clones are born with defects
kidney problems
diabetes
crippling disabilities
old before their time-telomere length
Dolly was diagnosed with arthritis -premature aging?
35. Cloning as a means of producing
replacement body parts?
Idea is to reduce chance of cloned tissue from
being rejected by original “parent”.
It would take years for clone to produce the organs
to be used for transplant
36. Benefits of Cloning
Reduce variability of responses of a population
being used to test new drugs, etc.
avoids confounding factor of different genetic
predispositions
Preservation of endangered species
cloning pandas using common black bear as surrogate host.
Reduce time to produce new breeds of farm
animals
from 6-9 years
3 years
37. Early experiments on transgenic animals
A new gene was added to a cell grown in a tissue
culture and the effects on that one cell were
observed.
With the introduction of cloning, a gene could be
added to many cells, and all the cells could be
screened to see which one(s) contained the gene.
Each cell that contained the gene could then be used to grow
a complete animal using cloning technology
38. Transgenic techniques
Retrovirus-mediated transgenesis
infect mouse embryo with retroviruses before the embryos
are implanted into an animal for gestation.
Retrovirus acts as a vector for the new DNA
size of new DNA is limited
viruses genetic material can interfere with embryo development
not very efficient
cell
nucleus
embryo
retrovirus
39. Pronuclear injection
Introduction of foreign DNA
at earliest possible stage of
development of the zygote
(fertilized egg)
Just before the egg and
sperm cells join, DNA is
injected into the nucleus of
either cell.
Since the DNA is injected
with a syringe, no vector is
required and no vector
genetic material is
introduced that could
complicate outcome
40. Embryonic stem cell method
blastocyte
Embryonic stem cells are collected
from inner cell mass of blastocytes
Cells are mixed with foreign DNA
some cells take up the foreign DNA and
incorporate it into cell’s own DNA in the
nucleus and are “transformed”
Foreign DNA
Transformed cells are injected into
the inner cell mass of the host
blastocyte for differentiation and
development
Transformed
cell
blastocyte
41. Transgenics to make milk
healthier for humans
Lactoferrin-protein that binds iron
needed by human babies for
development
introduce gene for this protein into cells
of cow that are responsible for milk
production
Human immune genes introduced
into cows as a factory for human
antibody production.
42. Transgenics as a means of deleting genes and their
functions
Deleting a gene is a way of determining what its
function is in the cell
Active gene is replaced with a gene that has no
functional information
When the gene is “knocked out” by the useless
DNA, the trait controlled by the active gene is
eliminated from the animal
.
43. Knockout Mice
Knockout mice begin as embryonic stem cells with specifically modified
DNA that has been prepared by recombinant techniques. The
modification results in a nonsense mutation in the normal gene of the
animal.
44.
45.
46. Homologous recombination within target gene
Chromosome
with normal
gene
Plasmid with
useless DNA
normal gene
Useless DNA
gccatt ccgtc
cggtaa ggcag
Recombination
between vector
gccatt ccgtc
cggtaa ggcag
and chromosome
insert section of DNA of gene on vector into
a section of DNA containing good gene on
chromosome of stem cells.
Chromosome is modified with a useless form of the gene. Look for a trait that has
changed
47.
48. Random insertion of useless gene at a location
other than the target gene
Chromosome
with normal
gene
Vector with
useless DNA
normal gene
Useless DNA
Recombination
between vector
and chromosome
gccatt ccgtc
cggtaa ggcag
gccatt ccgtc
cggtaa ggcag
Insert section of DNA of useless gene on vector into
a section of chromosome that does not disrupt target gene.
Chromosome is modified with a useless form of the gene at some other site than target
gene
49.
50. Transformed stem cell
Knockout
mouse with
nonfunctional
gene in all its
differentiated
somatic cells
Blastocyte
chimera
Not all cells had the
trait changed
Need to crossbreed
for 2 generations to
get all cells to lose
trait.
51. Producing human antibodies in animals
Antibodies are proteins whose structure gives it
the ability to bind very specifically to other
proteins
Region of antigen
protein that is specifically
recognized and bound by
antibody
Antigen
(Ag)
Antibody (Ab)
52. Antibodies could be designed that target and
inactivate cancer cells in our bodies.
Myelomas: antibody-secreting tumors
Monoclonal Abs (mAb) are produced from
myeloma cells that produce an Ab that reacts with
only one region of an antigenic protein
53. Making cells that produce
monoclonal antibodies
The specific antibody is
released into the culture
medium and recovered
Once a cell line is identified
that produces an antibody
against a specific antigen, it
can be replicated and the cells
frozen until needed to make
the specific antibody
54. Review
Approaches to change genomes of animals
Nuclear transfer of genetically modified somatic cell into an egg.
Rapid growth of organs for transplant into donor animal.
Nuclear transfer of somatic cell into egg
implant into
surrogate to produce viable organism (Dolly)
Retrovirus mediated genetic modification in animal genome.
Nuclear transfer of embryonic stem cell into egg.
Implant into surrogate to produce viable
organism