Transgenic animals are genetically engineered to contain extra genes. This seminar discusses methods for creating transgenic animals like microinjection, embryonic stem cell transfer, and nuclear transfer. Microinjection involves injecting foreign genes into fertilized eggs. Embryonic stem cell transfer modifies stem cells in culture before implanting in blastocysts. Nuclear transfer fuses donor cell nuclei with egg cells. Examples given include producing human proteins in cow's milk and human hemoglobin in pigs. While transgenic animals could benefit humans, the process is inefficient and risky for animal health.
A transgenic animal is one that carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted into its genome.
Transgenesis is the process by which mixing up of genes takes place.
Foreign genes are inserted into the germ line of the animal, so it can be transmitted to the progeny.
Transgenic technology has led to the development of fishes, live stock and other animals with altered genetic profiles which are useful to mankind.
First transgenic animal was a ‘Supermouse’ created by Ralph Brinster (U Pennsylvania) and Richard Palmiter (University of Washington) in 1982.
It was created by inserting a human growth hormone gene in mouse genome.
The offspring was much larger than the parents.
Mouse – common transgenic expt.
Other animals include pig, goat, cow, sheep, fish etc.
Modification n animal genome transgenic animal useful fr get some valuable therapeutics model animals
human being trans genesis is illegal but some don't respect
Transgenic Animals A Better Approach towards Experimentationijtsrd
Animals play a crucial role in the development of medical products from medicines to various implants and major surgical procedures. They are not approved for human use until they qualify the safety parameters in animals. The animals play a pivotal role in drug discovery and development. One of the most challenging aspects of targeting drugs for any pathological condition is the development of animal models. Animal models are nothing but an approach to replicate the general symptoms of the diseased condition which occur in humans. The whole pathophysiology cannot be replicated but, the symptoms which are known and precipitate the most in any pathological condition are positively reproduced within the animal. With the increasing need in the medical field, the paradigm is now slowly shifting towards transgenic animals as they have given a new dimension to medical sciences to study the pathophysiology of the disease rather than focusing on the symptom based analysis of the diseased condition. These genetically modified organisms have shown groundbreaking results not only in developing models for various diseases but also in developing biopharmaceuticals, receptor selective drugs, and have a huge contribution to xenotransplantation and the agriculture sector. This review article vividly describes the newer approaches that are adopted to develop transgenic animal models and also highlights certain limitations to the older approach of developing the models. Swarnima Negi | Dr. Sachdev Yadav "Transgenic Animals: A Better Approach towards Experimentation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38268.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacology-/38268/transgenic-animals-a-better-approach-towards-experimentation/swarnima-negi
Transgenic animal models for the functional analysis of vasoactive peptidesWaliullah Wali
The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.
renin–angiotensin system (RAS) is developed in animal by transgenic technology and effects of vasoactive peptide are seen.
Vasoactive peptide is a peptide hormone containing 28 amino acid residues.
Vasoactive peptide is produced in many tissues including the gut, pancreas, and suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus in the brain.
It stimulates contractility of heart, causes vasodilation, lowers arterial blood pressure.
Vasoactive peptide has a half-life (t½) in the blood of about two minutes.
Transgenic technology has established to be very useful for the functional analysis of vasoactive peptide systems.
Refers to an animal in which there has been a deliberate modification of the genome - the material responsible for inherited characteristics - in contrast to spontaneous mutation.
Foreign DNA is introduced into the animal, using recombinant DNA technology,
A transgenic animal is one that carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted into its genome.
Transgenesis is the process by which mixing up of genes takes place.
Foreign genes are inserted into the germ line of the animal, so it can be transmitted to the progeny.
Transgenic technology has led to the development of fishes, live stock and other animals with altered genetic profiles which are useful to mankind.
First transgenic animal was a ‘Supermouse’ created by Ralph Brinster (U Pennsylvania) and Richard Palmiter (University of Washington) in 1982.
It was created by inserting a human growth hormone gene in mouse genome.
The offspring was much larger than the parents.
Mouse – common transgenic expt.
Other animals include pig, goat, cow, sheep, fish etc.
Modification n animal genome transgenic animal useful fr get some valuable therapeutics model animals
human being trans genesis is illegal but some don't respect
Transgenic Animals A Better Approach towards Experimentationijtsrd
Animals play a crucial role in the development of medical products from medicines to various implants and major surgical procedures. They are not approved for human use until they qualify the safety parameters in animals. The animals play a pivotal role in drug discovery and development. One of the most challenging aspects of targeting drugs for any pathological condition is the development of animal models. Animal models are nothing but an approach to replicate the general symptoms of the diseased condition which occur in humans. The whole pathophysiology cannot be replicated but, the symptoms which are known and precipitate the most in any pathological condition are positively reproduced within the animal. With the increasing need in the medical field, the paradigm is now slowly shifting towards transgenic animals as they have given a new dimension to medical sciences to study the pathophysiology of the disease rather than focusing on the symptom based analysis of the diseased condition. These genetically modified organisms have shown groundbreaking results not only in developing models for various diseases but also in developing biopharmaceuticals, receptor selective drugs, and have a huge contribution to xenotransplantation and the agriculture sector. This review article vividly describes the newer approaches that are adopted to develop transgenic animal models and also highlights certain limitations to the older approach of developing the models. Swarnima Negi | Dr. Sachdev Yadav "Transgenic Animals: A Better Approach towards Experimentation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38268.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacology-/38268/transgenic-animals-a-better-approach-towards-experimentation/swarnima-negi
Transgenic animal models for the functional analysis of vasoactive peptidesWaliullah Wali
The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.
renin–angiotensin system (RAS) is developed in animal by transgenic technology and effects of vasoactive peptide are seen.
Vasoactive peptide is a peptide hormone containing 28 amino acid residues.
Vasoactive peptide is produced in many tissues including the gut, pancreas, and suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus in the brain.
It stimulates contractility of heart, causes vasodilation, lowers arterial blood pressure.
Vasoactive peptide has a half-life (t½) in the blood of about two minutes.
Transgenic technology has established to be very useful for the functional analysis of vasoactive peptide systems.
Refers to an animal in which there has been a deliberate modification of the genome - the material responsible for inherited characteristics - in contrast to spontaneous mutation.
Foreign DNA is introduced into the animal, using recombinant DNA technology,
it contain some production techniques of transgenic animals with some examples and utility in drug development (available transgenic animals model of drug and their activity).
Applications and uses in different field
Another techniques like transposons and knock-out & knock-in discussed later
transgenic animals , its production and applicationMonishaKCReddy
Process of introducing a foreign or exogenous DNA into an animal genome is called as Transgenesis
Transgenesis is the process of introducing an exogenous gene called a transgene into a living organism so that the organism will exhibit a new property and transmit that property to its offspring.
Retroviruses used as vectors to transfer genetic material into the host cell
Retroviruses can be used for the transfer of foreign genes into animal genomes.
Embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer.
Involves prior insertion of the desired DNA sequence by homologous recombination into an in vitro culture of embryonic stem (ES) cells. Incorporated into an embryo at the blastocyst stage of development.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
3. What is transgenic animal?
A transgenic animal is an animal that has been
genetically engineered to contain one or more extra
genes in its cell. It now has a new, inheritable
property of some type.
4. Genetically Modified OrganismsGenetically Modified Organisms
Genetically modified organisms are organisms withGenetically modified organisms are organisms with
artificially altered DNA.artificially altered DNA.
Created By:Created By:
Adding a foreign geneAdding a foreign gene
Altering the base sequence of an existing geneAltering the base sequence of an existing gene
Deleting or “ Turning off ” an existing geneDeleting or “ Turning off ” an existing gene
5. Adding a Foreign GeneAdding a Foreign Gene
Insect resistant plantInsect resistant plant
BioremediationBioremediation
Production of InsulinProduction of Insulin
Vaccine (HBsAg)Vaccine (HBsAg)
Herbicide resistant plantHerbicide resistant plant
6. AlteringAltering an Existing Genean Existing Gene
Existing genes in the organism are altered to makeExisting genes in the organism are altered to make
it produce at higher levels (Growth hormone).it produce at higher levels (Growth hormone).
Deleting/Turning off an Existing GeneDeleting/Turning off an Existing Gene
Deactivating the gene responsible for the ripeningDeactivating the gene responsible for the ripening
of tomatoes. This new gene can then be insertedof tomatoes. This new gene can then be inserted
into tomato DNA to give them a longer shelf life.into tomato DNA to give them a longer shelf life.
7. Genetically Modified AnimalGenetically Modified Animal
MicroinjectionMicroinjection
Embryonic stem cell transferEmbryonic stem cell transfer
Nuclear TransferNuclear Transfer
8. MicroinjectionMicroinjection
Eggs are harvested from super-ovulated animals andEggs are harvested from super-ovulated animals and
fertilizedfertilized in vitro.in vitro.
Two hundred to three hundred copies of the foreignTwo hundred to three hundred copies of the foreign
gene are injected into the recently fertilized egg.gene are injected into the recently fertilized egg.
Implanted into surrogate mothers.Implanted into surrogate mothers.
A small proportion of the animals born are transgenic.A small proportion of the animals born are transgenic.
10. Embryonic stem cell transferEmbryonic stem cell transfer
Target gene sequences to specific sites in theTarget gene sequences to specific sites in the
genomegenome
Alternations made to stem cells in cultureAlternations made to stem cells in culture
Mutated stem cells injected into blastocystMutated stem cells injected into blastocyst
Blastocyst implanted into foster motherBlastocyst implanted into foster mother
Transgenic animals are bornTransgenic animals are born
11. Embryonic Stem CellEmbryonic Stem Cell
Four Cell Stage
Two Cell Stage
Eight Cell Stage
Early Fertilization stage
15. Nuclear TransferNuclear Transfer
Removing the nucleus of an unfertilized egg and replacing it withRemoving the nucleus of an unfertilized egg and replacing it with
the nucleus of a donar cell (hence containing the completethe nucleus of a donar cell (hence containing the complete
genome)genome)
An electric current is used to fuse the nucleus in the cell andAn electric current is used to fuse the nucleus in the cell and
trigger the egg to begin developingtrigger the egg to begin developing
The reconstructed eggs are then implanted into a surrogateThe reconstructed eggs are then implanted into a surrogate
mother.mother.
Somatic cells can be cultured, subjected to genetic manipulationSomatic cells can be cultured, subjected to genetic manipulation
in vitro and then produce viable animals by means of nuclearin vitro and then produce viable animals by means of nuclear
transfer.transfer.
16.
17.
18. “DOLLY” AND THE TRANSGENIC CLONES
Dolly was born in July 1996 and was introduced in
March 1997.
Wilmut and Cambell fused 277 adult mammary gland
cells with 277 egg cells, but they achieved only
thirteen pregnancies, and only one pregnancy
resulted in a live birth. But that one offspring, Dolly.
19. Scientist and Dolly
A B
A)Ian Wilmut, the Roslin Institute Researcher
B) Dooly, the cloned sheep who had a mother, but no father
20. TRANSGENIC ANIMAL PRODUCTS
Human Lactoferrin in Cow’s milk.
Lactoferrin a protein found in animal milk that has the
ability to bind iron molecule.
The protein has strong antibacterial properties because
it removes iron from the environment that bacteria need
for growth .It relieves iron-deficiency anemia.
21. Transgenic GoatTransgenic Goat
Milk contains protein normally found on theMilk contains protein normally found on the
surface of the parasite that causessurface of the parasite that causes malariamalaria.. TheThe
protein elicit an antibody response in testprotein elicit an antibody response in test
animals and could conceivably be used toanimals and could conceivably be used to
immunize againstimmunize against malariamalaria..
22. HUMAN HEMOGLOBIN FROM PIG
Transgenic pig that produces human hemoglobin. Day
old embryos received injections of two genes for
hemoglobin production, and the embryos were then
implanted to surrogate.
Only about five in a thousand injections succeeded, and
only three pigs survived to birth .
23. Negative Side
Nuclear transfer technology results in high mortalities
and low birth rates.
The offspring are abnormally large size, undeveloped
lungs, ill health, implantation problem.
Poor placental development are common.
26. Do transgenic animals have any direct
benefit to humans?
DNA technologists have been able to produce a transgenic pig
that produces human hemoglobin. Purified hemoglobin from
this animal can one day be used in place of human blood for
transfusions during many surgical procedures.
QUESTIONLINE
27. Are there any other products possible from
transgenic animals?
Research work is currently progressing in methods to
obtain compounds that may be used to treat emphysemea,
cystic fibrosis, and dissolve blood clots.
QUESTIONLINE
28. How about improving the quality of the
animal itself?
Transgenic cows, could one day produce a higher
quality milk, one that is similar to human milk.
Chiken and cattle that synthesize antiviral proteins
encourage diseases resistance in their bodies. Such
animals, would require less antibiotic therapy.
QUESTIONLINE
29. What are the risks of cloning?What are the risks of cloning?
Reproductive cloning is expensive and highly inefficient.Reproductive cloning is expensive and highly inefficient.
More than 90% of cloning attempts fail to produceMore than 90% of cloning attempts fail to produce
viable offspring.viable offspring.
More than 100 nuclear transfer procedures could beMore than 100 nuclear transfer procedures could be
required to produce one viable clone.required to produce one viable clone.
Higher rates of infection, tumour growth, and otherHigher rates of infection, tumour growth, and other
disorders.disorders.
Japanese studies have shown that cloned mice live inJapanese studies have shown that cloned mice live in
poor health and die early.poor health and die early.
Australia’s first cloned sheep appeared healthy andAustralia’s first cloned sheep appeared healthy and
energetic on the day she died.energetic on the day she died.
30. Should Humans be Cloned?Should Humans be Cloned?
Due to the inefficiency of animal cloning andDue to the inefficiency of animal cloning and
lack of understanding about reproductivelack of understanding about reproductive
cloning, many scientist and physicians stronglycloning, many scientist and physicians strongly
believe that it would be unethical to attempt tobelieve that it would be unethical to attempt to
clone humans.clone humans.
Several cloned animals have died prematurelySeveral cloned animals have died prematurely
from infectious and other complications.from infectious and other complications.
The attempt to clone humans at this time isThe attempt to clone humans at this time is
considered potentially dangerous and ethicallyconsidered potentially dangerous and ethically
irresponsible.irresponsible.