Somaclonal Variation in Plant tissue culture - Variation in somaclones (somatic cells of plants)
Somaclonal variation # Basis of somaclonal variation # General feature of Somaclonal variations # Types and causes of somaclonal variation # Isolation procedure of somaclones via without in-vitro method and with in-vitro method with their limitations and advantages # Detection of isolated somaclonal variation # Application (with examples respectively related to crop improvement) # Advantages and disadvantages of somaclonal variations.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZwrkgADM3I
Also watch, Gametoclonal variation slides to understand, how to changes occur in gametoclones of plants.
https://www.slideshare.net/SharmasClasses/gametoclonal-variation
Organogenesis, in plant tissue cultureKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Definition
Types of organogenesis
Organogenesis through callus formation (indirect organogenesis)
Growth regulators for indirect organogenesis
Organogenesis through adventitious organ (direct organogenesis)
Growth regulators for direct organogenesis
Factor affecting the soot bud differentiation
Organogenic differentiation
Application of organogenesis
Conclusion
References
A presentation covering the process of protoplast culture including protoplast isolation, protoplast fusion, culture of protoplast, its application, factors affecting protoplast culture and the future of protoplasts.
A process where an embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. Somatic embryos (SEs) are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in embryo formation.
Embryos formed by somatic embryogenesis are called Embryoids.
The process was discovered for the first time in Daucas carota L. (carrot) by Steward (1958), Reinert (1959).
Somaclonal Variation in Plant tissue culture - Variation in somaclones (somatic cells of plants)
Somaclonal variation # Basis of somaclonal variation # General feature of Somaclonal variations # Types and causes of somaclonal variation # Isolation procedure of somaclones via without in-vitro method and with in-vitro method with their limitations and advantages # Detection of isolated somaclonal variation # Application (with examples respectively related to crop improvement) # Advantages and disadvantages of somaclonal variations.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZwrkgADM3I
Also watch, Gametoclonal variation slides to understand, how to changes occur in gametoclones of plants.
https://www.slideshare.net/SharmasClasses/gametoclonal-variation
Organogenesis, in plant tissue cultureKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Definition
Types of organogenesis
Organogenesis through callus formation (indirect organogenesis)
Growth regulators for indirect organogenesis
Organogenesis through adventitious organ (direct organogenesis)
Growth regulators for direct organogenesis
Factor affecting the soot bud differentiation
Organogenic differentiation
Application of organogenesis
Conclusion
References
A presentation covering the process of protoplast culture including protoplast isolation, protoplast fusion, culture of protoplast, its application, factors affecting protoplast culture and the future of protoplasts.
A process where an embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. Somatic embryos (SEs) are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in embryo formation.
Embryos formed by somatic embryogenesis are called Embryoids.
The process was discovered for the first time in Daucas carota L. (carrot) by Steward (1958), Reinert (1959).
Somatic embryogenesis, in plant tissue culture 2KAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Types of somatic embryogenesis
Developmental stages
Factors affecting somatic embryogenesis
Importance
Conclusions
References
The process of regeneration of embryos from somatic cells, tissue or organs is regarded as somatic or asexual embryogenesis.
opposite of zygotic or sexual embryogenesis.
Embryo-like structures which can develop into whole plants in a way that is similar to zygotic embryos are formed from somatic cells.
Invitro culture of unpollinated ovaries and ovules represents an alternative for the production of haploid plant
First successful report on the induction of gynogenic haploid was in barley by San Noeum in 1976
Haploid plants are obtained from ovary and ovule culture of rice, wheat, maize, sunflower, tobacco, poplar, mulberry etc
Whites or MS or N6 inorganic salt medium supplement with growth substances are used
Embryo culture is a laboratory method for producing plant lets from a fertilized or unfertilized embryo in invitro condition. there are several advantages are associated with the embryo culture like production of haploid plants, making distant crosses successful, sometimes aborted embryos can be rescued from a unsuccessful hybridization.
The presentation gives overview of production of secondary metabolites using callus culture as well as tissue culture techniques. Various batch and continuous culturing process are described on the basis of secondary metabolite to be synthesised.
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL SEED..?
Artificial seed can be defined as artificial encapsulation of somatic embryos, shoot bud or aggregates of cell of any tissues which has the ability to form a plant in in-vitro or ex-vivo condition.
Artificial seed have also been often referred to as synthetic seed.
HISTORY
Artificial seeds were first introduced in 1970’s as a novel analogue to the plant seeds.
The production of artificial seeds is useful for plants which do not produce viable seeds. It represents a method to propagate these plants.
Artificial seeds are small sized and these provides further advantages in storage, handling and shipping.
The term, “EMBLING” is used for the plants originated from synthetic seed.
• The use of synthetic varieties for commercial cultivation was first suggested in Maize (Hays & Garber, 1919).
The isolation, culture and fusion of protoplasts is a fascinating field in plant research. Protoplast isolation and their cultures provide millions of single cells (comparable to microbial cells) for a variety of studies.
HYBRIDIZATION & HAPLOID PRODUCTION
Introduction
WIDE HYBRIDIZATION
INTER-SPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION
Barriers to distant hybridization
Techniques to overcome barriers
Haploids and Doubled Haploids in Plant
Production of haploids and doubled haploids
a) Induction of maternal haploids
Wide hybridization
3. In vitro induction of maternal haploids – gynogenesis
Induction of paternal haploids – Androgenesis
Production of Homozygous Diploid Plants
Application of Haploids in Plant Breeding
Importance and Implications of Anther and Pollen Culture
OVARY CULTURE:-
"the in-vitro culturing of ovaries in an aseptic condition from the pollinated or un-pollinated flowers, in an appropriate nutrient medium and under optimal conditions." And
OVULE CULTURE:-
"Ovule culture is an experimental system by which ovules are aseptically isolated from the ovary and are grown aseptically on chemically defined nutrient medium under controlled conditions."
Somatic embryogenesis, in plant tissue culture 2KAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Types of somatic embryogenesis
Developmental stages
Factors affecting somatic embryogenesis
Importance
Conclusions
References
The process of regeneration of embryos from somatic cells, tissue or organs is regarded as somatic or asexual embryogenesis.
opposite of zygotic or sexual embryogenesis.
Embryo-like structures which can develop into whole plants in a way that is similar to zygotic embryos are formed from somatic cells.
Invitro culture of unpollinated ovaries and ovules represents an alternative for the production of haploid plant
First successful report on the induction of gynogenic haploid was in barley by San Noeum in 1976
Haploid plants are obtained from ovary and ovule culture of rice, wheat, maize, sunflower, tobacco, poplar, mulberry etc
Whites or MS or N6 inorganic salt medium supplement with growth substances are used
Embryo culture is a laboratory method for producing plant lets from a fertilized or unfertilized embryo in invitro condition. there are several advantages are associated with the embryo culture like production of haploid plants, making distant crosses successful, sometimes aborted embryos can be rescued from a unsuccessful hybridization.
The presentation gives overview of production of secondary metabolites using callus culture as well as tissue culture techniques. Various batch and continuous culturing process are described on the basis of secondary metabolite to be synthesised.
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL SEED..?
Artificial seed can be defined as artificial encapsulation of somatic embryos, shoot bud or aggregates of cell of any tissues which has the ability to form a plant in in-vitro or ex-vivo condition.
Artificial seed have also been often referred to as synthetic seed.
HISTORY
Artificial seeds were first introduced in 1970’s as a novel analogue to the plant seeds.
The production of artificial seeds is useful for plants which do not produce viable seeds. It represents a method to propagate these plants.
Artificial seeds are small sized and these provides further advantages in storage, handling and shipping.
The term, “EMBLING” is used for the plants originated from synthetic seed.
• The use of synthetic varieties for commercial cultivation was first suggested in Maize (Hays & Garber, 1919).
The isolation, culture and fusion of protoplasts is a fascinating field in plant research. Protoplast isolation and their cultures provide millions of single cells (comparable to microbial cells) for a variety of studies.
HYBRIDIZATION & HAPLOID PRODUCTION
Introduction
WIDE HYBRIDIZATION
INTER-SPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION
Barriers to distant hybridization
Techniques to overcome barriers
Haploids and Doubled Haploids in Plant
Production of haploids and doubled haploids
a) Induction of maternal haploids
Wide hybridization
3. In vitro induction of maternal haploids – gynogenesis
Induction of paternal haploids – Androgenesis
Production of Homozygous Diploid Plants
Application of Haploids in Plant Breeding
Importance and Implications of Anther and Pollen Culture
OVARY CULTURE:-
"the in-vitro culturing of ovaries in an aseptic condition from the pollinated or un-pollinated flowers, in an appropriate nutrient medium and under optimal conditions." And
OVULE CULTURE:-
"Ovule culture is an experimental system by which ovules are aseptically isolated from the ovary and are grown aseptically on chemically defined nutrient medium under controlled conditions."
Protoplast is a naked cell (without cell wall) surrounded by a plasma membrane. It can regenerate cell wall, grow and divide.
Spheroplast cells have their cell wall only partially removed.
Is fragile but can be cultured and grow into a whole plant.
Cells can originate from any type of tissue (Mesophyll tissue - most suitable source ).
Can be applied in somatic hybridization.
Can be applied in biotechnology and microbiology.
Somatic hybridization is the development of hybrid plants through the fusion of somatic protoplasts of two different plant species/ varieties.
Somatic Hybridization was firstly introduced by Carlson in Nicotiana
glauca.
In 1960, E.C Cocking contributed to the enzymatic isolation and culture of protoplast.
Protoplasts are naked plant cells without the cell wall, but they possess plasma membrane and all other cellular components. They represent the functional plant cells but for the lack of the barrier, cell wall. Protoplasts of different species can be fused to generate a hybrid and this process is referred to as somatic hybridization (or protoplast fusion). Cybridization is the phenomenon of fusion of a normal protoplast with an enucleated (without nucleus) protoplast that results in the formation of a cybrid or cytoplast (cytoplasmic hybrids).
The main purpose of these slides is to convey information to the Professors, Lecturers, and Students. These slides contain authentic information about this topic which is mentioned in that.
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This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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(Somatic hybridization)
1.
2. Development of hybrid plants
through the fusion of somatic
protoplasts of two different
plant species/varieties is called
somatic hybridization.
3. Somatic hybridization technique
1. isolation of protoplast
2. Fusion of the protoplasts of desired species/varieties
3. Identification and Selection of somatic hybrid cells
4. Culture of the hybrid cells
5. Regeneration of hybrid plants
6. Mechanical Method
Used for vacuolated cells like onion bulb scale, radish and beet
root tissues .
Low yield of protoplast.
Laborious and tedious process.
Low protoplast viability.
7. Enzymatic Method
Leaf sterlization, removal of epidermis
Plasmolysed
cells
Plasmolysed
cells
Pectinase +cellulase
Pectinase
Protoplasm released Release of
isolated cells
cellulase
Protoplasm
released
Isolated
Protoplasm
8. Enzymatic Method
Used for variety of tissues and organs including
leaves, petioles, fruits, roots, coleoptiles,
hypocotyls, stem, shoot apices, embryo
microspores.
Mesophyll tissue - most suitable source .
High yield of protoplast.
Easy to perform.
More protoplast viability .
9. SOMATIC HYBRIDIZATION
The technique of hybrid production through the
fusion of isolated somatic protoplast under in vitro
conditions and subsequent development of their
product (heterokaryon) to a hybrid plant is known as
somatic hybridizaton.
In somatic hybridization the nucleus and cytoplasm of
both parents are fused in the hybrid cell.
10. Sometimes; nuclear genome of only one parent but
cytoplasmic genes (plastome) from both the parents
are present in the fused hybrid, which known as cybrid
or cytoplasmic hybrid.
Somatic hybridization involves the following aspects:
1) Fusion of protoplasts .
2) Selection of hybrid cells .
3) Identification of hybrid plants.
11. Protoplast fusion
It involves mixing of two different genomes and can be achieved
by spontaneous or induced fusion method.
Spontaneous fusion : -
I. cell fusion is natural process as is observed in case of egg
fertilization.
II. During the course of enzymatic degradation of cell walls,
adjoining protoplasts may fuse to form homokaryocytes
(homocaryons).
III. These fused cells may sometimes contain high number of
nuclei (2-40).
IV. The frequency of homocaryon formation was found to be high
in protoplasts isolated from dividing cultured cells.
12. Induced fusion method :-
I. Isolated protoplasts can be fused by induction.
II. There are several fusion inducing agents which are
collectively referred to as fusogen.
III. example: sodium nitrate ,high gylcol, polyvinyl
alcohol, lysozyme, concavalina, electrofusion dextran
and dextran sulphate , fatty acid and esters.
13. TREATMENT WITH SODIUM NITRATE
Induced fusion by NaNO3 was first reported by power
et al .(1970).
Isolated protoplasts are exposed to a mixture of 5.5%
carried NaNO3 in 10% sucrose solution.
Incubation is carried out for 5 minutes at 35 ⁰C .
Centrifugation for 5 minutes at 200x g
14. High pH and high sodium Calcium ion treatment :
The different protoplast in one solution are together
treated with condition like high calcium and high ph
so that they fuse together . In some cases such extreme
conditions has proved to be toxic to certain
protoplasts.
15.
16. Poly ethylene glycol treatment
This has proved to be one of the most effective
methods for protoplast fusion .
The cells are treated with a concentration of around
30% poly ethylene glycol which binds to plasma
membrane .
This is treated with calcium solution which being
cationic binds to PEG.
During washing the PEG pulls out the plasma lemma
leading to fusion of protoplasts in close proximately.
17. Electro fusion technique
This process involves passing low voltage electric
pulses in a solution of protoplast to be fused so that
they line of for fusion .
High voltage electric current which leads alteration of
membrane the adjacent protoplast fuse.
18. SELECTION OF HYBRID CELL
The protoplasts are actually involved in the fusion.
After the fusion process, the protoplast population
consists of heterogenous mixture of unfused
chloroplast, homokaryons and heterokaryons.
It is therefore necessary to select the hybrid cells
(heterokaryons).
The commonly used methods employed for the
selection of hybrid cells are biochemical, visual and
cytometric method.
19. Hybrid cells are cultured on suitable medium
provided with the appropriate culture conditions.
Culture of the hybrid cells
20. Regeneration of hybrid plants
Plants are induced to regenerate from hybrid calli .
These hybrid plants must be at least partially fertile, in
addition to having some useful property, to be of any
use in breeding schemes.
21. Cybrids
The cytoplasmic hybrids where the nucleus is derived
from only one parent and the cytoplasm is derived
from both the parents are referred to as cybrids .
The phenomenon of formation of cybrids regarded as
cybridization .
Normally cybrids are produced when protoplast from
two pythogenetically distinct species are fused.
Genetically are hybrids only for cytoplasmic traits.
22.
23. Advantages of somatic
hybridization
Production of novel interspecific and intergenic
hybrid.
Pomato (Hybrid of potato and tomato).
Production of fertile diploids and polypoids from
sexually sterile haploids, triploids and aneuploids.
Transfer gene for disease resistance, abiotic stress
resistance, herbicide resistance and many other
quality characters.
24. Limitations of Somatic
hybridization
Poor regeneration of hybrid plants.
Non-viability of fused products.
Not successful in all plants.
Production of unfavorable hybrids.
Lack of an efficient method for selection of hybrids.
No confirmation of expression of particular trait in
somatic hybrids.
