it contain some production techniques of transgenic animals with some examples and utility in drug development (available transgenic animals model of drug and their activity).
Applications and uses in different field
Another techniques like transposons and knock-out & knock-in discussed later
it contain some production techniques of transgenic animals with some examples and utility in drug development (available transgenic animals model of drug and their activity).
Applications and uses in different field
Another techniques like transposons and knock-out & knock-in discussed later
Introduction
What is cloning?
Why we want to do cloning?
History
Technique of cell cloning
Dolly – the sheep
Species cloned
Why persue animal cloning research?
Conclusion
Introduction
What is cloning?
Why we want to do cloning?
History
Technique of cell cloning
Dolly – the sheep
Species cloned
Why persue animal cloning research?
Conclusion
its a good type of ppt for understanding cloning and its types. It also enlists the idea of procedure in the lab to initiate initial division of embryo by electric current.
A knockout mouse is a mouse in which a specific gene has been inactivated or“knocked out” by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA.
The loss of gene activity often causes changes in a mouse's phenotype and thus provides valuable information on the function of the gene.
CONCEPT
HISTORY OF XENOTRANSPLANTATION
IMPORTANCE OF XENOTRANSPLANTATION
CHOOSING OF DONOR SPECIES
XENOTRANSPLANTATION REJECTION
GUIDELINES ON XENO-TRANSPLANTATION BY ICMR
RECENT RESEARCH ON XENOTRANSPLANTATION
Cloning, types and challenges
What types of cloning have been successful?
What are the Three Types of Cloning?
Human Cloning: The Good and The Bad
Ethical Issues regarding Human Reproductive Cloning
Challenges
Global and Religious Views
Final Thought
Introduction
Genetics of somatic cell
Somatic cell genetics
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
Somatic cell hybridization
Mapping human genes by using human rodent hybrids
In medical application
Production of monoclonal antibodies by using hybridoma technology
Conclusion
References
Introduction
What is cloning?
Why we want to do cloning?
History
Technique of cell cloning
Dolly – the sheep
Species cloned
Why persue animal cloning research?
Conclusion
Introduction
What is cloning?
Why we want to do cloning?
History
Technique of cell cloning
Dolly – the sheep
Species cloned
Why persue animal cloning research?
Conclusion
its a good type of ppt for understanding cloning and its types. It also enlists the idea of procedure in the lab to initiate initial division of embryo by electric current.
A knockout mouse is a mouse in which a specific gene has been inactivated or“knocked out” by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA.
The loss of gene activity often causes changes in a mouse's phenotype and thus provides valuable information on the function of the gene.
CONCEPT
HISTORY OF XENOTRANSPLANTATION
IMPORTANCE OF XENOTRANSPLANTATION
CHOOSING OF DONOR SPECIES
XENOTRANSPLANTATION REJECTION
GUIDELINES ON XENO-TRANSPLANTATION BY ICMR
RECENT RESEARCH ON XENOTRANSPLANTATION
Cloning, types and challenges
What types of cloning have been successful?
What are the Three Types of Cloning?
Human Cloning: The Good and The Bad
Ethical Issues regarding Human Reproductive Cloning
Challenges
Global and Religious Views
Final Thought
Introduction
Genetics of somatic cell
Somatic cell genetics
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
Somatic cell hybridization
Mapping human genes by using human rodent hybrids
In medical application
Production of monoclonal antibodies by using hybridoma technology
Conclusion
References
It's include all the details about the transgenic technology.all the techniques like micro injection,SCNT,pro nuclear injection method.It include all the Transgenic mice bird and fish.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Cloning
1. CLONING: OBJECTIVES. CREATION OFCLONING: OBJECTIVES. CREATION OF
TRANSGENIC ANIMALSTRANSGENIC ANIMALS-- OTHEROTHER
DEVELOPMENTS IN CLONING. HUMANDEVELOPMENTS IN CLONING. HUMAN
CLONING. ETHICS OF CLONINGCLONING. ETHICS OF CLONINGCLONING. ETHICS OF CLONINGCLONING. ETHICS OF CLONING
SOORYA M SSOORYA M S
llll M.SC BOTANYM.SC BOTANY
SS--117/18117/18
2. INTRODUCTION
Cloning: Creating copies of living matter
In biology, cloning is the process of producing similar populations of
genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms
such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually.
The term clone (from the Greek word klōn, meaning “twig”) had already The term clone (from the Greek word klōn, meaning “twig”) had already
been in use since the beginning of the 20th century in reference to plants
Clones have identical genetic makeup
Abundant in nature
Used by scientists to generate organisms with valuable traits
3. OBJECTIVES OF CLONING
1. Cloning in Animals
To generate animals with desirable traits
To bolster endangered species.
4. 2. Industrial Perspective
Production of bacteria which can clean up environmental
contamination
Animals which can produce commercial ingredients e.g. protein.
3. Importance for Humans
Promises great advances in medicine
Biomedical scientists plan to create animals with human diseases,
so that cures can be experimented safely
5. There are 3 different types of cloning:
1. Gene cloning1. Gene cloning
2. Reproductive cloning
3. Therapeutic cloning
6. GENE CLONING
• A term used to describe a collection of DNA fragments derived
from the genome of an organism and cloned randomly into
suitable cloning vectors (plasmids, phages).suitable cloning vectors (plasmids, phages).
• The term genomic DNA clone or chromosomal DNA clone
then refers to an individual cell carrying a cloning vector with
one of the cellular DNA fragments or to a phage isolate with a
specific DNA insert.
7.
8. REPRODUCTIVE CLONING
• Reproductive cloning is the production of a genetic
duplicate of an existing organism. A human clone
would be a genetic copy of an existing person.
• Some oppose reproductive cloning because of
safety considerations. Animal cloning is seldom
successful, and many scientists believe that
reproductive cloning can never be made safe.
• Human reproductive cloning would also threaten
the psychological well-being of cloned children,
open the door to more powerful genetic
manipulation technologies, and raise other social
and ethical concerns.
9. Dolly defied scientific convention. With her
birth on 5th July 1996, her makers had done
the impossible - cloned an animal from a cell
taken from an adult mammal.taken from an adult mammal.
When Dolly was announced to the world on
22ndFebruary 1997 she became global front
pagenews.
10. Embryo Cloning
Also called therapeutic cloning which refers to
the production of human embryos for research
purposes
To yield stem cells to study human evolution and To yield stem cells to study human evolution and
disease treatments
Stem cells are extracted in the blastocyst stage of
development, which can practically generate any
type of cells in the human body
Stem cells are used to replace degenerating cells.
In Alzheimer’s disease, cancer etc.
13. this can provide new ways to treat diseases like
cancer and Alzheimer’s.
Cloning also offers hope to persons needing
organ transplants. People requiring organ
transplants to survive an illness often wait yearstransplants to survive an illness often wait years
for a suitable donor.
Helping infertile couples Cloning offers couples
dealing with fertility the chance to have a child
of their own.
14. Protecting Endangered Species. Despite the best efforts of
conservationists worldwide, some species are nearing
extinction. The successful cloning of Dolly represents the first
step in protecting endangered wildlife.
Improving food supply. Cloning could provide a means of Improving food supply. Cloning could provide a means of
cultivating plants that are stronger and more resistant to
diseases, while producing more.
The same could happen to livestock as well where diseases
such as foot and mouth disease could be eradicated.Cloning
could therefore effectively solve the world’s food problem and
minimize or possible eadicate starvation.
15. Reverse the aging process. Cloning is being touted as a
future answer to reverse the effects of aging.The
antiaging market is a prime target becuase it is alreay a
multibillion industry
16. 1. The Element of Uncertainty
While the cloning of Dolly was seen as a success story,
many embryos weredestroyed before the desired result was
achieved. Dolly was the single successful outcome.
Regardless of success in other
2. Inheriting diseases
Cloning creates a copy of the original. A human clone Cloning creates a copy of the original. A human clone
would therefore inherit the genetic traits of its predecessor.
This includes genetic abnormalities and Diseases.
Dolly the sheep for example exhibited signs of what some
suggested, were premature aging, although this was firmly
denied by her ‘developers’.
3. The Potential for Abuse
17. CREATION OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS-
OTHER DEVELOPMENTS IN CLONINGOTHER DEVELOPMENTS IN CLONING
18. INTRODUCTION
A transgenic animal is one that carries a foreign gene that has been
deliberately inserted into its genome.
Transgenesis is the process by which mixing up of genes takes Transgenesis is the process by which mixing up of genes takes
place.
Foreign genes are inserted into the germ line of the animal, so it
can be transmitted to the progeny.
Transgenic technology has led to the development of fishes, live
stock and other animals with altered genetic profiles which are
useful to mankind.
19. First transgenic animal was a ‘Supermouse’ created by
Ralph Brinster (U Pennsylvania) and Richard Palmiter (University of
Washington) in 1982.
It was created by inserting a human growth hormonegene in mouse genome.
The offspring was much larger than the parents.
Mouse – common transgenic expt.
Other animals include pig, goat, cow, sheep, fish etc.
20. PRODUCTION OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
INCLUDES 4 STEPS;
1. Construction Of A Transgene1. Construction Of A Transgene
2. Introduction of foreign gene into the animal
3. Screening for transgenic positives
4. Further animal breeding is done to obtain maximal expression
21. PRODUCTION OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
- THE METHADOLOGY
Step 1 – Construction Of A Transgene
◦ Transgene made of 3 parts:
1. Pomoter
2. Gene to be expressed
3. Termination sequence
Step 2 – Introduction of foreign gene into the animal
1. Pronuclear microinjection method
2. Embryonic stem cell method.
22. MICROINJECTION METHOD
A female animal is superovulated and eggs are collected.
The eggs are fertilized in vitro.
The transgene containing solution is injected into
the male pronucleus using a micropipette.the male pronucleus using a micropipette.
Eggs with the transgenes are kept overnight in an incubator to develop to a 2 cell
stage.
The eggs are then implanted into the uterus of a pseudo - pregnant female (female
which has been mated with a vasectimized male the previous night)
23. EMBRYONIC STEM CELL METHOD
Transgenic animals can be created by manipulating embryonic stem cells.
ES cells are obtained from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst.
Transgene is incorporated into the ES cell by
1. Microinjection
2. By a retro virus2. By a retro virus
3. By electroporation
Transgenic stem cells are grown in vitro.
Then they are inserted into a blastocyst and implanted into ahost’s uterus to grow
normally.
24. Step 3: Screening for transgenic positives
1. Transgenic progenies are screened by PCR to examine the site of
incorporation of the gene
2. Some transgenes may not be expressed if integrated into a transcriptionally2. Some transgenes may not be expressed if integrated into a transcriptionally
inactive site.
Step 4: Further animal breeding is done to obtain maximal expression.
1. Heterozygous offsprings are mated to form homozygous strains.
25.
26. PROBLEMS
Multiple insertion – too much proteins Multiple insertion – too much proteins
Insertion into an essential gene – lethality
Insertion into a gene leading to gene silencing
Insertion into a different area can affect the gene regulation
27. SOME EXAMPLES OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
TRANSGENIC FISH
Superfish
Increased growth and size
Growth hormone gene inserted into fertilized egg.
Transgenic salmon grows about 10 – 11 times faster
than normal fish.
Glo fish
GM freshwater zebra fish (Danio rerio)
Produce by integrating a fluorescent protein gene from
jelly fish into embryo of fish.
28. TRANSGENIC MOUSE
Alzheimer’s mouse
In the brain of Alzheimer’s patients, dead nerve cells are entangled in a protein
called amyloid.
Mouse made by introducing amyloid precursor gene into fertilized egg of mice.
OncomouseOncomouse
Mouse model to study cancer
Made by inserting activated oncogenes.
Smart mouse
Biological model engineered to overexpress NR2B receptor in the synaptic
pathway.
This makes the mice learn faster like juveniles throughout their lives.
29. TRANSGENIC PIG
Enviro pig
Pigs have trouble fully digesting a compound known as phytate found
in many cereal grains used to feed them.
Transgenic pigs are created by introducing phytase gene of E.coli.
Phytase enzyme is thus produced in the salvary gland of pig It Phytase enzyme is thus produced in the salvary gland of pig It
degrades indigestible phytate with the release of phosphate that is
readily digested by pigs.
Pig for organ transplant
Pigs with human genes, in order to decrease the chance of organ
rejection by human body.
30. TRANSGENIC LIVESTOCK
Bioreactors whose cells have been engineered to synthesis marketable proteins.
More economical than producing desired protein in cell culture.
Transgenic cattle
Transgenic cows are made to produce proteins lactoferrin and interferons in their milk.
Prion free cows resistant to mad cow disease.
Transgenic sheep
For good quality wool production.
Transgenic goat
Goats that could express tissue plasminogen activator, anti thrombin III, spider silk etc
in milk.
31. Transgenic rabbit
Alba, the EGFP (Enhanced Green Flurescent protein) bunny
Created in 2000 as a transgenic artwork.
Transgenic monkey
ANDi was the first transgenic monkey, born in 2000.
“ANDi” stands for “inserted DNA” spelled backwards.
An engineered virus was used to insert the harmless gene for green
fluorescence protein (GFP) into ANDi’s rhesus genome.
ANDi proves that transgenic primates can be created, and can
express a foreign gene delivered into their genome.
32. IMPORTANCE OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
Medical importance
◦ Disease model
◦ Bioreactors for pharmaceuticals
◦ Xenotransplantation
Agricultural importance
◦ Disease resistant animals
◦ For improving quality and quantity of milk, meat, eggs and wool production.
Industrial importance
◦ Toxicity sensitive transgenic animals to test chemicals.
◦ Spider silk in milk of goat
33. ISSUES RELATED TO TRANSGENIC TECHNOLOGY
Blurring the lines between species by creating transgenic
combinations.
There may be health risks associated with transgenics. There may be health risks associated with transgenics.
There may be long term effects on the environment when
transgenic animals are released into the field.
Various bioethicist argue that it is wrong to create animals that
would suffer as a result of genetic alteration.
35. What human cloning is
1. The creation of a genetically identical human,
human cell, or human tissue
2. Cloning is creating an exact genetic copy of an
organism
36. History of cloning
1. In 1996 a sheep named Dolly was the first animal cloned
2. Other animals have also been cloned since Dolly
3. No documented cases of human cloning have ever been
recorded.
37. Benefits of human cloning
1. Humans can achieve more work
2. No death, a human could just be replaced
3. Sickness can be cured3. Sickness can be cured
a) genetic diseases can be removed.
b) cures for debilitating diseases
4. Clones can be produced with lower or higher mental capacity
5. Conduct research on human diseases.
38. Benefits
1. “Be a blessing to offspring”
2. Better to be born than not2. Better to be born than not
3. Genetically matched tissue for transplantation.
39. Disadvantages
1. “Morally wrong”
2. Offspring maybe treated badly.
3. “Cloning is unnatural”
4. Safety
a) Risks to mother
b) offspring die quickly.
5. Ethical issues
6. Interference with nature
7. Interference with God
8. There are bans in many countries
40. Laws on Human Cloning
In the United States there are not any laws that ban
cloning completely
Illegal in the U.S. to use federal funds to create a clonedIllegal in the U.S. to use federal funds to create a cloned
human embryo, but you can use private funds
41. ETHICAL ISSUES OF HUMAN CLONING
1. Religious issues
Some people believe that cloning is similar to playing
God. They believe that God should be the creator of all
living and natural things.
It is believed that a human has the right for the full
human development in a natural environment and that
the human embryo should be left alone after the 14th
day of fertilization.
Some religious people believe that if you clone a human
being it has no soul.
People believe human cloning takes away from an
Individual being unique and stresses Psychological and
social development.
42. 2.MEDICAL ISSUES
Technically, human gene grows older with age. It’s feared that the
cloned individual would retain the age of the donor’s genes.
Cloned animals that do survive tend to be much bigger at birth than
their natural counterparts. Clones with LOS(Large Offspringtheir natural counterparts. Clones with LOS(Large Offspring
Syndrome)have abnormally large organs. This can lead to breathing,
blood flow and other problems. .
43. BIOETHICAL ISSUES REGARDING HUMAN
CLONING
1. Technical and medical safety
2. Undermining the concept of reproduction and family
3. Ambiguous relations of a cloned child with the progenitor
4. Confusing personal identity and harming the psychological
development of a clonedevelopment of a clone
5. Concerns about eugenics (idea that one can improve the human
race by careful selection of those who mate and produce offspring)
6. Promoting trends towards designer babies and human
enhancement
7. Contrary to Human Dignity