This document provides a summary of Yanamala Vijay Raj's clinical rotation report at CMC Vellore. It lists the 17 departments visited, including Cardiology, Child Health, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology. For several departments, it describes the key functions and some challenges identified. It provides examples of proposed solutions to issues like optimizing cardiac stents, managing pediatric dialysis machines, and digitizing community health workflows. The report reflects on Yanamala's experiences in different clinical specialties at CMC Vellore.
Alert Systems in Wearable Devices – An Urban NecessityHCL Technologies
This paper proposes the need of wearable and convenient medical alert systems which will proactively alert the family of the patient. Leading ESO’s are conducting research towards development of such wearable devices.
Concept Design and Analysis of Multipurpose Farm EquipmentAM Publications
All trades of village artisanship in black-smith carpentry, stone etc. contributed to the design of development of farm tools through artisan’s ingenuity. Carpentry made the counterpoise to lift the water from wells to irrigate crops. Big size of earthenware was made by potters to store grains for month to be safe from insects and pest’s cobblers used whole skins of animals to carry water to irrigate horticultural crops besides entering dust roads. Farming is the backbone of Indian economy. In this agriculture sector there is a lot of field work, such as weeding, reaping, sowing etc. Apart from these operations, spraying is also an important operation to be performed by the farmer to protect the cultivated crops from insects, pests, funguses and diseases for which various insecticides, pesticides, fungicides and nutrients are sprayed on crops for protection. As agriculture was the mainstay of the population, farmer required hand tools to do work, improve labor productivity and quality of work, therefore the results in poor productivity and obtain low yield MAE( Multipurpose Agriculture Equipment) was developed. We have developed agriculture needs to find new ways to improve efficiency. One approach is to utilize available information technologies in the form of more intelligent machines to reduce and target energy inputs in more effective ways than in the past. The advent of new concept gives the opportunity to develop a complete new range of agricultural equipment based on small smart machines that can do the right thing, in the right place, at the right time in the right way.
Tamil Nadu, Agricultural Engineering Department, Agricultural Machinery Training Centre, Tiruchirapalli,Training on Newly Developed Agricultural Machinery & Equipments,(Past & Present) - An 'U' Turn Look by Coomarasamy. C, Formerly EE, AED
Alert Systems in Wearable Devices – An Urban NecessityHCL Technologies
This paper proposes the need of wearable and convenient medical alert systems which will proactively alert the family of the patient. Leading ESO’s are conducting research towards development of such wearable devices.
Concept Design and Analysis of Multipurpose Farm EquipmentAM Publications
All trades of village artisanship in black-smith carpentry, stone etc. contributed to the design of development of farm tools through artisan’s ingenuity. Carpentry made the counterpoise to lift the water from wells to irrigate crops. Big size of earthenware was made by potters to store grains for month to be safe from insects and pest’s cobblers used whole skins of animals to carry water to irrigate horticultural crops besides entering dust roads. Farming is the backbone of Indian economy. In this agriculture sector there is a lot of field work, such as weeding, reaping, sowing etc. Apart from these operations, spraying is also an important operation to be performed by the farmer to protect the cultivated crops from insects, pests, funguses and diseases for which various insecticides, pesticides, fungicides and nutrients are sprayed on crops for protection. As agriculture was the mainstay of the population, farmer required hand tools to do work, improve labor productivity and quality of work, therefore the results in poor productivity and obtain low yield MAE( Multipurpose Agriculture Equipment) was developed. We have developed agriculture needs to find new ways to improve efficiency. One approach is to utilize available information technologies in the form of more intelligent machines to reduce and target energy inputs in more effective ways than in the past. The advent of new concept gives the opportunity to develop a complete new range of agricultural equipment based on small smart machines that can do the right thing, in the right place, at the right time in the right way.
Tamil Nadu, Agricultural Engineering Department, Agricultural Machinery Training Centre, Tiruchirapalli,Training on Newly Developed Agricultural Machinery & Equipments,(Past & Present) - An 'U' Turn Look by Coomarasamy. C, Formerly EE, AED
Holistic Forecasting of Onset of Diabetes through Data Mining Techniquesijcnes
Diabetes is one of the modern day diseases that poses serious threat for the affected and is ever challenging for physicians who are involved in its management and control.Type2 diabetes mellitus ranges in exponential rating day by day in its increase. Mere not being aware of the facts and causes that can lead to such state, unawareness about diabetic symptoms and late detection make diabetic condition unmanageable and is really a challenging task to be faced all victims. This paper suggests holistic measures and means by which any common man can get into it to check whether he / she is a would-be victim of Diabetes through simple checking of symptoms that may lead to Diabetic condition, analyses the factual causes of the aforesaid disease. This would certainly make a person to ensure for the locus-centric state of whether of being a diabetic or not. The problem of diagnosing the onset and incidence of Diabetes is addressed more with a data mining approach in mind. As the success of any data mining approach is solely dependant on the underlying dataset upon which learning is manifested and taken for, this paper inspects more on locating prima-facie symptoms of diabetes disorder. A sagacious insight of analyzing the actual causes of diabetes is set and hence a comprehensive set of data for diabetic condition is proposed here. Subjecting this data to data analysis through simple data mining techniques v.i.z., FP-Growth and Apriori would certainly model a holistic inference engine that could help a doctor to be more astute in confirming the diabetic condition of patients. Association rules are also being inducted based on both of these approaches. A heuristic computer aided diagnosis (CAD) system for diabetes can be built upon this
Diagnosis of diabetes using classification mining techniques [IJDKP
Diabetes has affected over 246 million people worldwide with a majority of them being women. According to the WHO report, by 2025 this number is expected to rise to over 380 million. The disease has been named the fifth deadliest disease in the United States with no imminent cure in sight. With the rise of information technology and its continued advent into the medical and healthcare sector, the cases of diabetes as well as their symptoms are well documented. This paper aims at finding solutions to diagnose the disease by analyzing the patterns found in the data through classification analysis by employing
Decision Tree and Naïve Bayes algorithms. The research hopes to propose a quicker and more efficient technique of diagnosing the disease, leading to timely treatment of the patients.
Smart Phone for Personal Health Care Monitoring Systemijcisjournal
Health is of great concern for everyone. Both investment and efforts on health monitoring, care and maintenance are ever increasing. Smart phones are affordable for every one nowadays. This paper discusses an innovative method ofdesigninga smart phone based health care system which can measure some of the body parameters such as temperature, pulse rate and blood glucose level. The key feature here is to embed the smart phone with required sensors, process their data, store in the memory.Further, these data can be transmitted to a doctor or hospital authority for future references using an application designed in the same smart phone. The system can be used to suggest some precautions and also remedies for the user, if these body parameters are outside the normal range. This makes the smart phone really the smartest.
SMART PHONE FOR PERSONAL HEALTH CARE MONITORING SYSTEMijics
Health is of great concern for everyone. Both investment and efforts on health monitoring, care and maintenance are ever increasing. Smart phones are affordable for every one nowadays. This paper discusses an innovative method ofdesigninga smart phone based health care system which can measure some of the body parameters such as temperature, pulse rate and blood glucose level. The key
feature here is to embed the smart phone with required sensors, process their data, store in the memory.
Further, these data can be transmitted to a doctor or hospital authority for future references using an
application designed in the same smart phone. The system can be used to suggest some precautions and
also remedies for the user, if these body parameters are outside the normal range. This makes the smart phone really the smartest.
Health is of great concern for everyone. Both investment and efforts on health monitoring, care and
maintenance are ever increasing. Smart phones are affordable for every one nowadays.
This paper discusses an innovative method ofdesigninga smart phone based health care system which can
measure some of the body parameters such as temperature, pulse rate and blood glucose level. The key
feature here is to embed the smart phone with required sensors, process their data, store in the memory.
Further, these data can be transmitted to a doctor or hospital authority for future references using an
application designed in the same smart phone. The system can be used to suggest some precautions and
also remedies for the user, if these body parameters are outside the normal range. This makes the smart
phone really the smartest.
The ICD-11 is the eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases. It will replace the ICD-10 as the global standard for coding health information and causes of death. The ICD is developed and annually updated by the World Health Organization
Predictive and Preventive Care: Metabolic Diseasesasclepiuspdfs
South Asians have a very high incidence of ischemic heart disease and stroke. In addition, they also have a very high incidence of metabolic diseases such as prehypertension, hypertension, visceral obesity, metabolic syndrome, prediabetes, type-2 diabetes, and its clinical complications. Currently, there are over 75 million diabetic subjects in India and an equal number of prediabetics. Republic of China has taken over India as the diabetes capital of the world, with over 115 million diabetics. Modern medicine is disease focused and has failed to address the prevention of these chronic diseases. According to the reports from the United Nations (Millennium Development Goals [MDGs], the World Health Organization, Global Health Initiatives, and the non-communicable disease risk task force), obesity has increased by 2-fold and type-2 diabetes by 4-fold worldwide. Experts in this field predict that chances of meeting the MDGs set by the UN members of reducing the incidence of these diseases at 2025 to the level of 2020 are very little. Western medicine has failed to reduce or reverse the trend in the incidence of these diseases. We feel that an integrated approach to health care may be a better option, to reduce the disease burden in developing and resource-poor countries. Having said that, one cannot prevent something that one is not aware of, as such it is the need of the hour for us, to develop a robust predictive and preventive health-care platform. In an earlier article, we presented our views on reducing or reversing cardiometabolic diseases. There is great enthusiasm among the health-care providers and professional bodies that integration of emerging technologies will help develop personalized, precision medicine, as well as reduce the cost of health-care worldwide.
Various Data Mining Techniques for Diabetes Prognosis: A Reviewijtsrd
Most of the food we eat is converted to glucose, or sugar which is used for energy. When you have diabetes, your body either doesnt make enough insulin or cannot use its own insulin as well as it should. This causes sugar to build up in your blood leading to complications like heart disease, stroke, neuropathy, poor circulation leading to loss of limbs, blindness, kidney failure, nerve damage, and death. Data mining adopts a series of pattern recognition technologies and statistical and mathematical techniques to discover the possible rules or relationships that govern the data in the databases. Data mining plays an important role in data prediction. There are different types of diseases predicted in data mining namely Hepatitis, Lung Cancer, Liver disorder, Breast cancer, Thyroid disease, Diabetes etc¦ This paper analyzes the Diabetes predictions. Misba Reyaz | Gagan Dhawan"Various Data Mining Techniques for Diabetes Prognosis: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12927.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/12927/various-data-mining-techniques-for-diabetes-prognosis-a-review/misba-reyaz
Non-invasive glucose monitoring devices: A reviewjournalBEEI
Diabetes is a growing chronic disease that affect millions of people in the world. Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels in patients is necessary to keep the disease under control. Current methods of blood glucose monitoring devices are typically invasive, causing discomfort to the patients. Non-invasive glucose monitoring devices are a possible game changer for diabetic patients as it reduces discomfort and provides continuous monitoring. This manuscript presents a review of non-invasive glucose biosensors with particular focus on leading technologies available in the market, such as microwave sensing, near-infrared spectroscopy, iontophoresis, and optical methods. This paper intends to describe non-invasive blood glucose monitoring methods using various biological fluids (sweat, saliva, interstitial fluid, urine), highlighting the advantages and drawbacks in latest device development. This review also discusses future trends of glucose detection devices and how it will improve patients’ quality of life.
This Presentation is Briefly Discussing Diabetes in General,
Anti-Diabetic Venomous Animals and the Role of Naja Naja Snake Venom in The Treatment of it.
Bioreactors are essential in tissue
engineering, not only because they provide an
in vitro environment mimicking in vivo conditions
for the growth of tissue substitutes, but also
because they enable systematic studies of the
responses of living tissues to various mechanical
and biochemical cues.
Holistic Forecasting of Onset of Diabetes through Data Mining Techniquesijcnes
Diabetes is one of the modern day diseases that poses serious threat for the affected and is ever challenging for physicians who are involved in its management and control.Type2 diabetes mellitus ranges in exponential rating day by day in its increase. Mere not being aware of the facts and causes that can lead to such state, unawareness about diabetic symptoms and late detection make diabetic condition unmanageable and is really a challenging task to be faced all victims. This paper suggests holistic measures and means by which any common man can get into it to check whether he / she is a would-be victim of Diabetes through simple checking of symptoms that may lead to Diabetic condition, analyses the factual causes of the aforesaid disease. This would certainly make a person to ensure for the locus-centric state of whether of being a diabetic or not. The problem of diagnosing the onset and incidence of Diabetes is addressed more with a data mining approach in mind. As the success of any data mining approach is solely dependant on the underlying dataset upon which learning is manifested and taken for, this paper inspects more on locating prima-facie symptoms of diabetes disorder. A sagacious insight of analyzing the actual causes of diabetes is set and hence a comprehensive set of data for diabetic condition is proposed here. Subjecting this data to data analysis through simple data mining techniques v.i.z., FP-Growth and Apriori would certainly model a holistic inference engine that could help a doctor to be more astute in confirming the diabetic condition of patients. Association rules are also being inducted based on both of these approaches. A heuristic computer aided diagnosis (CAD) system for diabetes can be built upon this
Diagnosis of diabetes using classification mining techniques [IJDKP
Diabetes has affected over 246 million people worldwide with a majority of them being women. According to the WHO report, by 2025 this number is expected to rise to over 380 million. The disease has been named the fifth deadliest disease in the United States with no imminent cure in sight. With the rise of information technology and its continued advent into the medical and healthcare sector, the cases of diabetes as well as their symptoms are well documented. This paper aims at finding solutions to diagnose the disease by analyzing the patterns found in the data through classification analysis by employing
Decision Tree and Naïve Bayes algorithms. The research hopes to propose a quicker and more efficient technique of diagnosing the disease, leading to timely treatment of the patients.
Smart Phone for Personal Health Care Monitoring Systemijcisjournal
Health is of great concern for everyone. Both investment and efforts on health monitoring, care and maintenance are ever increasing. Smart phones are affordable for every one nowadays. This paper discusses an innovative method ofdesigninga smart phone based health care system which can measure some of the body parameters such as temperature, pulse rate and blood glucose level. The key feature here is to embed the smart phone with required sensors, process their data, store in the memory.Further, these data can be transmitted to a doctor or hospital authority for future references using an application designed in the same smart phone. The system can be used to suggest some precautions and also remedies for the user, if these body parameters are outside the normal range. This makes the smart phone really the smartest.
SMART PHONE FOR PERSONAL HEALTH CARE MONITORING SYSTEMijics
Health is of great concern for everyone. Both investment and efforts on health monitoring, care and maintenance are ever increasing. Smart phones are affordable for every one nowadays. This paper discusses an innovative method ofdesigninga smart phone based health care system which can measure some of the body parameters such as temperature, pulse rate and blood glucose level. The key
feature here is to embed the smart phone with required sensors, process their data, store in the memory.
Further, these data can be transmitted to a doctor or hospital authority for future references using an
application designed in the same smart phone. The system can be used to suggest some precautions and
also remedies for the user, if these body parameters are outside the normal range. This makes the smart phone really the smartest.
Health is of great concern for everyone. Both investment and efforts on health monitoring, care and
maintenance are ever increasing. Smart phones are affordable for every one nowadays.
This paper discusses an innovative method ofdesigninga smart phone based health care system which can
measure some of the body parameters such as temperature, pulse rate and blood glucose level. The key
feature here is to embed the smart phone with required sensors, process their data, store in the memory.
Further, these data can be transmitted to a doctor or hospital authority for future references using an
application designed in the same smart phone. The system can be used to suggest some precautions and
also remedies for the user, if these body parameters are outside the normal range. This makes the smart
phone really the smartest.
The ICD-11 is the eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases. It will replace the ICD-10 as the global standard for coding health information and causes of death. The ICD is developed and annually updated by the World Health Organization
Predictive and Preventive Care: Metabolic Diseasesasclepiuspdfs
South Asians have a very high incidence of ischemic heart disease and stroke. In addition, they also have a very high incidence of metabolic diseases such as prehypertension, hypertension, visceral obesity, metabolic syndrome, prediabetes, type-2 diabetes, and its clinical complications. Currently, there are over 75 million diabetic subjects in India and an equal number of prediabetics. Republic of China has taken over India as the diabetes capital of the world, with over 115 million diabetics. Modern medicine is disease focused and has failed to address the prevention of these chronic diseases. According to the reports from the United Nations (Millennium Development Goals [MDGs], the World Health Organization, Global Health Initiatives, and the non-communicable disease risk task force), obesity has increased by 2-fold and type-2 diabetes by 4-fold worldwide. Experts in this field predict that chances of meeting the MDGs set by the UN members of reducing the incidence of these diseases at 2025 to the level of 2020 are very little. Western medicine has failed to reduce or reverse the trend in the incidence of these diseases. We feel that an integrated approach to health care may be a better option, to reduce the disease burden in developing and resource-poor countries. Having said that, one cannot prevent something that one is not aware of, as such it is the need of the hour for us, to develop a robust predictive and preventive health-care platform. In an earlier article, we presented our views on reducing or reversing cardiometabolic diseases. There is great enthusiasm among the health-care providers and professional bodies that integration of emerging technologies will help develop personalized, precision medicine, as well as reduce the cost of health-care worldwide.
Various Data Mining Techniques for Diabetes Prognosis: A Reviewijtsrd
Most of the food we eat is converted to glucose, or sugar which is used for energy. When you have diabetes, your body either doesnt make enough insulin or cannot use its own insulin as well as it should. This causes sugar to build up in your blood leading to complications like heart disease, stroke, neuropathy, poor circulation leading to loss of limbs, blindness, kidney failure, nerve damage, and death. Data mining adopts a series of pattern recognition technologies and statistical and mathematical techniques to discover the possible rules or relationships that govern the data in the databases. Data mining plays an important role in data prediction. There are different types of diseases predicted in data mining namely Hepatitis, Lung Cancer, Liver disorder, Breast cancer, Thyroid disease, Diabetes etc¦ This paper analyzes the Diabetes predictions. Misba Reyaz | Gagan Dhawan"Various Data Mining Techniques for Diabetes Prognosis: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12927.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/12927/various-data-mining-techniques-for-diabetes-prognosis-a-review/misba-reyaz
Non-invasive glucose monitoring devices: A reviewjournalBEEI
Diabetes is a growing chronic disease that affect millions of people in the world. Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels in patients is necessary to keep the disease under control. Current methods of blood glucose monitoring devices are typically invasive, causing discomfort to the patients. Non-invasive glucose monitoring devices are a possible game changer for diabetic patients as it reduces discomfort and provides continuous monitoring. This manuscript presents a review of non-invasive glucose biosensors with particular focus on leading technologies available in the market, such as microwave sensing, near-infrared spectroscopy, iontophoresis, and optical methods. This paper intends to describe non-invasive blood glucose monitoring methods using various biological fluids (sweat, saliva, interstitial fluid, urine), highlighting the advantages and drawbacks in latest device development. This review also discusses future trends of glucose detection devices and how it will improve patients’ quality of life.
This Presentation is Briefly Discussing Diabetes in General,
Anti-Diabetic Venomous Animals and the Role of Naja Naja Snake Venom in The Treatment of it.
Bioreactors are essential in tissue
engineering, not only because they provide an
in vitro environment mimicking in vivo conditions
for the growth of tissue substitutes, but also
because they enable systematic studies of the
responses of living tissues to various mechanical
and biochemical cues.
DIFFUSION BASED AND VASCULAR CONSTRUCTS, TRANSPORT OF NUTRIENTS AND METABOLITES Vijay Raj Yanamala
he biggest challenge in the field of tissue engineering remains mass transfer
limitations. This is the limiting factor in the size of any tissue construct grown in vitro.
Within the body, most cells are found no more than 100–200mm from the nearest
capillary, with this spacing providing sufficient diffusion of oxygen, nutrients, and waste
products to support and maintain viable tissue. Likewise, when tissues grown in the
laboratory are implanted into the body, this diffusion limitation allows only cells within
100–200mm from the nearest capillary to survive.
Thus, it is critical that a tissue be pre-vascularized before implantation with proper
consideration given to the cell and tissue type, oxygen and nutrient diffusion rates, overall
construct size, and integration with host vasculature. In the laboratory, limited diffusion
of oxygen is the primary reason that construction of tissues greater than a few hundred
microns in thickness is currently not practicable.
Approaches to address this problem generally fall into six major categories:
scaffold functionalization,
cell-based techniques,
bioreactor designs,
(d)microelectromechanical systems(MEMS)–related approaches,
modular assembly,
in vivo systems
DIFFUSION BASED AND VASCULAR CONSTRUCTS, TRANSPORT OF NUTRIENTS AND METABOLITES Vijay Raj Yanamala
Tissue Engineering is the study of the growth of new connective tissues, or organs, from cells and a collagenous scaffold to produce a fully functional organ for implantation back into the donor host. It also refers to the application of engineering principles to the design of tissue replacements, usually formed from cells and biomolecules. Tissue engineering is a fast growing area of research that aims to create tissue equivalents of blood vessels, heart muscle, nerves, cartilage, bone, and other organs for replacement of tissue either damaged through disease or trauma. As an interdisciplinary field, principles from biological, chemical, electrical, materials science, and mechanical engineering are employed in research and development. Concepts and discoveries from the fields of molecular and cell biology, physiology and immunology are also readily incorporated into research activities for tissue engineering. Recent advancements in stem cell research provide exciting opportunities of using stem cells for regeneration of tissues and organs.
The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) is a government body which was set up in 2003 to bring together the functions of the Medicines Control Agency (MCA) and the Medical Devices Agency (MDA).
The Agency has the power to withdraw a product from the market, and in the case of medicines, to suspend production. The Agency can also prosecute a manufacturer or distributor if the law has been broken. The regulations need to be robust enough to protect the public’s health, and this costs money. The MHRA is funded largely by public monies from government for the regulation of devices, and by fees from the pharmaceutical industry for the regulation of medicines.
RAS (reticular activating system) is a set of connected nuclei responsible for regulating wakefulness and sleep wake transitions. RAS has both cholinergic and adrenergic components.
Anatomical components of RAS are
• Mid-brain reticular formation,
• Dorsal hypo-thalamus,
• Thalamic intra laminar nuclei,
• Tegmentum
Leucodepletion is a technical term for the removal of leucocytes (white blood cells) from blood components using special filters.
The leucocytes present in donated blood play no therapeutic role in transfusion and may be a cause of adverse transfusion reactions.
Removal of leucocytes may therefore have a number of potential benefits for transfusion recipients.
In medical field, a catheter is a thin tube made from biomaterial material that
has wide range of uses. Catheters are medical devices that can be inserted in the
body to treat diseases or perform a surgical procedure. Catheters are mainly used
in cardiovascular, urological, gastrointestinal, neurovascular, and ophthalmic
surgical applications.
Catheters can be inserted into a body cavity, duct, or vessel. Functionally, they
allow drainage, administration of fluids or gases, access by surgical instruments,
and also perform a wide variety of other tasks depending on the type of catheter.
The process of inserting a catheter is catheterization. In most uses, catheter is a
thin, flexible tube though catheters are available in varying levels of stiffness
depending on the application. A catheter left inside the body, either temporarily or permanently, may be referred to as an indwelling catheter.
2. YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ
LIST OF DEPARTMENTS VISITED IN CMC VELLORE AS PART OF CLINICAL ROTATION:
1. Cardiology
2. Child Health
3. Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology
4. Community Health and Development (CHAD)
5. Developmental Pediatrics
6. Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
7. ENT
8. General Surgery & Colorectal Surgery
9. Low Cost Effective Care Unit
10. Neonatology
11. Nuclear Medicine
12. Orthopaedics
13. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
14. Pulmonary medicine
15. Radiation Therapy
16. Neurosciences
17. Transfusion Medicine & Immunohematology – Clinical Pathology
3. YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ
1) Cardiology:
Cardiology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the heart be it human or animal.
The field includes medical diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery
disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology.
The following Equipments functioning and its role in diagnosis of patients are studied.
Cardiac Monitors
Cardiac Ultrasound Machines
Vascular Ultrasound Machines
EKG Machines
Defibrillators
Intra-Aortic Ballon Pumps
Heart-Lung Bypass Machines
Stress Test System
Infusion Pump
Vascular Doppler
AED-Automated External Defibrillators
Vascular Stunts
Pacemakers
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Echocardiogram
Exercise stress test (EST)
Holter Monitor
Problems Identified in Cardiology Department:
A) Optiminal functional Stents:
Solution:
i) Usage of bio-degradable stunts, for reduction of immunogenic reactions at long term usage.
ii) Usage of drug delivery polymer stunt, that can deliver certain doses of drug at regular
interval of times,
B) Mobile application that creates a easy interface between patient and doctor.
4. YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ
Solution: Mobile based database system, where data saved from mobile, and viewed or accessed
by doctor at hospital. By this way the patient need not visit hospital regularly to report his
health parameters.
2) Child Health:
The Child Health Department of CMC has 3 units. A separate Pediatric Casualty is under Child
Health. This gives emergency services to children.
Child Health Unit I:
Apart from giving general medical care to children, the Child Health Unit I looks after children
with:
• Haemato-oncology (eg leukaemia & cancers)
• Endocrine problems ( hormone problem, short stature,obesity, hypothyroidism and
diabetes mellitus)
• Infectious diseases(HIV/AIDS)
Child Health Unit II:
Apart from giving general medical care to children, the Child Health Unit II looks after
children with:
• Kidney problems( complicated nephrotic syndrome, Nephritis, Chronic renal failure
and other renal problems.)
• Rheumatic conditions ( joint diseases)
Child Health Unit III:
Child Health Unit III is mainly general Pediatric (children's) Care and specializes in children
with Asthma
(Wheeze, cough and short of breath)
PROBLEMS:
A) Squeeze machine
5. YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ
Solution: Squeeze Machine is a hug machine, also known as a hug box, a squeeze machine, or a
squeeze box, designed to calm hypersensitive persons, usually individuals with autism
spectrum disorders.
B) Flow rate controller setup for Dialysis machine in PICU
Solution:
In general Dialysis setup, flow rate of filtered blood entering back into body is not present. This
hampers the flexibility of doctors to control the fluid entering body. As different patients (both
old and young) need different flow rate, a dire need devolved to design and implement flow
rate controller system.
By placing flow rate sensor at the junction between the dialyzer and the tube that delivers fluid
to body, and flow rate is automated by connecting value that regulates the flow rate to
microcontroller.
7. YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ
3) Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology:
Rheumatology department cares for people with arthritis (painful joints) and other problems
caused when the body “attacks itself” - Systemic Autoimmune Connective Tissue Diseases.
The following Equipments are observed in the department.
FACSAria II
LSRII
FACScan
Flow Cytometer
TreeStar
ELISA
General Work flow in immunology department:
Rheumatology looks after:
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Scleroderma (Systemic sclerosis)
Polymyositis / Dermatomyositis
Crystal arthropathies
8. YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ
PROBLEMS:
A) Reynolds phenomenon:
In medicine, Raynaud phenomenon is excessively reduced blood flow in response to cold or
emotional stress, causing discoloration of the fingers, toes, and occasionally other areas. Blood
capillaries at the fingertip are damaged, and based on this several diagnostic methods are
devised.
Solution:
i) Small Equipments that work on the principle of Doppler Effect can be devised.
ii) Thermal sensing imaging based techniques can be made utilized in designing equipment.
9. YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ
4) Community Health and Development (CHAD):
CMC’s Community Health Department and its Community Health and Development program,
popularly known as CHAD, is a true example of the fine balance between training and service
to the community. It is the manifestation of CMC’s philosophy of maintaining and expanding
its focus on tertiary care while augmenting community health work. Over half a century, the
department has grown manifold and attracted people all over the world.
10. YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ
PROBLEMS:
1) Digitalize the work flow, thereby reducing the communication gap between cadres
associated with CHAD
Solution:
Windows based form application
5). Endocrine:
Endocrine department treats patients diagnosed with diabetes, The department of
Endocrinology looks after patients with hormone problems and abnormal metabolism.
Common Endocrine Problems treated are:
Diabetes (sugar in the blood)
Thyroid disorders ( thyroid swelling, thyroid cancer, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism)
Irregular menstruation (oligomenorrhoea & Amenorrhoea)
Obesity (overweight)
Short stature (being too short)
Tall stature (being too tall)
Young hypertension (age less than 30years)
Menopausal symptoms
PROBLEMS:
11. YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ
A) Diabetics OPD Database Management:
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism have specific
requirements to be included in OPD form which is not always needed.
New columns that meet the need of department has to added to present OPD
form, and unnecessary column deleted.
Need to digitalize patient’s medical records in specific format.
Need to have a sorting software that can sort patients based on their diagnostic
condition mentioned in OPD form.
Save, retrieve, sorting of data for diabetes I form, Mody genetic testing form
SOLUTION:
A windows form based application, which is used as a platform to display the digital
version of OPD Form.
Application connected to MYSQL Database, which stores the entry values in application.
Separate tables created under the same Schema (database name).
Data-grid view that displayed the stored values.
Print (Save as PDF) option for the displayed data on data-grid view.
Give remote access to different PC in department to database, so that all doctors in the
respective department can save data.
Sorting out the data saved based on how it needs to be sorted out.
Login ID & Password for restricted access to everyone.
Provision to copy the data /sorted out data in excel.
Make form more flexible by adding radio buttons, checkboxes.
IP address tracker for IP address tracking for the required PC.
Windows player, picture viewer, pdf reader included in application.
Search option for listing out required patient from the stored data.
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B) OPD Diseaseswise Database Mgnt
SOLUTION: Windows database management application using C# and MySQL database.
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C) Continues Glucose Monitoring Systems
SOLUTION: Biomedical equipment for monitoring insulin levels daily + 7 days + monthly
report systems
and connect the equipment with alarm system or sms alerts to doctors/nurses, so that
immediate actions can be taken.
Target Before food After food
Normal 4.0 to 5.9 mmol/L under 7.8 mmol/L
Type 2 diabetes 4 to 7 mmol/L under 8.5 mmol/L
Type 1 diabetes 4 to 8 mmol/L under 10 mmol/L
Glucose Biosensors:
Couple glucose downstream metabolic pathway, with electrochemical sensor.
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ATP-> ADP + Pi
Pi can be detected by the following enzymes ( chemiluminescent ) :
ATP sulfurylase, luciferase and apyrase, and with the substrates adenosine 5´ phosphosulfate
(APS) and luciferin.
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Solution 2: Detection of glucose by laser:
D) Bio informatics analysis of mutated proteins in mody diabetes:
Pdx1, neuroD1 and mafa genes mutation are found be responsible for the mody diabetes onset
in younger population. The tertiary structures of proteins are not available on PDB. Hence the
models of proteins are predicted using online servers. And the proteins are docked and the
docking score of mutated protein docked pdb is compared with the wild protein docked protein
pdb and results are inferred.
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6) Developmental Pediatrics:
The Developmental Paediatrics department works with children who are different to most
other children. For example they may not walk the same, or speak the same or have some
abnormality.
About one in every 10 children born have something that makes them different. Some people
call this a disability, here it is seen as a neuro-developmental need. The unit wants to show the
children that they are loved as they are. The unit tries not to make children feel like “patients”.
So it is called a unit and has a hall of residence (not a ward).
The department does outpatient assessment and then outpatient treatment. The Hall of
Residence (ward) lets children stay with their family for “inpatient” treatment.
Development Pediatrics looks after children with:
Dysembryogenic state – problems when the baby was growing in the mother’s womb.
Feto-placental insufficiency – the baby did not get enough oxygen, food etc from the
placenta.
Antenatal complications – problems before baby is born.
Peri and neonatal insults - problems during childbirth or soon afterwards.
Neurodegenerative illnesses – illnesses of the nerves and brain, usually genetic (in the
genes).
Neuro-developmental delays and behavior dysfunctions – children who are slow doing
the things other normal children do. Others have behavioral problems or are very noisy
etc.
The following activities in the department are noted,
Early learning center
Sleep monitoring
Terrace therapy outside
Playroom
Nutrition Education
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Sleep Hygiene Practices
Sensory motor observatory room
PROBLEMS:
A) Learning app for AUTISTIC KIDS
Solution:
To design an android app using android studio and MIT app inventor.
B) Communication device (hardware)
Solution:
To design a hardware kit with some buttons and audio in different languages.
7) ENT:
Department of ENT at CMC Vellore are mainly focused on the treatment of ear, nose and throat
conditions in adults and children. This will include problems in hearing and deafness, ringing
in the ears, vertigo (dizziness), noses that are very stuffy or runny all the time, tonsil problems,
cancers of the ENT areas etc.
The following Equipments functions and its working principles are analyzed.
Endoscopy
Stroboscope
Voice clinics
Audio-vestibular clinics
Further the following instruments are seen
Pure tone audiometry
Auditory brainstem response (ABR) audiometry
Auditory Steady-State Response (ASSR
Oto-acoustic emission testing (OAE)
Electrocochleography & Videonystagmography
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Hearing Aid trial
Neonatal screening
Speech assessment
Voice analysis and therapy
PROBLEMS:
A) Low cost ABR Testing Machine
B) Low cost OAE Testing Machine
Solutions:
Cost effective designing of equipment can bring down the cost.
8. Surgery
The following problems are reported by doctors when we visited surgery department as part of
clinical rotation.
PROBLEMS:
A) Detection of Intestinal Anastomosis leakage.
Anastomotic leakage (AL) is defined as intestinal content leaking into the peritoneal
cavity through an anastomotic defect.
Consequently colonic bacteria like Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis spread
throughout the peritoneal cavity possibly leading to peritonitis.
This, in turn, may lead to sepsis and mortality.
SOLUTION:
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i) Bio-medical equipment can be designed based on the following physiological factors.Analysis
of peritoneal drain fluid after colorectal surgery.
E.coli present in drain,
Cytokines present in drain due to inflammation,
Acute phase protein present in drain,
IR spectrum comparison between control and subject drain,
ii) Ecoli based detection techniques:
• PCR techniques
• Florescent techniques
• Flow cytometer
• Monoclonal targeting
iii) Dye based techniques: Nonyl Acridine Orange for ecoli detection
iv) Visualization of Phospholipid Domains in Escherichia coli by Using the Cardiolipin-Specific
Fluorescent Dye 10-N-Nonyl Acridine Orange.
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Mono-clonal based Ecoli detection:
Target Ecoli by mono-clonal antibodies
Immuno-Complex precipitation detection
Several biomarkers of infection, namely C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin
(PCT), have been shown to be useful in the diagnosis of infection.
C-reactive protein (CRP) detection by immune-turbidimetric method.
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9) Low Cost Effective Care Unit
CMC’s holistic understanding of health and healing calls for accessible, quality primary care
backed up by strong tertiary care services. Decades of experience serving a region with
endemic poverty and barriers to well-being (i.e. lack of education, unemployment, poor water
quality and hygiene systems, drought-plagued agricultural areas) are reflected in CMC’s
leadership in community health.
Working with the urban poor in Vellore, LCECU staff come face-to-face with unthinkable
living conditions, heartbreaking and complex illness, injury, loss, poverty—all exposing the
grave disparities in healthcare that exist in India. LCECU staff approach their work with a
distinct philosophy of empowerment, respect, dignity and compassion. They immerse
themselves in the very personal aspects of individual care. Staff work to ensure that each
person is empowered with enough knowledge and skill to understand his or her condition and
make informed decisions. In the context of extreme poverty, where the extraordinary
interventions common in the U.S. are not practical or necessarily appropriate, the individual in
the LCECU’s care is given unexpected control and dignity.
Established in 1983, the LCECU works from a small outpatient clinic and 46-bed general
practice facility attached to the Schell Eye Hospital in Vellore City. Most LCECU staff are Family
Physicians, specialists within the community health field who focus is on the individual in the
context of the family and community. The Family Physician is actually a highly trained
generalist who has a unique level of knowledge in primary and secondary care and refers out
for tertiary care. The delivery of individualized primary care takes into account the socio-
economic circumstances in an area, and does not go outside of an efficient, low-cost approach.
Medical tests are only ordered if they have the potential to change a diagnosis. Medication is
prescribed based only on its effectiveness and affordability.
PROBLEMS:
A) Digitalize the communication gap:
GPS based mobile app to save location of the visits, by social workers.
B) Database for saving and sorting visits based on location and patient diagnostic condition.
Mobile based application, using MySQL Lite Database.
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10) Neonatology:
The department treats newborn babies that are born early and small or that get sick shortly
after being born.
According to department 9000 babies are born in CMC each year. Some will need to be
ventilated, others may need antibiotics. Most babies then grow up to be fit and well. After
discharge from the nursery, these babies are followed up in the High Risk Infant Clinic (HRIC).
These babies have a multi-disciplinary assessment by a team of physicians, occupational
therapists, physiotherapists and developmental pediatricians. An eye and hearing are also
assessed.
Assessment and counseling for high-risk mothers and their families in the Perinatal Clinic is an
important service. Often, they can take fluid from around the baby in the womb and look at the
baby's chromosomes. This will say if the baby is OK or if there is a problem.
The following equipments are seen in department and its importance in department are
learned from supervisor allocated to us for clinical visit.
Bililights
Blood pressure monitor
Cardiopulmonary monitor
Central line
C-PAP (continuous positive airway pressure)
Endotracheal tube
Incubator
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Intravenous line
Nasal cannula or nasal prongs
Oxygen hood
Pulse oximeter
Radiant warmer
Respirator
Umbilical catheter
Ventilator
PROBLEMS:
A) Low cost incubator:
SOLUTION: With heating coil and automated control of temperature using microcontroller via
thermistor.
11) Nuclear Medicine:
Nuclear medicine is a medical specialty involving the application of radioactive substances in
the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
The list of equipments seen in department are categorized as follows
Camera/Computer Systems
Camera, planar only
Camera, with SPECT
Camera, dual head, planar
Camera, dual head, SPECT
Camera, multi-head (3-4 heads)
CT imaging system
Attenuation correction for SPECT
Nuclear medicine-specific computer
PET system
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Display Media
Formatter, multi-imager
Laser printer
Dry film
Video system
Teleradiology (modem)
PACS image storage
Quality Control Equipment
Flat-field flood source (fillable)
Co57 sheet source
Planar spatial resolution phantom
3-dimensional SPECT phantom
Sealed sources, including check sources and transmission sources
CT quality control phantom
Non-Imaging Equipment
Dose calibrator
Ionization chamber (Cutie Pie)
G-M meter (Geiger counter)
Gas ventilation delivery system
Gas ventilation trap
Aerosol delivery system
Thyroid probe
Well counter
Mo99/Tc99m generator
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Laboratory Equipment
Centrifuge
Pipettes
Fume hood
Laminar flow hood
Microscope
Patient Care Equipment
Intravenous infusion pump
ECG monitor
Treadmill
O2 saturation monitor (pulse oximeter)
Defibrillator
Glucose meter
IV contrast delivery system
Sphygmomanometer
PROBLEMS:
A) Automated dose dispenser:
Radio-active Iodine is generally used in nuclear medicine department. Small doses are given to
patient diagnosed. Till date manual methods are utilized. An automated method of dispensing
the dose of radioactive Iodine, reduces the effective dose of radioactivity on technicians.
SOLUTION:
Pressure system is employed for dispensing fluid from fluid reservoir, and flow rate sensor are
employed for control dispensing of fluid.
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12) Orthopaedics:
Orthopaedics look after problems of the bones including the spine, arms and legs, the ligaments,
joints like the hands and knees, and the muscles
There are 3 units under orthopaedics,
Orthopaedics unit 1, 2 & 3 - Treat General Adult Orthopaedics problems.
Spinal Disorder Surgery Unit - Takes care of Spinal disorders surgery and back surgery.
Pediatric Orthopaedics unit takes care of children with Orthopaedics and Club foot (children
born with a twisted foot).
29. YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ
PROBLEMS:
A) Design 3D model for Knee joints before surgery to predict the load, movements and other
parameters form CT/X-rays Images.
Solution:
To design a 3d model (dummy) using the knee navigation software and some materials like
ceramics so that we can assess joints before surgery.
30. YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ
13) Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
The department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation is a large interdisciplinary team of
doctors, nurses, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, speech therapists, social workers,
psychologist, prosthetists and orthotists. This team works together in maximizing the health
and functional abilities of people with disabilities. The department provides outpatient and
inpatient services for persons with physical/neurological impairments due to conditions such
as
Spinal Cord Injury
Brain Injury due to trauma and other causes
Stroke
Developmental disorders such as cerebral palsy, spinal dysraphism
Amputations of the extremities
Rheumatological conditions
Haemophilia
Neuromuscular disorders
Chronic pain
PROBLEM:
Exoskeleton for Rehab
SOLUTION:
A robotic suit that helps the survivors of stroke, spinal cord injury and other forms of lower
extremity weakness to walk again. The robotic exoskeleton will change the course of recovery
in gait training and neuro rehabilitation by augmenting not only the individual’s strength, but
the therapist’s ability to work with their patients.
32. YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ
14) PULMONARY MEDICINE:
A pulmonologist, or pulmonary disease specialist, is a physician who possesses specialized
knowledge and skill in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary (lung) conditions and
diseases.
As part of rotation the following are observed in the department.
Spirometry
Lung volume measurements by Nitrogen wash out & Helium dilution
Body plethysmography
Diffusing capacity measurements, by CO diffusion
Bronchoprovocation testing
Respiratory muscle strength testing
Impulse oscillometry
Rhinomanometry
Fibreoptic, video & rigid bronchoscopy
Therapeutic bronchoscopy – Argon plasma coagulation and Electro surgery
Thoracoscopy using flexi-rigid/rigid thoracoscope
Airway stenting
Balloon bronchosplasty
Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)
Chest sonography & guided procedures.
PROBLEMS: not reported.
15) Radiation Therapy:
The department is leading cancer center in the country with facilities available for delivery of
radiotherapy using state of the art high precision radiotherapy techniques such as Stereotactic
irradiation(Stereotactic Radiosurgery / Stereotactic Radiotherapy), 3Dimensional Conformal
Radiotherapy (3DCRT), Intensity modulated therapy (IMRT) and Image Guided Radiotherapy
(IGRT). The patients are treated either as inpatient or as an outpatient based on necessity.
The following are observed in the department.
33. YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ
Theratron 780C
PRIMUS Linear Accelerator
Clinac 2100C/D Linear Accelerator
HDR Brachytherapy
3D PLATO Treatment Planning System
Varian Radiotherapy Simulator
Eclipse Planning System
BrainLAB Stereotactic system
PROBLEMS: Not reported.
16) NEUROLOGY:
The Neurology unit handles all kinds of neurological problems, both acute and chronic.
Patients with acute stroke, Guillain Barre Syndrome and myasthenic crisis and cerebral
hypoxia (hanging) are some of the acute cases admitted for treatment. We have experience in
treatment of immune mediated diseases of the nervous system and we get referrals from all
over India. Plasma exchange is being done for patients with Guillain Barre Syndrome, acute
disseminated encephalomyelitis and myasthenia gravis. Our unit does conventional machine
plasma exchange and also manual plasma exchange. Manual plasme exchange is a very cost
effective modality of treatment for patients with Guillain Barre Syndrome.
NEUROSURGERY
The Section of Neurosurgery is divided into units, Neurosurgery Unit-1 and Neurosurgery
Unit-2 for the purpose of efficient delivery of patient care. All brain and spine disorders are
managed by both units.
1. NEUROSURGERY UNIT I
2. NEUROSURGERY UNIT II
Brain:
Brain tumors form the commonest disorder treated including gliomas, meningiomas, pituitary
adenomas, craniopharyngiomas, vestibular schwannomas and intraventricular tumors. Other
34. YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ
disorders treated include hydrocephalus, intractable epilepsy, movement disorders, infections
such as pyogenic abscesses, tuberculosis, fungal infections and cysticercosis.
Spine:
Degenerative spine disorders, cervical and lumbar are managed by both units with modern
instrumentation techniques. Spinal dysraphism and congenital craniovertebral junction
anomalies are commonly treated. We also manage spine infections and trauma. Of particular
note is the management of spine and spinal cord tumors, both intramedullary and
extramedullary.
Equipment:
The operation theaters are well equipped with microscopes, high speed drill systems, Ultrasonic
surgical aspirators, endoscopic equipment for pituitary and intraventricular surgeries and
stereotactic systems. Also available are intraoperative ultrasound for imaging and
intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring. We also perform stereotactic radiosurgery for
brain tumors and AVMs.
Although conventional stereotactic surgery was initiated in the Department in 1960 with a
Bertrand stereotactic frame, the modern era of image guided stereotactic surgery using the
Brown Robert Wells (BRW) system was introduced in 1987. Since then over 1800 stereotactic
surgeries have been performed in the Department. There are 2 stereotactic frames (BRW and
CRW) and an MR compatible frame (CRW) and lesion generator (Radionics RFG 3B).
We introduced Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS) and Stereotactic Radiotherapy (SRT) for the first
time in India in June 1995 using the X Knife, LINAC based system, Since then over 500 SRS and
SRT procedures have been done. This program offers the most economical package for these
procedures.
INTRAOPERATIVE MONITORING
The Neurophysiology laboratory handles Intraoperative monitoring procedures. Full-fledged
Intraoperative monitoring (IOM) procedures were started in the year 1991. At present facilities
and expertise are available to monitor patients who are considered to be at risk during
neurosurgical procedures. Several techniques have been standardized to suit our requirements.
35. YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ
At present it is feasible to monitor patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures for spinal
cord, brain stem and cortex. The following techniques are employed -
a. Spinal cord surgeries such as intramedullary tumours, Scoliosis correction,
arteriovenous malformations and tethered cord cases we use motor evoked potentials (MEP)
and direct nerve stimulation techniques.
b. For intrinsic brain stem mass, cerebello-pontine angle tumours, we localize motor
nuclei, monitor facial nerve. For brachial plexus nerve injuries we identify branches and assess
their functional status. For microvascular decompression cases brain stem auditory evoked
responses (BAER) can be done.
c. Central sulcus localization is done using SSEP monitoring. Direct cortical stimulation is
done under general anaesthesia for localization of primary motor areas, and in awake
craniotomies to localize the speech areas. Aneurysm surgeries are also done under SSEP
monitoring.
d. In epilepsy surgeries we do corticograms using grid electrodes and depth electrodes to
localize epileptic areas.
PROBLEMS:
App to measure the falls
Solution:
Android based app to measure the number of falls in patients affected by epilepsy.
36. YANAMALA VIJAY RAJ
17. Transfusion Medicine & Immunohematology – Clinical Pathology:
PROBLEMS:
a. Malaria detection kit (cost effective) using pressure transducer
b. Automated blood group testing using od detection system
18. Cell culture lab:
a. Continuous monitoring of cell culture growth using strain gauges
19. Biochemistry lab:
a. Low cost spectrophotometry using light sensors
b. Low cost microscope using lasers
c. Low cost flow cytometer using lasers
d automated ELISA analyzers using photo diodes