Chapter_051
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This document discusses antiemetic and antinausea agents used to treat nausea and vomiting. It describes the vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brain that stimulate vomiting when activated. Various classes of antiemetics work by blocking pathways in these areas, including anticholinergic, antihistamine, neuroleptic, prokinetic, serotonin blocking, and tetrahydrocannabinoid agents. Common side effects stem from the nonselective blockade of various receptors. Nursing implications include assessing nausea history, monitoring for therapeutic and adverse effects, and warning patients about risks of drowsiness or hypotension.
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This document discusses antiemetic and antinausea drugs. It describes how these drugs work to relieve nausea and vomiting by blocking pathways in the brain that stimulate the vomiting reflex, such as the vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone. The document outlines several classes of antiemetic drugs including anticholinergics, antihistamines, antidopaminergics, prokinetics, serotonin blockers, and tetrahydrocannabinoids. Each class is described in terms of its mechanism of action and examples of specific drugs used to prevent and reduce nausea and vomiting.
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This document summarizes different types of antiemetic drugs. It discusses emetics that induce vomiting such as apomorphine and ipecacuanha. It then covers various classes of antiemetics including anticholinergics, H1 antihistamines, neuroleptics, prokinetic drugs, 5-HT3 antagonists, and NK1 receptor antagonists. For each class, it provides examples of drugs, their mechanisms of action, dosages, and trade names. The document aims to comprehensively review pharmacology of both emetic and antiemetic medications.
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Drugs for vomiting
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This document discusses various classes of drugs used to treat and prevent nausea and vomiting. It outlines anticholinergics, antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists, prokinetic drugs, and adjuvants. For each class, it provides examples of commonly used drugs, their mechanisms of action, dosages, advantages, and side effects. The document also compares specific drugs within classes in terms of onset, duration, routes of administration, and side effect profiles.
Antiemetic drugs
This document summarizes the neuronal pathways, receptors, and pharmacological treatments involved in nausea and vomiting. It describes:
1) The neuronal pathways from the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brainstem to the vomiting center that mediate the vomiting reflex.
2) The types of receptors in the brainstem and gastrointestinal tract that are stimulated to cause nausea and vomiting.
3) The classes of drugs that act on these receptors, including 5-HT3 antagonists, antihistamines, cannabinoids, and dopamine antagonists.
Manikandan_antiemetics
This document discusses various classes of drugs used as antiemetics and their mechanisms of action. It addresses the following key points:
1. Serotonin 5-HT3 antagonists like ondansetron, granisetron, and dolasetron are very effective antiemetics for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. However, ondansetron would not be effective for motion sickness because the vestibular nuclei responsible for motion sickness only have muscarinic and H1 histaminic receptors.
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Lecture slides for MBBS Undergraduate Medical students. Study material was taken from Essentials of pharmacology by KD Tripathi. Figures were searched from google.
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This document discusses antiemetic and antinausea drugs. It describes how these drugs work to relieve nausea and vomiting by blocking pathways in the brain that stimulate the vomiting reflex, such as the vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone. The document outlines several classes of antiemetic drugs including anticholinergics, antihistamines, antidopaminergics, prokinetics, serotonin blockers, and tetrahydrocannabinoids. Each class is described in terms of its mechanism of action and examples of specific drugs used to prevent and reduce nausea and vomiting.
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This document summarizes the neuronal pathways, receptors, and pharmacological treatments involved in nausea and vomiting. It describes:
1) The neuronal pathways from the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brainstem to the vomiting center that mediate the vomiting reflex.
2) The types of receptors in the brainstem and gastrointestinal tract that are stimulated to cause nausea and vomiting.
3) The classes of drugs that act on these receptors, including 5-HT3 antagonists, antihistamines, cannabinoids, and dopamine antagonists.
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This document discusses various classes of drugs used as antiemetics and their mechanisms of action. It addresses the following key points:
1. Serotonin 5-HT3 antagonists like ondansetron, granisetron, and dolasetron are very effective antiemetics for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. However, ondansetron would not be effective for motion sickness because the vestibular nuclei responsible for motion sickness only have muscarinic and H1 histaminic receptors.
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Premedication
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Antiemetics are drugs used to treat nausea and vomiting. They work by blocking receptors in the brain and gastrointestinal tract that trigger vomiting. The major types of antiemetics include 5-HT3 receptor antagonists like ondansetron, dopamine antagonists like metoclopramide, NK1 receptor antagonists like aprepitant, antihistamines, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines, anticholinergics, steroids, and prokinetic drugs. Each type works by a different mechanism to reduce nausea and vomiting by blocking receptor sites in the brain or gastrointestinal tract.
PERINORM INJECTION
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The document discusses the pathophysiology and treatment of vomiting and nausea. It defines vomiting, nausea, and retching. The vomiting center is located in the medulla and receives input from the GI tract, chemoreceptor trigger zone, and vestibular apparatus. Common causes of vomiting that stimulate the vomiting center are GI irritation, chemotherapy, and motion sickness. Common antiemetics that act on receptors in the vomiting center and trigger zone include 5-HT3 antagonists, dopamine D2 antagonists, H1 antihistamines, anticholinergics, cannabinoids, and NK1 receptor antagonists. Ondansetron is effective for chemotherapy and postoperative nausea but not for motion sickness which acts
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This document discusses the pathophysiology of vomiting and its control. It begins by outlining the various central and peripheral mechanisms that can trigger vomiting, including inputs from the vestibular system, enteric nervous system, and various visceral afferents. It then describes the receptors and neurotransmitters involved, including 5-HT3, dopamine D2, muscarinic, and histamine H1 receptors. Common antiemetic drugs are grouped based on their mechanisms of action, such as 5-HT3 antagonists and antihistamines. The roles of various drug classes like phenothiazines, neurokinin-1 antagonists, and cannabinoids are explained. Antiemetic treatment for nausea and vomiting
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Pre-anaesthetic medication refers to drugs administered before anesthesia to improve safety and patient experience. These drugs can relieve anxiety, cause amnesia, potentiate the effects of anesthetics, decrease secretions, reduce nausea and vomiting, and decrease gastric acid. Common pre-anesthetic medications include benzodiazepines for anxiety relief, opioids for analgesia, anticholinergics to reduce secretions, neuroleptics for anxiety and nausea relief, and proton pump inhibitors or H2 blockers to reduce gastric acid and risk of aspiration. The goals of pre-anesthetic medication are to provide patient comfort before and after surgery and to create optimal conditions for safe and effective anesthesia administration.
Anti migraine drugs
Migraine is a severe headache accompanied by nausea, vomiting, light and sound sensitivity. It is caused by vasodilation of cranial blood vessels. Treatment includes acute medications like triptans and ergot alkaloids to constrict vessels and relieve symptoms. Prophylactic drugs like beta-blockers, antidepressants, and anticonvulsants are used to reduce migraine frequency. Triptans are the most effective acute treatment but can have cardiovascular side effects, while ergot alkaloids are less tolerated but more specific vasoconstrictors. Prophylaxis is recommended for those with frequent or severe migraines.
Antiemetics
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This document provides an overview of different classes of antiemetic drugs, including their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and clinical uses. It discusses 5HT3 antagonists like ondansetron, prokinetic drugs like metoclopramide, neuroleptics, H1 antihistamines, anticholinergics, and corticosteroids like dexamethasone. The document also reviews the pathophysiology of nausea and vomiting, focusing on the role of the chemoreceptor trigger zone and receptors like 5HT3, dopamine D2, muscarinic, and histaminic H1. It provides dosing guidelines for representative drugs in each class.
Pharmacology of adrenergic neuron blockers-Dr.Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc,Lecturer
Dr. Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc( Veterinary pharmacology, TU,Nepal),posted lecturer notes on AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY for B.V.Sc & A.H. 6 th semester veterinary students of College of veterinary science,Nepal Polytechnique Institute, Bharatpur, Bhojard, Chitwan, Nepal.I hope this lecture notes may be beneficial for other Nepalese veterinary students. Please send your comment and suggestion .Email:jibachhashah@gmail.com,moble,00977-9845024121
Chapter_051
This document discusses antiemetic and antinausea agents used to treat nausea and vomiting. It describes the vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brain that stimulate vomiting when activated. It outlines the main mechanisms of action for different classes of antiemetics including anticholinergics, antihistamines, neuroleptics, prokinetics, serotonin blockers, and tetrahydrocannabinoids. It notes the indications for use and side effects of these agents and important nursing implications when administering them.
Antiemetic agents
This document discusses various antiemetic agents used to treat nausea and vomiting. It begins by outlining common causes of nausea and vomiting and the pathophysiology involving the vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brainstem. It then summarizes the mechanisms and clinical uses of major classes of antiemetics including 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, corticosteroids, neurokinin 1 receptor antagonists, phenothiazines, substituted benzamides, anticholinergics, antihistamines, benzodiazepines, and cannabinoids. Adverse effects and drug interactions are also briefly mentioned for each class.
22.antiemetic, laxative, antidiarrhoeal
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Antiemetics
This is an overview of drugs used to control nausea and vomiting. This presentation was for 2nd year pharmacy students as part of a pharmacology & toxicology course and accompanies Goodman & Gilman's (12e) chapter 46.
Anti emetics
This document discusses anti-emetic drugs used to treat nausea and vomiting. It begins by describing the physiology of vomiting and the mechanisms of emesis. It then covers the mechanisms and classifications of various anti-emetic drugs, including 5-HT3 antagonists, dopamine receptor antagonists, antihistamines, anticholinergics, neurokinin receptor antagonists, corticosteroids, cannabinoids, and others. It concludes by discussing the different types of vomiting and the anti-emetic drugs used to treat conditions like motion sickness, morning sickness, chemotherapy-induced nausea, post-operative nausea, and vomiting of varied origin.
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Dr. Pavulraj.S., a veterinary pathologist and research fellow at the National Research Centre of Equines in India, provides an overview of antiemetics. He defines antiemetics as drugs that control vomiting through central or local effects. Centrally-acting antiemetics block receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone or depress the medulla, while locally-acting antiemetics protect the GI epithelium. He describes the clinical applications, mechanisms of action, dosages, preparations, adverse effects and drug interactions of several classes of antiemetics including phenothiazines, antimuscarinics like metoclopramide and domperidone, and 5-HT3
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Pre-anesthetic medication is used to safely prepare patients for anesthesia and surgery. Sedatives are given to reduce anxiety before surgery and commonly include morphine, barbiturates, and tranquilizers. Analgesics like morphine and pethidine are used to reduce pain and the amount of general anesthesia needed. Atropine is used to decrease parasympathetic activity and the secretions caused by drugs like ether. Anti-emetics such as promethazine are administered to reduce post-operative nausea and vomiting.
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Premedication
Premedication refers to drugs administered before anesthesia induction to facilitate anesthesia and reduce anxiety. Commonly used premedication drugs include benzodiazepines like temazepam and diazepam for anxiolysis and amnesia, administered 45-90 minutes before surgery. Additional premedication drugs are given to reduce nausea and vomiting like ranitidine, reduce gastric acid like antacids, and provide analgesia like morphine.
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Vomiting is caused by stimulation of the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata by various triggers like toxins, motion, or brain tumors. The vomiting center can be activated through the chemoreceptor trigger zone, vestibular system, or peripheral receptors. Antiemetics work by blocking receptor sites like histamine H1, dopamine D2, serotonin 5-HT3, and neurokinin NK1 receptors that transmit emetic signals to the vomiting center. The choice of antiemetic depends on the cause of vomiting and may include antihistamines, anticholinergics, dopamine antagonists, 5-HT3 antagonists, NK1 antagonists, corticosteroids, or cannab
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Antiemetics are drugs used to treat nausea and vomiting. They work by blocking receptors in the brain and gastrointestinal tract that trigger vomiting. The major types of antiemetics include 5-HT3 receptor antagonists like ondansetron, dopamine antagonists like metoclopramide, NK1 receptor antagonists like aprepitant, antihistamines, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines, anticholinergics, steroids, and prokinetic drugs. Each type works by a different mechanism to reduce nausea and vomiting by blocking receptor sites in the brain or gastrointestinal tract.
PERINORM INJECTION
Metoclopramide is a prokinetic and anti-emetic agent used to treat chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, gastroparesis, and GERD. It works by antagonizing D2 receptors in the brain and should be taken 30 minutes before meals. Common side effects include confusion, anxiety, depression, and muscle spasms. It can interact moderately to severely with other drugs like phenytoin, atropine, chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and rivastigmine, requiring dosage alterations or discontinuation.
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The document discusses the pathophysiology and treatment of vomiting and nausea. It defines vomiting, nausea, and retching. The vomiting center is located in the medulla and receives input from the GI tract, chemoreceptor trigger zone, and vestibular apparatus. Common causes of vomiting that stimulate the vomiting center are GI irritation, chemotherapy, and motion sickness. Common antiemetics that act on receptors in the vomiting center and trigger zone include 5-HT3 antagonists, dopamine D2 antagonists, H1 antihistamines, anticholinergics, cannabinoids, and NK1 receptor antagonists. Ondansetron is effective for chemotherapy and postoperative nausea but not for motion sickness which acts
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This document discusses the pathophysiology of vomiting and its control. It begins by outlining the various central and peripheral mechanisms that can trigger vomiting, including inputs from the vestibular system, enteric nervous system, and various visceral afferents. It then describes the receptors and neurotransmitters involved, including 5-HT3, dopamine D2, muscarinic, and histamine H1 receptors. Common antiemetic drugs are grouped based on their mechanisms of action, such as 5-HT3 antagonists and antihistamines. The roles of various drug classes like phenothiazines, neurokinin-1 antagonists, and cannabinoids are explained. Antiemetic treatment for nausea and vomiting
Pre anesthetic medications by Meghana C
Pre-anaesthetic medication refers to drugs administered before anesthesia to improve safety and patient experience. These drugs can relieve anxiety, cause amnesia, potentiate the effects of anesthetics, decrease secretions, reduce nausea and vomiting, and decrease gastric acid. Common pre-anesthetic medications include benzodiazepines for anxiety relief, opioids for analgesia, anticholinergics to reduce secretions, neuroleptics for anxiety and nausea relief, and proton pump inhibitors or H2 blockers to reduce gastric acid and risk of aspiration. The goals of pre-anesthetic medication are to provide patient comfort before and after surgery and to create optimal conditions for safe and effective anesthesia administration.
Anti migraine drugs
Migraine is a severe headache accompanied by nausea, vomiting, light and sound sensitivity. It is caused by vasodilation of cranial blood vessels. Treatment includes acute medications like triptans and ergot alkaloids to constrict vessels and relieve symptoms. Prophylactic drugs like beta-blockers, antidepressants, and anticonvulsants are used to reduce migraine frequency. Triptans are the most effective acute treatment but can have cardiovascular side effects, while ergot alkaloids are less tolerated but more specific vasoconstrictors. Prophylaxis is recommended for those with frequent or severe migraines.
Antiemetics
Antiemetics are drugs that prevent nausea and vomiting. They work by blocking receptors in the vomiting center of the brain such as H1 receptors, muscarinic receptors, dopamine D2 receptors, and 5-HT3 receptors. Common antiemetics include antihistamines like cyclizine for motion sickness, scopolamine for motion sickness, phenothiazines like prochlorperazine for chemotherapy induced vomiting, and 5-HT3 receptor antagonists like ondansetron for chemotherapy and radiation induced vomiting. The document discusses the mechanisms and uses of various classes of antiemetic drugs for conditions like morning sickness, motion sickness, vertigo, and vomiting caused by chemotherapy, radiation, or other illnesses.
Antiemetics
This document provides an overview of different classes of antiemetic drugs, including their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and clinical uses. It discusses 5HT3 antagonists like ondansetron, prokinetic drugs like metoclopramide, neuroleptics, H1 antihistamines, anticholinergics, and corticosteroids like dexamethasone. The document also reviews the pathophysiology of nausea and vomiting, focusing on the role of the chemoreceptor trigger zone and receptors like 5HT3, dopamine D2, muscarinic, and histaminic H1. It provides dosing guidelines for representative drugs in each class.
Pharmacology of adrenergic neuron blockers-Dr.Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc,Lecturer
Dr. Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc( Veterinary pharmacology, TU,Nepal),posted lecturer notes on AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY for B.V.Sc & A.H. 6 th semester veterinary students of College of veterinary science,Nepal Polytechnique Institute, Bharatpur, Bhojard, Chitwan, Nepal.I hope this lecture notes may be beneficial for other Nepalese veterinary students. Please send your comment and suggestion .Email:jibachhashah@gmail.com,moble,00977-9845024121
Chapter_051
This document discusses antiemetic and antinausea agents used to treat nausea and vomiting. It describes the vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brain that stimulate vomiting when activated. It outlines the main mechanisms of action for different classes of antiemetics including anticholinergics, antihistamines, neuroleptics, prokinetics, serotonin blockers, and tetrahydrocannabinoids. It notes the indications for use and side effects of these agents and important nursing implications when administering them.
Antiemetic agents
This document discusses various antiemetic agents used to treat nausea and vomiting. It begins by outlining common causes of nausea and vomiting and the pathophysiology involving the vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brainstem. It then summarizes the mechanisms and clinical uses of major classes of antiemetics including 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, corticosteroids, neurokinin 1 receptor antagonists, phenothiazines, substituted benzamides, anticholinergics, antihistamines, benzodiazepines, and cannabinoids. Adverse effects and drug interactions are also briefly mentioned for each class.
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This document discusses antiemetic, antidiarrheal, and laxative agents. It provides examples of common antiemetic drugs like ondansetron and metoclopramide that are used to treat nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy, motion sickness, and other causes. Antidiarrheal drugs mentioned include loperamide and diphenoxylate that decrease motility to control non-infectious diarrhea. Laxatives discussed stimulate the GI tract and include bisacodyl, senna, and magnesium sulfate to treat constipation from low fiber diets, bed rest, or to prepare for certain medical procedures.
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This document discusses anti-emetic drugs used to treat nausea and vomiting. It begins by describing the physiology of vomiting and the mechanisms of emesis. It then covers the mechanisms and classifications of various anti-emetic drugs, including 5-HT3 antagonists, dopamine receptor antagonists, antihistamines, anticholinergics, neurokinin receptor antagonists, corticosteroids, cannabinoids, and others. It concludes by discussing the different types of vomiting and the anti-emetic drugs used to treat conditions like motion sickness, morning sickness, chemotherapy-induced nausea, post-operative nausea, and vomiting of varied origin.
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This document provides information about the drug PERISET, which contains ondansetron hydrochloride. It is used to manage nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy, radiotherapy, post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV), and other conditions. The document discusses the drug's indications, dosage, administration routes, side effects, use in pregnancy and lactation, pediatric use, target doctors, and market information. It positions PERISET as an effective and safe option for controlling nausea and vomiting in various clinical settings, including for children and post-cardiac surgery patients.
Ondansetron matrix patch
INTRODUCTION
Recently, the use of transdermal patches for
pharmaceuticals has been limited because only a few
drugs have proven to be effectively delivered through the
skin, typically cardiac drugs such as nitroglycerin and
hormones such as estrogen. A skin patch uses a special
membrane to control the rate at which the liquid drug
contained in the reservoir within the patch can pass
through the skin and into the bloodstream. The basic
components of any transdermal delivery system include
the drug(s) dissolved or dispersed in a reservoir or inert
polymer matrix; an outer backing film of paper, plastic, or
foil, and a pressure-sensitive adhesive that anchors the
patch to the skin. The adhesive is covered by a release
liner which needs to be peeled off before applying the
patch to the skin. Drugs administered via skin patches
include scopolamine, nicotine, estrogen, nitroglycerin,
and lidocaine.
Transdermal delivery not only provides controlled,
constant administration of the drug, but also allows
continuous input of drugs with short biological half-lives,
and eliminates pulsed entry into systemic circulation
which often causes undesirable side effects.
Advantages
1. They can avoid gastrointestinal drug absorption
difficulties caused by gastrointestinal pH, enzymatic
activity, and drug interactions with food, drink, and other
orally administered drugs.
2. They can substitute for oral administration of
medication when that route is unsuitable, as with vomiting
and diarrhea (Finnin and Morgan, 1999).
3. They avoid the first-pass effect, that is, the initial
passage of “s” drug substance through the systemic and
portal circulation following gastrointestinal absorption,
possibly avoiding the deactivation by digestive and liver
enzymes (Allen et al., 2005; Barry, 2002).
4. They are non invasive, avoiding the inconvenience of Parenteral therapy (Allen et al., 2005; Barry, 2002).
5. They provide extended therapy with a single application, improving compliance over other dosage forms requiring more frequent dose administration (Allen et al., 2005).
6. The activity of drugs having “s” short half-life is extended through the reservoir of drug in the therapeutic delivery system and its controlled release (Barry, 2002; Cleary).
7. Drug therapy may be terminated rapidly by removal of its application from the surface of the skin (Barry, 2002).
8. They are easily and rapidly identified in emergencies (for example, unresponsive, unconscious, or comatose patient) because of their physical presence, features, and identifying markings.
At the same time, transdermal drug delivery has few disadvantages that are limiting the use of transdermal delivery (Barry, 2002).
Disadvantages
1. Only relatively potent drugs are suitable candidates for transdermal delivery because of the natural limits of drug entry imposed by the skin’s impermeability (Allen et al., 2005; Barry, 2002).
2. Some patients develop contact dermatitis
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This document discusses a cohort study examining the risks of the drug ondansetron, which is used to treat nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. The study followed a large group of pregnant women exposed to ondansetron and compared outcomes like abortion, birth defects, preterm birth, and low birth weight to unexposed women. The study found no significant increase in these risks with exposure to ondansetron during pregnancy. While definitive conclusions cannot be made, the results provide reassurance about the safety of using this drug to treat nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.
Dr fahad anti arrythmic drugs
The document classifies antiarrhythmic drugs into four categories based on their mechanism of action:
Class I drugs block sodium channels, Class II drugs block beta receptors, Class III drugs block potassium channels, and Class IV drugs block calcium channels. It describes the conduction pathways in the heart from the sinoatrial node through the atrioventricular node and Purkinje fibers to the ventricles, noting the atrioventricular node has a slower conduction velocity than other tissues. The document also provides a table summarizing the classification of antiarrhythmic drugs and an illustration of ion movement across cell membranes.
Periset oral solution (Ondansetron) ppt.
This document discusses a new oral solution formulation of the drug Periset, which contains ondansetron hydrochloride and is used as an anti-emetic. It provides information on existing and new product formulations, indications, dosage and administration across different age groups for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and nausea during pregnancy. Market information on generic and oral solution formulations of ondansetron is also presented, along with highlighting points about Periset's effectiveness and safety in controlling nausea and vomiting in various conditions for both adults and children.
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Tumor markers are substances produced by tumor cells or the body's response to tumors that can be detected and measured in bodily fluids or tissues. They can help diagnose certain cancers, distinguish between benign and malignant tumors, monitor treatment response and detect recurrence. However, no single tumor marker is perfect as tumor marker levels can also be elevated in some non-cancerous conditions.
Tumors of odontogenic origin
This document provides information about ameloblastoma, a benign odontogenic tumor. It discusses the incidence, age, sex, and site prevalence. Typical presentation is a slow-growing, painless swelling of the jaw that causes expansion and thinning of the cortical plates. On radiographs, it appears as a multilocular radiolucency. Histologically, the main subtypes are follicular, plexiform, acanthomatous, and basal cell. Treatment involves complete surgical removal to prevent recurrence, as it is highly radioresistant. Long-term follow-up is necessary given the high recurrence rates with incomplete excision.
Prokinetics
This document discusses prokinetics, which are drugs that enhance gastrointestinal motility. It describes the normal control pathways of GI motility, including hormonal and neural pathways. It then discusses various phases of GI motility including the cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases. The document outlines several prokinetic drug categories and examples, including muscarinic agonists, anticholinesterases, dopamine D2 blockers, 5-HT4 agonists, and motilin agonists. It discusses the mechanisms of action and advantages/disadvantages of various prokinetic drugs. Novel therapies for improving GI motility in critically ill patients are also mentioned.
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The document discusses the physiology of vomiting and various emetics and antiemetics. It explains that vomiting is mediated by the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata which receives inputs from various areas. It then describes various emetics like apomorphine and ipecacuanha that directly stimulate the vomiting center. The rest of the document focuses on different classes of antiemetics like 5-HT3 antagonists, dopamine antagonists, antihistamines and their mechanisms and uses in conditions like motion sickness, postoperative nausea, chemotherapy-induced vomiting and morning sickness.
Tumor markers,AFP.CEA
Tumor markers are substances produced by cancer cells or other cells in response to cancer that can be detected in bodily fluids or tissues. They are used to help detect, diagnose, and manage some types of cancer. More than 20 tumor markers are currently used for a wide range of cancer types, including prostate-specific antigen for prostate cancer, thyroglobulin for thyroid cancer, and alpha-fetoprotein for liver and germ cell cancers. Tumor marker levels are measured before, during, and after cancer treatment to help plan treatment, monitor response, and check for recurrence.
Tumor markers
This document discusses various methods for cancer diagnosis, including radiological, cytological, histological, and molecular diagnosis. Radiological methods like X-ray, ultrasound, CT, and MRI can help detect cancers non-invasively. Cytological diagnosis involves examining cells through methods like fine needle aspiration. Histological diagnosis requires tissue sampling through biopsy or surgery to examine cells under a microscope. Molecular diagnosis analyzes genetic changes involved in cancer. Tumor markers found in blood and tissues can also provide clues about certain cancer types.
Tumor markers -
Tumor markers are biochemical indicators of cancer that can be detected in higher than normal amounts in blood, urine, or tissues of some cancer patients. They are produced by tumors or the body's response to tumors, and can help support cancer diagnosis, determine response to treatment, and provide prognosis information. However, tumor marker levels have limitations due to lack of specificity or sensitivity. Common tumor markers include PSA for prostate cancer, CA125 for ovarian cancer, AFP for liver cancer, and CEA for gastrointestinal cancers.
Epithelial tumor markers
This document discusses epithelial tumor markers. It begins by introducing the topic and defining tumor markers as substances produced by or in response to tumors that can be used to detect or characterize tumors. It then describes the ideal properties of tumor markers and various ways to classify them, including as cell surface markers, intracellular markers, types associated with tumor growth, suppression, angiogenesis, and invasion. Specific epithelial and other markers are outlined. Finally, uses of tumor markers are summarized, including for screening, diagnosis, staging, prognosis, evaluating treatment response, and detecting recurrence. Cytokeratins are highlighted as important epithelial markers.
Emetics and antiemetics(VK)
This document discusses emesis (vomiting) including its pathophysiology and treatment. It notes that emesis is a protective mechanism that eliminates harmful substances via stimulation of the emetic center in the medulla oblongata. Multiple pathways can trigger vomiting including the chemoreceptor trigger zone and nucleus tractus solitarius, which are important relay areas. Emetics and antiemetics are then described. Emetics include apomorphine, mustard, and ipecacuanha, while antiemetics include anticholinergics, H1 antihistamines, neuroleptics, prokinetic drugs, 5-HT3 antagonists, and adjuvant medications. Various drugs that
Nausea and vomiting
Side effects of chemotherapy are the most dreaded of all times. Fortunately, there are different ways to prevent, treat and manage the side effects today, and cancer specialists take special care to make sure that their patients don’t suffer.
Odontogenic tumors
This document provides classifications and descriptions of various odontogenic tumors. It discusses the clinical presentation, radiographic features, histopathology, treatment, and prognosis of different tumor types including ameloblastoma, calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor, clear cell odontogenic carcinoma, primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma, odontoma, and odontogenic myxoma. It provides detailed information on subtypes, locations, patient demographics, recurrence rates after various treatments, and other characteristics of these tumors.
General pharmacology
This document provides an overview of pharmacology, including the key topics of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug properties, and drug administration. It defines pharmacology and its two main divisions - pharmacokinetics concerning what the body does to drugs, and pharmacodynamics regarding what drugs do to the body. The processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs are described. Factors influencing drug action and effects on receptors are also summarized.
ORAL MANIFESTATION OF SYSTEMIC DISEASE......
This document provides information on oral manifestations of systemic diseases. It begins by stating that many systemic diseases are reflected in the oral cavity and can cause mucosal changes, infections, bone diseases, and dental issues. It then discusses specific conditions like lupus, Sjogren's syndrome, systemic sclerosis, and pemphigus. For each condition, it provides details on criteria for diagnosis, clinical features, oral manifestations, and other relevant information. The document uses headings and bullet points to organize the material into clear sections for each disease.
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The document discusses antiemetics and antidiarrheal agents. It describes the causes and treatment of vomiting and diarrhea. For vomiting, it outlines eight categories of antiemetic drugs that work through various mechanisms to suppress nausea and vomiting, such as by blocking dopamine or serotonin receptors. Common antiemetic drugs mentioned include metoclopramide, ondansetron, dexamethasone, and cannabinoids. For diarrhea, it describes nonspecific antidiarrheal agents that decrease intestinal motility and their appropriate uses and cautions. It outlines four categories of antidiarrheal drugs, including opiates, opiate-related agents like loperamide, adsorbents, and antidiarrheal
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Nausea is an unpleasant sensation which is subjective and is different from one person to another person.
A person suffering from nausea also face
Pallor
Increased respiratory rate
salivation.
Retching :Rythmatic synchronized contractions of the diaphragm , abdominal and intercostal muscles against a closed glottis causing the intra abdominal and decrease the intra thoracic pressure causing the gastric contents to go up through the esophagus.
Vomiting is the process, emesis or throwing out, expulsion of stomach contents via esophagus and mouth.
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A Power point presentation on Emetics and antiemetics suitable for reading by undergraduate medical students
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This document discusses different classes of antiemetic drugs used to treat vomiting. It describes the mechanisms of different drug classes including 5-HT3 antagonists, D2 receptor antagonists, NK1 antagonists, H1 receptor antagonists, muscarinic receptor antagonists, and glucocorticoids. The document outlines how each class works and their common side effects. It recommends choosing an antiemetic based on the cause of vomiting, such as motion sickness, pregnancy morning sickness, drug-induced vomiting, postoperative nausea, or chemotherapy-induced vomiting. The goal is to select the most effective treatment class while minimizing side effects.
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This is regarding the pharmacology of Antiemetics & Prokinetics. It is useful for undergraduate students like MBBS, BAMS, Dental, OTPT etc.
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The document discusses various causes, pathophysiology, and treatment of emesis and nausea. It covers the following topics:
- Emetics that induce vomiting and their mechanisms of action.
- Various classes of anti-emetics including antihistamines, neuroleptics, 5-HT3 antagonists, NK1 antagonists, cannabinoids, glucocorticoids, benzodiazepines and their mechanisms and uses.
- Prokinetic drugs like metoclopramide and domperidone that enhance gastrointestinal motility.
- Specific conditions like motion sickness, nausea during pregnancy, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, post-operative nausea and specific
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Kinetika En 2002
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1. Ovarian cancer is the most common type of ovarian tumor and the 7th most common cancer in women.
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
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