this presentation gives the knowledge about the decongestants are a type of medication that can provide short relief for a blocked nose ................
this will give brief about the peptic ulcer and give information about the drug used for peptic ulcer and classification of drugs including drugs and there use adverse effect.
this presentation gives the knowledge about the decongestants are a type of medication that can provide short relief for a blocked nose ................
this will give brief about the peptic ulcer and give information about the drug used for peptic ulcer and classification of drugs including drugs and there use adverse effect.
Anthelmintics | B.Pharm 3rd year 2nd Sem | Medicinal Chemistry-III | History, Classification, Structures & Synthesis of anthelmintics, Synthesis of Diethylcarbamazine citrate, Synthesis of Mebendazole
Anthelmintics | B.Pharm 3rd year 2nd Sem | Medicinal Chemistry-III | History, Classification, Structures & Synthesis of anthelmintics, Synthesis of Diethylcarbamazine citrate, Synthesis of Mebendazole
Emetics & Anti-emetics presentation for pharmacy studentsLokesh Patil
Emetics and antiemetics are drugs used to induce and prevent vomiting, respectively. Emetics, such as ipecac syrup and apomorphine, stimulate the vomiting center in the brain or irritate the stomach lining to induce vomiting, often used in cases of poisoning. Antiemetics, including drugs like ondansetron, metoclopramide, and promethazine, work by blocking neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and histamine, which are involved in triggering the vomiting reflex. They are commonly used to treat nausea and vomiting caused by conditions such as motion sickness, chemotherapy, and postoperative recovery. Understanding the mechanisms and applications of these drugs is crucial for effectively managing emesis in various clinical scenarios.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
2. WHAT IS EMESIS?
It is defined as the involuntary, forceful
expulsion of contents of the stomach
through the mouth and sometimes through
the nose.
It is also known as vomiting, puking, barfing
or throwing up.
Nausea is a feeling of discomfort or sickness
in the stomach that may lead to an urge to
vomit.
3. CAUSES OF EMESIS
Motion sickness or sea sickness
Early stages of pregnancy (nausea occurs in
almost 50%-90% of all pregnancies,
vomiting occurs in 25%-55%)
Medication induced vomiting
Intense pain
Emotional stress
Gall bladder disease
Food poisoning
Reaction to certain smells or odours.
4. HOW DOES EMESIS OCCUR?
Emesis (vomiting) occurs due to the activation of
vomiting centre (VC) present in the medullary
reticular formation. It receives input from GI mucosa,
chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and vestibular
apparatus.
The main neurotransmitters involved in the control of
vomiting are acetylcholine, histamine, 5-HT and
dopamine.
Irritation of GI mucosa by drugs or irritants leads to
release of serotonin that stimulatesVC by 5-HT3
receptors.
5. Stimuli are relayed into theVC from the peripheral
axis ( i.e. Gastric mucosa and other parts of GIT)
Sensory stimuli also arise within the CNS itself i.e
cerbral cortex and vestibular apparatus.
Motion sickness occurs due to the stimulation of
vestibular apparatus and cerbellum.These structures
result in stimulation of VC by activationg M1 and H1
receptors.
By stmulation of H1 receptors histamine plays a
permissive role in all type of emesis.
Lack of BBB at CTZ allows it to be directly stimulated
by blood borne drugs and toxic substances.
10. 1. ANTICHOLINERGICS
Scopolamine ( Hyoscine or Devil’s breath )
1. Natural or synthetically prepared tropane alkaloid
2. Non specific muscarinic antagonist
3. Drug of choice for motion sickness.
4. It is used as IM injection or transdermal patch (applied behind pinna) in the
prophylaxis of motion sickness
5. It has no role in treatment once vomiting starts.
6. MOA – Blocks the afferent impulses from the vestibular apparatus in theVC by
its anticholinergic action .
7. Its sedative effect also contributes to its antiemetic action.
8. When given by injection its effect begins after 20 minutes and lasts upto 8
hours.
9. Other routes of administration– Oral, eye drops, SC, sublingual , rectal , buccal
and transmucosal.
10. Pharmacokinetics – A – Unergoes first pass metabolism
M- Liver
E- 2.6 % excreted unchanged in urine ,
Elimination half life 0f 4.5 hours
11. 2. NEUROLEPTICS (D2 BLOCKERS)
It is divided into 2 classes-
(i) Phenothiazines-
Chlorpromazine , Prochlorperazine,Trifluoperazine ,
Metoclopramide,Thiethyl perazine(used only as antiemetic)
(ii) Butyrophenone derivatives –
Haloperidol, Domperidone, Droperidol etc.
1) These drugs apart from blocking the D2 receptors also block
the M1 and H1 receptors in the CTZ.
2) Most commonly used drug is Prochlorperazine.
3) These drugs are not much effective in motion sickness.
4) Metoclopramide and Domperidone produces prokinetic effect
due to blocking the peripheral D2 receptors and activating the
muscarinic receptor in GIT.
12. Metoclopramide crosses the BBB therefore causes
extrapyramidal side effects which are :Acute
dystonia andTardive dyskinesia. It also produces
some other side effects like gynecomastia,
galactorrhea and long term parkinsonism.
Domperidone poorly crosses the BBB and hence does
not cause extrapyramidal side effects.
Metoclopramide is also a 5HT4 agonist and prolactin
releaser.
Moreover Metoclopramide has been found to be safe
in pregnancy.
Metoclopramide has an oral bioavailibility of 65%-
95% and excreted 70-85% in urine and 2% in faeces
with an elimination half life of 5-6 hours.
13. 3. ANTIHISTAMICS (H1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER)
Thse drugs block the H1 receptors in the CTZ and NTS.
Drugs like Promethazine,Cyclizine,Meclizine,and
Diphenhydramine are used in the prophylaxis of motion
sickness.
Cinnarizine (antiemetic with antihistaminic and
anticholinergic property) is used in the treatment of vertigo.
Centrally acting antihistaminics like Diphenhydramine,
Dimenhydrinate, Promethazine etc are also used in the
treatment of parkinsonism.
Promethazine can be administered via a rectal suppository, IV
injection,oral tablet or oral suspension for adults and children
for over 2 years of age.
Mirtazepine is a antidepressant that also has antiemetic effect
is also a potent H1 blocker.
14. 4. PROKINETIC AGENTS
They are also called as gastroprokinetic or gastrokinetic or
propulsive agents.
These agents increase the GI motility by increasing the
frequency or strength of contractions without disrupting the
rhythm and hasten the gastric emptying time.
Cisapride and Zipapride are structurally similar to
metoclopramide but deprived of the D2 blocking property.
Metoclopramide acclerates the absorption of diazepam but
decreases the absorption of digoxin.
Metoclopramide has 2 important actions – Central and
Peripheral.
15. 5HT4
agonist
5HT3 antagonist
in the GIT
Increases Ach secretion from the myenteric motor neurons
D2 - Antagonist
Metoclopramide
PROKINETIC EFFECT OF METOCLOPRAMIDE
ON UPPER GIT
16. Increase in tone
of lower
oesophagal
sphincter (LES)
Increase in tone
and amplitude
of antral
contractions
Increase of
peristalsis of small
intestine
Relaxation of
Pyloric
Sphincter
Effects of
metoclopramide
on the upper GI
tract
17. 5. 5HT3 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST
Ondansetron is the prototype drug with the shortest half life.
These classes of drugs shows 2 kinds of actions –
(I) Central action – Blocks 5-HT3 receptors inCTZ and NTS
(II) Peripheral action – Blocks 5-HT3 receptors in vagal afferents in the
gut.
• They are the DOC for chemotherapy and radiation therapy induced
vomiting.
• Palonosetron is the most potent in this class and has the longest half life
of 40 hours.
• Dolasetron may prolong QT interval.
• They also decrease dopamine synthesis and decreases dopamine release.
• They are also effective in hyperemesis in pregnancy and post operative
nausea.
• Ramosetron can be used in irritable bowel syndrome.
• Transdermal patches of granisetron are also available for the prevention
of cancer chemotherapy induced vomiting.
18. 6. NEUROKININ 1 (NK1) RECEPTOR
ANTAGONIST
The agonist for NK-1 receptor is substance P which is a
neuropeptide whose concentration increases during emesis.
So these drugs block the NK 1 receptors and thereby block
the actions of substance P in the CTZ and NTS.
They ae higly effective in the treatment of delayed emesis
following moderately to highly ematogenic chemotherapy.
It increases the efficacy of standard antiemetic regimens
( eg. Dexamethosone+5 HT3 antagonist)
Aprepitant is a highly selective antagonist , orally active and
enter the brain. It is metabolized by CYP3A4 enzymes.
Fasoprepitant is the intravenous prodrug of Aprepitant.
It is well tolerated by patients.
Flattulence may occur.
19. 7. ADJUVANT ANTIEMETICS
Dronabinol and Nabilone
These are the derivatives of cannabinoids.
They produce antiemetic effect by blocking the CB1
receptors present in and around the CTZ.
Their antiemetic effect is inhibited by Naloxone.
Dronabinol is also a appetite stimulant used in AIDS with
anorexia.
ADR- Hallucinations, insomnia, drowsiness, thinking
abnormalities.They also produce some cental
sympathomimetic side effects like tachycardia ,palpitation
and hypotension
They are used as prophylactivc agent in chemotherapy
induced vomiting.
20. Glucocorticoids like dexamethasone ,
methylprednisolone, betamethasone etc. are
commonly used in combination with ondansetron or
metoclopramide in the treatment of anticancer drug
induced acute and delayed vomiting.
The beneficial effect of steroids is due to their anti -
inflammatory effect.
Benzodiazepines like diazepam, lorazepam and
alprazolam are used in the treatment of psychogenic
and anticipatory vomiting.
The beneficial effects of benzodiazepines is due to
their sedative, amnesic and antianxiety effects.
21. Drugs Uses Important side effects
Anticholnergics
(Scopolamine) Motion sickness
Sedation, dryness of
mouth, blurred vision and
urinary retention
5-HT 3-receptor
antagonists
Cancer chemotherapy-induced
vomiting, radiation sickness and post-
operative vomiting
Headache, dizziness and
diarrhoea
Neuroleptics Drug-induced, diseaseinduced, post-
operative, cancer chemotherapy and
radiation-induced vomiting
Extrapyramidal
symptoms, sedation,
dystonic reactions and
orthostatic hypotension
Neurokinin
(NK1) receptor
antagonist
Cancer chemotherapyinduced
vomiting
Dizziness, diarrhoea and
fatigue
Benzodiazepines
(Adjuvant
antiemetics)
Psychogenic and anticipatory vomiting Sedation and drowsiness
22. Drugs Uses Important side effects
Dronabinol Vomiting due to cytotoxic drugs and
radiation sickness
Sedation, dysphoria,
hallucinations and drug
dependence
Glucocorticoids
(Adjuvant
antiemetics)
Adjuvant antiemetlc along with
ondansetron or metoclopramide in
cancer chemotherapy-induced
vomiting
Metabolic Disturbances
Prokinetic drugs-
•Metoclopramide
•Domperidone
•Drug-induced, diseaseinduced,
post-operative, cancer
chemotherapy induced vomiting and
radiation sickness ,
•Preferred antiemetic in children and
levodopa-lnduced vomiting
•Drowsiness, dizziness,
diarrhoea, acute
dystonias and other
extrapyramidal
symptoms (EPS)
•Dryness of mouth,
diarrhoea and headache
Antihistamines Motion sickness, morning sickness,
post operative, Meniere's disease,
drug induced, radiation sickness,
cancer chemotherapy-induced
vomiting
Drowsiness and dryness
of mouth