antiemetic, laxative, antidiarrhoeal

1. Dr.Arul Amuthan
MMMC, Manipal
Antiemetics, laxatives, antidiarrhoeals

2. Antiemetic agents
 What is vomiting? Causes?
 Morning sickness, motion sickness….
 These are drugs which prevent or stop vomiting

4. Examples for antiemetic agents
 Ondansetron, granisetron
 Metoclopramide, domperidone
 Hyoscine (scopolamine), promethazine

5. Uses of antiemetic agents
 Cancer chemotherapy induced vomiting - ondansetron
 Motion sickness – hyoscine
 Morning sickness – cyclizine
 Post operative vomiting - promethazine
 Levodopa induced vomiting - domperidone
 Gastro esophageal reflux disease - metoclopramide

6. Adverse effects of antiemetic agents
 Metoclopramide: blockade of D2 receptors in basal
ganglia leads to drowsiness, restlessness, parkinsonism
like symptoms
 Metaclopramide – gynaecomastia, galactorrhoea
 Diarrhoea, abdominal cramps
 Cisapride – ventricular arrhythmia

7. Antidiarrhoeals
 What is diarrhea? Causes?
 Infective and non-infective diarrheas
 How diarrhea happens ? [↑ motility and ↑ secretion]
 These drugs are useful to control non infective diarrheas.

9.  Sulfasalazine, mesalazine – (antisecretory)
 Codeine, loperamide, diphenoxylate-atropine –
(antimotility)
Exmples for antidiarrhoeals

10.  Noninfective diarrhoea
 Mild travellers diarrhoea
 Idiopathic diarrhoea in AIDS
 Ulcerative colitis (there is more GIT secretion)
 After anal surgery to induce constipation for short period
Uses of antidiarrhoeals

11. Laxatives
 What is constipation? Causes?
 How does it occurs?
 These drugs stimulate GIT and causes excess defecation
 Purgative

12. Examples for laxatives
 Ispaghula, liquid paraffin, castor oil
 Bisacodyl, senna
 Magnesium sulfate, lactulose

13. Uses of laxatives
 Functional constipation – less fiber food, less exercise,
tension behavior
 Bedridden patients – old age, disability - to prevent and
treatment
 To avoid straining at stools in hernia, eye surgery, piles, anal
surgery etc.
 Preparation of bowel before surgery/delivery/abdominal
X ray/colonoscopy.
 After anthelmintic therapy/ food poisoning – to flush out.