management

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SOFTWARE
Building Blocks of Information Technology
Hardware Software Network Data
Chapter 2 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

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TWO CATEGORIES OF SOFTWARE
1. Applications software
2. Support software

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APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE
• Programs written to accomplish particular business tasks:
accounting, payroll, inventory, sales invoicing, etc.
• Programs that users interact with
• Software for standard applications typically purchased from a
vendor
• Software for applications unique to the organization typically
developed internally or via a vendor contract
• Includes personal productivity software by knowledge workers

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APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE EXAMPLE
• Accounting Software Package:
- Commercial accounting package for smaller businesses
- Includes general ledger, accounts receivable, accounts
payable, inventory, payroll, time and billing, job costing,
fixed asset accounting, and analysis and reporting tools
- Price: $500 for single-user version

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APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE EXAMPLE
Personal Productivity Software
may be purchased as a software suite
- Word Processing
- Spreadsheets
- Database Management Systems
- Presentation Graphics
- Electronic Mail and Groupware

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APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE
• Database management systems
- Used to create, manage and protect organizational data
- All employ a relational data model
• Database
- Is a shared collection of logically related data organized to
meet organizational needs
- MS Office Example : Access
Personal Productivity Software

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APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE
• Presentation graphics
- Used to create slide shows for business presentations
- All allow embedding of clip art, photos, graphs, and other
media
- MS Office Example: PowerPoint
Personal Productivity Software

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APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE
• Electronic mail
• Groupware
- Incorporates e-mail and other productivity features, such as
calendaring, scheduling, and document sharing
- MSOffice Example : Outlook
Personal Productivity Software

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APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE
• Used to access information (navigate) on the WWW from
computers that can access the Internet
- Hypertext-based approach (to link text and media objects to
each other)
• Pull technology: browser requests a Web page before it is
sent to client
• Push technology: data sent to client without requesting it
(such as e-mail, spam, software patches)
• Examples:
Internet Explorer (Microsoft), Firefox (Mozilla), Safari (Apple)
WWW Browsers

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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
• Enables applications software to be carried out (run)
• Ensures that computer hardware and software are used efficiently
• Purchased from a hardware or software vendor

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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
• Usually purchased from manufacturer of computer hardware
that OS will be used on
• Complex program that controls operation of computer
hardware and coordinates other software
• Performance objective is to maximize work done (throughput)
• User communicates with operating system software for input,
output, storage, etc.
• Easier to use with graphical user interface (GUI): click on
icons instead of enter text commands
Operating System (OS)

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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Operating System

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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
• Job control language (JCL): instructions used to communicate with the
operating system
• Multiprogramming: employed on larger machines to overlap input and output
operations with processing time, keeping the CPU busy and speeding up
execution
• Multitasking: similar to multiprogramming, but employed on microcomputers
• Multithreading: similar to multitasking, but multiple threads within the same
program are overlapped
• Multiprocessing: work that takes place when two or more CPUs are installed
on same computer system
Operating System Concepts

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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
• Virtual Memory:
- Optimizes management of main memory by switching in
and out portions of programs from DASD
-- Permits multiprogramming to operate more efficiently
Operating System Concepts, cont.

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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
- Proprietary systems: operating systems written for a
particular computer hardware configuration
- Microcomputers: MS-DOS, Vista, Windows 7, Mac OS
- Large systems: IBM z/OS and z/VM
- Open systems: not tied to any particular computer system or
hardware manufacturer – will run on virtually any computer
• Examples: UNIX and Linux
- IT Platform: set of hardware, software, communications ;
OS name usually implies platform
Operating System Concepts, cont.

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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
- Software running on a server that manages network
resources and controls the operation of a network
- Enhanced operating system that allows for:
- Sharing disk drives and printers
- Handling server side of client/server applications
- Major players include:
- UNIX and Linux
- Microsoft Windows Server
Server or Network Operating System (NOS)

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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
• Machine language (1GL)
• Each instruction must be expressed in unique form for a
particular computer
• Complete program consists of thousands of instructions
• Programming is a tedious, time-consuming process
• Assembly languages (2GL)
• Easily remembered mnemonic operation codes substituted for
machine language operation codes
• Assembler used to convert mnemonic codes to machine
language
First and Second Generation Languages

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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
First and Second Generation Languages

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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
• Procedural languages (3GL)
- Express a step-by-step procedure devised by the
programmer
- Typically machine independent
- Easier for programmers to learn
- Structured programs: divided into modules, where each has
one entry and one exit point
- Must be compiled or interpreted (translated into machine
language) ; one 3GL instruction typically translates into
many machine language instructions
Third Generation Languages

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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Compiling and running a 3 GL Program

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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Developing programs with a 3GL

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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
• Most popular procedural languages & decade introduced
1950s - FORTRAN
1960s - COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language)
BASIC
1970s – C
Third Generation Languages

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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
• Nonprocedural languages (4GL)
• Easier to program, but less efficient for computers to run
• Uses more English-like statements for program instructions
• Today may be referred to as a language for business
intelligence (BI) application development
• SAS
• IBM Cognos
• SAP Business Objects
• Oracle BI Enterprise Editing Plus
• Microsoft SQL 2008 Services (Analysis, Reporting)
Fourth Generation Languages

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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
• Employ tags to “mark up” documents
• HTML
- Used to create Web pages
- Consists of special tags that tell the Web browser how to
display various elements on a Web page (e.g., bold-faced or
italic text, image location, links to other Web pages)
• XML
- Used to facilitate data interchange among Web applications
and Web services
- Meta language consisting of tags that identify particular data
elements
Markup Languages

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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
• Neither 3GL nor 4GL … new paradigm
• Create objects once, store, then reuse
• Object examples:
- Text box, check box
• Most Common Languages:
- C++, Java, Visual Basic.NET, C#
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Languages

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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
• HTML is the most common form of user interface
• Server-side programming languages include:
• PHP
• Java Servlets and Java Server Pages (JSP)
• Microsoft’s Active Server Pages (ASP, ASP.NET)
• Adobe’s ColdFusion
Languages for Developing Web Applications

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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
- Systems that create, store, and manage modifications to data
in a database – and make data accessible for queries, reporting
Data Dictionary/Directory
- Repository for data definitions used by a Database
Data Warehouse
- Very large database or collection of databases for decision
support that use a DBMS optimized for analytics (including
data mining)
Database Management Systems (DBMS)

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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
• Collection of software tools to help automate all phases of the
software development life cycle to increase productivity of
software designers and programmers
• CASE tools for OO development for Unified Modeling
Language ( UML)
- UML = general-purpose notational language for
specifying and visualizing complex software, especially
large, object-oriented projects
Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) Tools

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SUPPORT SOFTWARE
• For Large computers:
• Controls communications between workstations and
terminals connected to a network & central computer
• Example: IBM’s Customer Information Control System
(CICS)
• Web Server Software serves Web pages to Web browser
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) transfers files from one computer
system to another
• Utility programs: link together programs & subprograms,
merge files (ZIP programs), check for viruses, etc.
Communications Interface Software
FTP

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KEY SOFTWARE TRENDS
• More concern with human efficiency
• More purchased applications software
• More open source support software
• More programming using object-oriented languages
• More emphasis on applications that run on intranets and the Internet
• More user development
• More use of personal productivity software on microcomputers

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IT INDUSTRY TRENDS
• Have been expanding by adding services (including acquiring
established consulting firms)
• Major players:
- US: IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Dell , Apple
- Non US : Acer, Lenovo, Toshiba, Fujitsu, Sony
Software firms
• Have been expanding by developing new products and acquiring
smaller software companies
- IBM bought Cognos; SAP bought Business Objects
- Oracle bought PeopleSoft and Salesforce.com
- Oracle also bought Sun (hardware and Java)
Hardware firms