- Software includes application software that directs computer use for specific tasks and system software that controls computer operations. - Application software is divided into general-purpose programs for common tasks and specialized programs for business functions. - System software includes programs that manage computer resources and programs that help develop other programs. - An operating system integrates programs to manage the CPU, input/output, storage, and provide support services.

1. What is Software?
Definition:
• Various kinds of programs used to operate
computers and related devices

2. Case #1: Writing Software for
Processes
Microsoft’s Business Solutions Division:
• Teams formed for different industries
• Injected industry-specific codes directly into
its core software platforms
• Hired business technology professionals
steeped in sector-specific knowledge

3. Case #1: Writing Software for
Processes
Microsoft’s New Strategy:
• Creating accelerators aimed at business processes
common to companies in a given industry
• Inserting industry-enabling layers to serve the needs
of a broad base of companies in a particular sector
• Seeking partnerships with vendors that have deep
industry roots

4. Case #1: Writing Software for
Processes
1. A common phrase among IT professionals is
“The world views its data through
Windows”. Why does Microsoft dominate
the desktop and networked software
market? Visit its website at
www.microsoft.com and review its broad
range of software products and services to
help with your answer.

5. Case #1: Writing Software for
Processes
2. How successful will Microsoft be in competing with
software vendors who specialize in vertical market
applications like health care, retail, and specialty
services? Why?
3. Do you agree with Microsoft’s strategy to develop
industry-specific partners to capitalize on
opportunities in both large and small business
sectors? Is there an advantage or a disadvantage
to being one of Microsoft’s partners in this type of
relationship? Explain.

6. Case #1: Writing Software for
Processes
4. Does Microsoft’s entry into industry-specific
applications signal the end for smaller
industry-specific software developers?
What changes in strategy by such developers
are necessary to compete with Microsoft?

7. Types of Software

8. Types of Software
• Application Software - performs information
processing tasks for end users
• System Software – manages and supports
operations of computer systems and networks

9. Application Software
• General-Purpose – programs that perform
common information processing jobs for end
users
• Application-Specific – support specific
applications of end users in business and
other fields

10. How is Software Developed?
• Custom Software – software applications that
are developed within an organization for use
by that organization
• Commercial Off-the-shelf (COTS) Software –
software that is developed by a software
developer with the intention of selling the
software in multiple copies

11. General-Purpose Application Software
• Software Suites
• Web Browsers
• Electronic Mail
• Word Processing
• Spreadsheets
• Database Managers
• Presentation Graphics
• Personal Information Managers
• Groupware

12. Software Suites

13. Integrated Packages
Definition:
• Combine some of the functions of several
programs into one software package

14. Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Definition:
• Icons, tool and status bars, menus, and so on,
which gives an application its look and feel

15. Web Browser
Definition:
• Software interface used to point and click
through the hyperlinked resources of the
Internet

16. Web Browser

17. Electronic Mail & Instant Messaging
• Electronic Mail – software used to send and
receive electronic messages and file
attachments via the Internet, intranets or
extranets
• Instant Messaging (IM) – software used to
send and receive electronic messages
instantly to facilitate real time communication
and collaboration

18. E-mail

19. Word Processing & Desktop Publishing
• Word Processing – software that supports the
creation, editing, revision and printing of
documents
• Desktop Publishing (DTP) – software that
supports the production of materials that look
professionally published

20. Word Processing

21. Electronic Spreadsheets
Definition:
• Software that supports the development of
electronic worksheets consisting of rows and
columns used for business analysis, planning
and modeling

22. Spreadsheets

23. Presentation Graphics
Definition:
• Software that helps convert numeric data into
graphics displays and prepare multimedia
presentations including graphics, photos,
animation, and video clips

24. Presentation Software

25. Graphics Software

26. Video Software

27. Personal Information Manager (PIM)
Definition:
• Software for end user productivity and
collaboration

28. Groupware
Definition:
• Software that helps workgroups and teams
work together to accomplish group
assignments

29. Software Alternatives
• Purchase Commercial Off-The-Shelf software
• Application Service Providers – companies
that own, operate, and maintain application
software and the computer system resources
required to offer the use of the application
software for a fee as a service over the
Internet

30. Software Licensing
• Purchasing the right to use specific software
under the terms of the software licensing
agreement
• Protects the vendor’s intellectual property
right

31. Case #2: New Face of Web Services
Web Services:
• Provide third-party programmers and business
partners with access to some data and basic
website functionality
• Independent developers can build
applications to satisfy market niches that
customers want

32. C Case #2: New Face of Web Services
eBay:
• 40% of items listed for sale on eBay come through its API
Amazon:
• Product Details
• Search Capabilities
• Customer Reviews
• Sales Rankings
• Wish Lists
• Registries

33. Case #2: New Face of Web Services
1. What are the purpose and business value of Web
services?
2. What are the benefits of Web services to Amazon,
eBay and their developer partners?
3. What are the business challenges of Web services?
Visit the Web services websites of IBM and
Microsoft to help with your answer.
4. What can be done to improve the business use of
Web services today?

34. System Software
• System Management Programs – programs that
manage the hardware, software, network, and data
resources of computer systems during the execution
of various information processing jobs of end users
• System Development Programs – programs that help
users develop information system programs and
procedures and prepare user programs for computer
processing

35. Operating System
Definition:
• An integrated system of programs that
manages the operations of the CPU, controls
the input/output and storage resources and
activities of the computer system, and
provides various support services as the
computer executes the application programs
of users

36. Operating System Functions

37. User Interface
Definition:
• The part of the operating system that allows
you to communicate with it so you can load
programs, access files, and accomplish other
tasks

38. Types of User Interfaces
• Command-Driven
• Menu-Driven
• Graphical User Interfaces

39. Resource Management
Definition:
• Programs to manage the hardware and
networking resources of a computer system,
including its CPU, memory, secondary storage
devices, telecommunications processors, and
input/output peripherals

40. File Management
Definition:
• Programs that control the creation, deletion,
and access of files of data and programs as
well as keeping track of the physical location
of files on magnetic disks and other secondary
storage devices

41. Task Management
Definition:
• Programs that control which task gets access
to the CPU and for how much time
• Multitasking – approach that allows for
several computing tasks to be performed in a
seemingly simultaneous fashion

42. Popular Operating Systems
• Microsoft Windows
• UNIX
• Linux
• Mac OS X

43. Other System Management Programs
• Performance Monitors – programs that monitor
and adjust the performance and usage of one or
more computer systems to keep them running
efficiently
• Security Monitors – programs that monitor and
control the use of computer systems and provide
warning messages and record evidence of
unauthorized use of computer resources

44. Application Servers
Definition:
• Software which provides an interface between
an operating system and application programs
of users
• Middleware – software that helps diverse
software applications and networked
computer systems exchange data and work
together more efficiently

45. Programming Language

46. Programming Languages

47. Machine Languages
• All program instructions had to be written
using binary codes unique to each computer
• Programmers had to have a detailed
knowledge of the internal operations of the
specific type of CPU

48. Assembler Languages
• Alphabetic abbreviations and symbols are
used to represent operation codes and
storage locations
• Language translator programs are required to
convert the instructions into machine
instructions

49. High-Level Languages
• Instructions that use brief statements or
arithmetic expressions
• Each statement generates several machine
instructions when translated by compilers or
interpreters

50. Fourth-Generation Languages
• Nonprocedural – programmers specify results
while computer determines the sequence of
instructions that will accomplish those results
• Natural Language – very close to human
language

51. Object-Oriented Languages
• Ties together data
element and the
procedures or actions
that will be performed
upon them

52. Web Languages
• HTML – a page description language that creates
hypertext or hypermedia documents
• XML – describes the contents of Web pages by
applying identifying tags or contextual labels to the
data in Web documents
• Java – an object-oriented programming language
that is simple, secure and platform independent

53. HTML

54. Web Services
Definition:
• Software components that are based on a
framework of Web and object-oriented
standards and technologies for using the Web
to electronically link the applications of
different user and different computing
platforms

55. Web Services

56. Language Translator Programs
• Assembler – translates the symbolic instruction
codes of programs written in an assembler language
into machine language instructions
• Compiler – translates high-level language statements
• Interpreter – compiler that translates and executes
each statement in a program one at a time

57. Programming Tools
• Graphical Programming Interfaces
• Programming Editors
• Debuggers
• CASE tools

58. Case #3: Growth of Linux in
Business
Statistics:
• Linux runs almost 15% of all servers
• Growing at 23% per year
• Over 10% of IBM mainframe sales run Linux
• Only 1% of PCs use Linux but 30% of chief
technologists were considering moving their
companies’ PCs to Linux

59. Case #3: Growth of Linux in
Business
How did Linux get into the mainstream?
• Low-cost alternative in sagging economy
• Intel loosened its relationship with Microsoft
• IBM made an effort to be Linux-compatible
• Fear of Microsoft gaining a stranglehold on corporate
customers

60. Case #3: Growth of Linux in
Business
Open Source:
• Free
• Stable
• Easily fixed if bugs appear

61. Case #3: Growth of Linux in
Business
1. Should businesses continue to switch to the
Linux operating system on servers and
mainframes? Why or why not?
2. Should business and consumer PC users
switch to Linux PC operating systems like
Lindows and software suites like Sun’s Star
Office? Why or why not?

62. Case #3: Growth of Linux in
Business
3. Should the IT departments of companies like
Merrill Lynch contribute their software
improvements to the open-source
community for products like Linux? Explain
your reasoning.

63. Case #4: Using Java in Business
Benefits:
• Java can run on any hardware or operating
systems
• Easy to modify code as needs expand
• Networking capabilities reduce the need for
remote servers
• Easy to integrate with middleware and
databases

64. Case #4: Using Java in Business
1. What are the benefits of Java as a programming
language for retail POS applications compared to
other programming languages?
2. What are the benefits of Java for the development
of e-commerce portals for customers and suppliers
like PartsEdge?
3. Why do companies like Mark’s Work Wearhouse
frequently team Java with the Linux operating
system?

65. Summary
• Computer software consists of applications
software that directs the performance of a
particular use of computers to meet the
information processing needs of users, and
system software that controls and supports
the operations of a computer system as it
performs various information processing
tasks.

66. Summary
• Application software includes general-purpose and
application-specific categories.
• General-purpose application programs perform
common information processing jobs for end users.
• Application-specific programs accomplish
information processing tasks that support specific
business functions.

67. Summary
• System software can be subdivided into system
management programs and system development
programs.
• System management programs manage the
hardware, software, network, and data resources of
a computer system during its execution of
information processing jobs.
• System development programs help IS specialists
develop computer programs to support business
processes.

68. Summary
• An operating system is an integrated system
of programs that supervises the operation of
the CPU, controls the input/output and
storage functions of the computer system,
and provides various support services.

69. Summary
• Programming languages require the use of a
variety of programming packages to help
programmers develop computer programs,
and language translator programs to convert
programming language instructions into
machine language instruction codes.