Sir James Grasparil's Chapter 1 (PSYCHOLOGY 101)

1. GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
PROF.JAMES GRASPARIL

2. PSYCHOLOGY DEFINED
-THE WORD PSYCHOLOGY IS DERIVED
FROM THE TWO GREEK WORDS
PSYCHE (MIND OR SOUL) AND LOGOS
(STUDY).ITS IS THEREFORE THE
STUDY OF MIND OR SOUL.
-THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE
BEHAVIOR AND MENTAL PROCESSES.

3. WHAT IS BEHAVIOR?
-IT REFERS TO ANYTHING WE
DO,THINK AND FEEL.

4. TYPES OF BEHAVIOR
1. COVERT-BEHAVIORAL PATTERN
KNOWN ONLY TO THE PERSON
EXPERIENCING IT.
2. OVERT-BEHAVIORAL PATTERN
WHICH CAN BE OBSERVED BY
OTHERS.

5. CLASSIFICATION OF BEHAVIOR
1. CONSCIOUS-BEHAVIORAL
RESPONSES AND PROCESSSES THAT
AN INDIVIDUAL IS AWARE OF.
2. UNCONSCIOUS-MENTAL
PROCESSES AND BODY REACTIONS
THAT THE INDIVIDUAL IS NOT AWARE
OF.

6. HIGHLIGHTS IN THE HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY
FORERUNNERS CONTRIBUTIONS
RENE DESCARTES ANIMAL STUDIES;REFLEX
ACTION
JOHN LOCKE IDEA OF TABULA RASA
FRANZ JOSEF GALL PHRENOLOGY
CHARLES DARWIN PUBLISHED “THE ORIGIN OF
SPECIES”
WILHELM WUNDT ESTABLISHED THE FIRST
PSYCHOLOGICAL
LABOROTORY IN
LEIPZIG,GERMANY
HERMAN VON HELMHOLTZ STUDIED THE SPEED OF
NERVE IMPULES

7. HIGHLIGHTS IN THE HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY
FORERUNNER CONTRIBUTION
ERNEST WEBER PHYSIOLOGY OF SENSE ORGAN
GUSTAV FECHNER PSYCHOPHYSICS
G.STANLEY HALL FIRST AMENICAN PH.D IN
PSYCHOLOGY,ESTABLISHED
THE FIRST PSYCHOLOGICAL
LABOROTORY FOR CHILDREN
AND ADOLESCENTS IN US.
JAMES CATTEL FORMULATED THE FIRST
QUESTIONNAIRE KNOWN AS
(16 PF).
WILLIAM JAMES PUBLISHED”PRINCIPLES OF
PSYCHOLOGY

8. HIGHLIGHTS IN THE HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY
FORERUNNER CONTRIBUTION
EDWARD TITCHENER CONTINUE TO PROPAGATE THE
STRUCTURALISM IN US.
EDWARD THORNDIKE PIONEERED ON TRIAL AND
ERROR LEARNING OF
ANIMALS USING PUZZLE BOX.
SIGMUND FREUD DEVELOPED
PSYCHOANALYSIS,
INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS
ALFRED BINET DEVELOPED THE
FIRSTINTELLIGENCE TEST IN
FRANCE.
IVAN PAVLOV PROPONENT OF CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING

9. HIGHLIGHTS IN THE HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY
FORERUNNER CONTRIBUTION
MAX WERTHEIMER DESCRIBE THE ORGANIZATION
PROCESSES THROUGH
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY.
JOHN WATSON ADVOCATED BEHAVIORISM.
JEAN PIAGET PROPAGATED COGNITIVE
PSYCHOLOGY.
BF SKINNER PROPONENT OF OPERANT
CONDITIONING.
ABRAHAM MASLOW ESTABLISHED THE
HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY.

10. SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY

11. STRUCTURALISM
 FOUNDERS: WILHELM WUNDT,EDWARD
TITCHENER
 MAJOR EMPHASES: THE IMPORTANCE OF
THOUGHT PROCESS AND THE STRUCTURE OF
THE MIND. IDENTIFICATION OF THE ELEMENTS
OF THOUGHT.
 TECHNIQUES OF STUDYING: TRAINED
INTROSPECTION.

12. FUNCTIONALISM
 FOUNDERS: WILLIAM JAMES,JIHN DEWEY
 MAJOR EMPHASES: THE IMPOTANCE OF
APPLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL FINDINGS TO
PRACTICAL SITUATIONS. THE FUNCTION OF
MENTAL PROCESSES IN ADOPTING TO
ENVIRONMENT.
 TECHNIQUES OF STUDYING:
INTROSPECTION,EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
AND COMPARATIVE METHOD

13. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
 FOUNDERS: SIGMUND FREUD, CARL JUNG
 MAJOR EMPHASES:THE INFLUENCE OF THE
UNCONCIOUS ON BEHAVIOR . THE
IMPORTANCE OF EARLY LIFE EXPERIENCE ON
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT.
 TECHNIQUES OF STUDYING:INDIVIDUAL CASE
STUDY OF THE PATIENT.

14. GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
 FOUNDERS: MAX WERTHEIMER,WOLFGANG
KOHLER,KURT KOFFKA
 MAJOR EMPHASES:THE IMPORTANCE OF
ORGANIZATION AND CONTEXT IN THE
PERCEPTION OF MEANINGFUL WHOLES.
 TECHNIQUES OF STUDYING:PERCEPTION
EXPERIMENT

15. BEHAVIORISM
 FOUNDERS: JOHN WATSON,B.F
SKINNER, EDWARD THORNDIKE
 MAJOR EMPHASES: THE IMPOTANCE OF
OBJECTIVE,OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOR IN THE
STUDY OF PSYCHOLOGY. THE CONVICTION
THAT BEHAVIORS ARE MERE RESPONSES TO
EXTERNAL STIMULI.
 TECHNIQUES OF STUDYING:
EXPERIMENTS, PRIMARILY ON LEARNING AND
OFTEN DONE WITH ANIMALS.

16. HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
 FOUNDERS: CARL ROGERS, ABRAHAM
MASLOW
 MAJOR EMPHASES: THE IMPORTANCE OF
PEOPLE’S FEELINGS. THE VIEW OF HUMAN
NATURE AS NATURALLY POSITIVE AND
GROWTH SEEKING, AND FAITH IN PEOPLE’S
ABILITY TO SOLVE THEIR OWN PROBLEMS.
 TECHNIQUES OF STUDYING:INTERVIEW
TECHIQUE.

17. METHODS OF STUDY USED IN PSYCHOLOGY
 RESEARCH-IS A CRITICAL INQUIRY OR
CAREFUL EXAMINATION IN SEEKING FACTS.
 OBSERVATION-THE MOST WIDELY USED
METHOD. THIS IS DEPENDENT ON OVERT
BEHAVIOR.

18. KINDS OF OBSERVATION
 UNCONTROLLED/INFORMAL- IT DOES NOT
FOLLOW ANY PARTICULAR BEHAVIOR TO BE
OBSERVED. IT IS CASUAL AND THE
PSYCHOLOGIST IS FREETO OBSERVE ANY
ACTIVITY THAT COMES HIS WAYS WITHOUT ANY
FORMAL RECORDING OF BEHAVIOR.
 NATURALISTIC- IT IS THE OBSERVATION OF
THINGS AS THEY NATURALLY HAPPENED. ITS IS
ALSO CALLED THE FIELD STUDY METHOD.
 CONTROLLED/FORMAL- IT FOLLOWS CERTAIN
RULES,FACTORS OR CONTROL IN GATHERING
MATERIALS IN ORDER TO DRAW THE BEST
CONCLUSIONS.

19. LIFE HISTORY- THIS INVOLVES EXTENSIVE
STUDIES OF INDIVIDUALS BY TRACING THE
DEVELOPMENT OF A PARTICULAR FORM
OF BEHAVIOR.
A. DAYBOOK METHOD-IT IS THE DIARY OF
DEVELOPMENT; NORMALLY A RECORD OF
DAY TO DAY ACTIVITIES USED IN CHILD
DEVELOPMENT.
B. CLINICAL METHOD-IT CONTAINS THE
EMOTIONAL AND THE PERSONALITY
ADJUSTMENT OF HUMAN BEINGS. THIS IS
OBTAINED FROM MEDICAL/HOSPITAL
RECORDS.

20. C. CASE HISTORY-THE PARENTS
PROVIDE THE DATA ABOUT THE
INDIVIDUAL BEING STUDIED BY
PSYCHOLOGIST TO DISCOVER THE
CAUSE OF AND SOLUTION TO SOME
SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT PROBLEMS.
D.BIOLOGICAL METHOD-IT TELLS
ABOUT THE LIVES OF PERSON BASED
ON THE REMEMBERED EVENTS AND
RECORD WRITTEN ON THEIR OWN BY
THE INDIVIDUAL THEMSELVES.

21. SURVEY/GROUP METHOD-IT IS DONE
THROUGH QUESTIONNAIRES OR
INTERVIEWS WHEN DIRECT
OBSERVATION IS NOT FEASIBLE.
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD-THIS
METHOD STUDIES BEHAVIOR IN THE
LABOROTORY AND NORMALLY UNDER
CONTROLLED CONDITIONS.

22. FIELDS OF PSYCHOLOGY
 EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
 DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
 COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
 ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
 CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
 EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
 INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY
 PARANORMAL PSYCHOLOGY