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1. Introduction to
Psychology

2. When you hear the word
PSYCHOLOGY, want are
the words associated with the
term?

6. Objectives:
• Define the science of
psychology.
• Trace back the historical
foundations of psychology.
• Understand the
perspective of the
different Schools of
Thoughts in psychology.
• Differentiate the
approaches of psychology
• Differentiate the
branches, fields and
research methods and
principles of psychology.

7. Etymology
The word psychology derives from Greek roots meaning study of :
1. psyche, or soul (ψυχή )psychē, ,means "breath, spirit, soul" and
2. logia, (λογία -) "study of" or "research."

8. • Psi is the is the 23rd
letter of
the Greek alphabet.
• Greek word “psuche”,
meaning mind or soul,
from which the term
psyche arose; which
in turn gave us the name
of the discipline
psychology.

10. Historical
Background
• Behavior is influenced by gods and
nature including the way we
process our thoughts, feelings and
even madness.
• Mind is centered in the heart or
other organs.
• Egyptians thrown the idea of the
brain.
ANCIENT TIMES/
PRE-GREEK

11. Historical
Background
• DEMONIC POSSESSIONS
1. Demons and devils cause abnormal behaviors such as
madness.
2. Idea that mad people are motivated by unseen forces.

12. Historical
Background
• Trial by ordeal was an ancient judicial practice by which
the guilt or innocence of the accused was determined by
subjecting them to a painful, or at least an unpleasant, usually
dangerous experience. The test was one of life or death, and the
proof of innocence was survival.
Example: Water Float Ordeal
ANCIENT TIMES/
PRE-GREEK

13. Historical
Background
SOCRATES
• The body and soul
composite in human being.
• Know Thyself concept
• Socratic Method
• Happiness can be achieve in
knowing thyself.
GREEK PERIOD

14. Historical
Background
PLATO
( 428 -427- 348 -347 BCE )
• The soul is distinct to man and
it is God-given.
• It inhibits the Body as
“knower,” “thinker,” and
“determiner” of the individual’s
actions.
GREEK PERIOD

15. Historical
Background
ARISTOTLE
( 384- 322 BC )
Father of Psychology
Introduced functions of the
Soul
For him, the body is mere potentiality;
it contains all of the functional
parts and is potentially alive. In
order for the body to be actually
alive, it needs the soul, which
he considers to be first actuality.
GREEK PERIOD

16. Aristotle:
Wrote “About the
Psyche” covering topics
such as personality, sensation,
perception, thought,
intelligence, needs, motives,
feelings, emotions and memory.
Historical
Background

17. Historical
Background
HIPPOCRATES
• A Greek physician, the Father of
Medicine
- Suggested that the Brain is the
root of behavioral problems.
- He incorporated the four
temperaments into his medical
theories as part of the ancient
medical concept of bodily humor or
fluids affect human behaviors and
traits.

18. GALEN ( 129-219 AD)
• Theorized the relation of
Temperament to
Physiological factors
• Behaviors may be
attributed to the
“humors” or vital
juices of the body or bile.
1. sanguine- yellow bile
2. phlegmatic- green bile
3. melancholic – black bile
4. choleric – red bile
Historical
Background

20. Historical
Background
1. St. Augustine of
Hippo
2. St. Thomas
Aquinas
MEDIEVAL PERIOD

21. •St. Augustine of
Hippo – a Catholic Saint,
combined the Greek
thought with Christian
thinking and introduced the
method of introspection.
Historical
Background

22. St. Thomas
Aquinas
• Merges Aristotle’s idea that the
mind is a living matter to his
idea of immortality.
• A belief that when the body
dies, the soul separates and
becomes a Spirit.
Historical
Background

23. Pre- Modern Period
Historical
Background

24. Francis Bacon ( 1561-1626)
• First proposed that
psychology should be
separated from
Philosophy and
Psychology should be
treated as natural
science – the
concept of
naturalism.

25. Rene Descartes (1649)
• Introduced the Idea of
Dualism and the
concept of Reflex Action
which indicates that the
mind and the body
interact.
• Mind – spiritual entity
• Body – physical or material
entity
• Considered to be distinct
and separate, they work
together to make
individual functional.
Historical
Background

26. John Locke
(1632–1704) -
Believed that at
birth the human
mind is a “tabula
rasa” or a blank
slate, on which
experience “writes”
knowledge.
Historical Background

27. Charles Darwin
(1809 – 1882) - He is
the author of the Law
of Natural Selection
or Theory of
Evolution; inspired
the Psychological
school of thought,
Functionalism.
Historical Background

28. Francis Galton
(1822–1911)
- He was concerned with
the study of individual
differences. He was
considered as the
“Father of Mental
tests” or the Father
of Behavioral
Sciences.
Historical Background

29. 19th Century Contributions –
Modern Psychology

32. Wilhelm Wundt - in his
laboratory in Leipzig,
Germany.

34. Sigmund Freud
• The Father of
Psychoanalysis who
underwent a thorough
study of unconscious mind
and developed the
psychoanalytic process of
free association. famous
concepts such as id, ego
and superego, dream
analysis, psychosexual
concepts, defense
mechanisms, etc.

35. Carl Jung
• Very close associate of
Freud who developed his
theory of the origin of
neurosis.
• He was Neo-Freudian and
established Analytic
Psychology. He gave
emphasis on the importance
of the collective
unconscious, personal
unconscious, archetypes,
anima/animus concept,
introversion and
extraversion, 4 basic
psychological functions as

36. Alfred Adler
• opposed Freud’s theory
and made his own called,
Individual
Psychology; is famous
of the following concepts
of inferiority and
superiority, birth order,
family constellation,
personal superiority,
social interest, or
“gemeinschaftgefuhl”,
style of life or lifestyle,
fictional finalism.

37. Karen Horney
 Basic need for Love and Security.
 Feminism Psychology, strongly
advocated that differences
between men and women are
manifest from differences in
culture and socialization rather
than biology.
 particularly trouble by the
concept of penis envy of Freud,
presented concepts on womb envy
instead.
 Neo-Freudian known also of her
Theory of Neurotic Needs.

38. Karl Pearson
• Statistical evaluation of human
Behavior
Charles Spearman
 Recognized as the “ first
systematized Psychometrician
and Father of Classical Theory

39. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
• Develop the first
Intelligence Quotient
IQ test called “ Binet-
Simon Scale”
• It is a cognitive
ability and
intelligence test that
is used to diagnose
developmental or
cognitive deficiencies
in young children.

40. Ivan Pavlov
• Russian physiologist
whose research on
the physiology of
digestion led to the
development of the
first experimental
model of learning,
Classical
Conditioning.
• behaviorist

41. Edward Lee Thorndike
• The Father of
Educational
Psychologist .
• Known for his early
animal studies and
the founding
principles of
Instrumental
Learning, “ The Law
of Effect.”

42. BF Skinner
• Contribute the
Operant
Conditioning of
which , in the idea ,
the organism is in
the process of
“operating” on the
environment.
• Reinforcement and
Punishment

43. The use of ANIMISMAncient Period
TRUE TRUE
Psychogenesis of Psychology
Greek Period Philosophical Concepts
Medieval Period Christian thinking , Body and Soul
Pre-Modern Period Physiology and Science
Modern Period Scientific Psychology

44. Human Behavior
• What is unique about
humans?
• What do we have in common
with other species?
• How do we differ from each
other?
• How did we come to be who
we are?

45. Scientific Definition
Psychology – A scientific study of human behavior
and mental processes.

46. Characteristics of Psychology
and Science
• Empirical Observations
• Theoretical-
• Objective –
• Systematic –
• Recording- future use

47. Goals of Psychology
There are four basic goals of psychology: to
describe, explain, predict,
and control behavior.

48. To Describe
• Through describing the behavior of humans
and other animals, we are better able to
understand it and gain a better perspective on
what is considered normal and abnormal.

49. To Explain
• Psychologists are also interested
in explaining behavior in addition
to merely describing it. Why do
people do the things they do?
What factors contribute to
development, personality, social
behavior, and mental health
problems?
• Throughout psychology's
history, many theories have
emerged to help explain various
aspects of human behavior.

50. To Predict
• Once we understand more
about what happens and why
it happens, we can use that
information to make
predictions about when, why,
and how it might happen again
in the future.
• Successfully predicting
behavior is also one of the
best ways to know if we
understand the underlying
causes of our actions.

51. To Control
• Finally, and perhaps most
importantly, psychology strives to
change, influence, or control
behavior to make constructive
and lasting changes in people's
lives
• From treating mental illness to
enhancing human well-being,
changing human behavior is a
huge focus of psychology.

52. Definition
• Behavior - Any response or activity of an organism.
It can either be simple or complex; overt or covert;
conscious or unconscious; voluntary or involuntary;
rational or irrational.

53. Different Types of
Behavior
• Overt and Covert
Overt – a behavior which is observable and can be
manifested outwardly.
Ex. Walking, Talking, Playing
Covert – a behavior which actions that is not directly
visible.
Ex. Lying, Thinking and Learning

54. •Conscious, Unconscious
and Non-Conscious
Conscious – behavior pertains to the action
that is within one’s awareness
Ex. Solving Math problems, All Emotional
Feelings
Unconscious – actions done by an individual
yet he is not aware of doing so.
Ex. Strives for Hunger or Thirst
Non- conscious – bodily activities which may
detected by instruments or apparatus.
Ex. Blood Pressure, Pulse rate, Digestion of
Food

55. • Rational and Irrational
Rational – manifested through an action
which is in the realm of sanity and
adequate reason.
Ex. Admiring an athlete because of his
physique
Irrational – behavior pertains to actions
which are done without any apparent
reason and explanation.
Ex. Elliot Rodger statement “ All women
are flawed.

56. Voluntary – done through man’s full will and
discretion
Involuntary – those actions done automatically
like breathing, digestion, circulation
Voluntary and Involuntary

57. •Simple and Complex - based on
the number of neurons involved in the
process of behavior
Simple – fewer neurons
Complex– more neurons

58. Schools of Thought
Is an organized explanation of certain
phenomena believed by groups of people
supporting the principles.

59. STRUCTURALISM
• The first School of Thought
• Introduced ideas associated with
conscious experiences.
• Advocated by the founder of the first
psychological laboratory
• Proposed by Wilhelm Wundt
• Edward B.Tichener– formally
established structuralism
Schools of Thought

60. STRUCTURALISM
• Gave importance to the
structure of the mind
• Objective sensations ,
subjective feelings.
• Method used is
Introspection.
Schools of Thought

62. FUNCTIONALISM
• Proposed by John Dewey, William
James, and Harvey Carr
• Gave importance of the
“ Functions of the mind rather than
the structures.”
Schools of Thought

64. BEHAVIORISM
• Introduced by John B. Watson , American
psychologist in 1913.
Schools of Thought

65. BEHAVIORISM
• Believed that observable behavior, not inner experience, was
the only reliable source of information.
• Gave importance to the environment in shaping behaviors.
• Behaviorists were Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner
Schools of
Thought

66. Ivan Pavlov Classical Conditioning Theory

67. • "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own
specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any
one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I
might select -- doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes,
even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants,
tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors."
--John Watson, Behaviorism, 1930

69. Gestalt Psychology
Schools of Thought

70. GESTALT THEORISTS
Max Wertheimer Wolfgang Köhler Kurt Koffka
“The whole is different from its parts .”

71. PSYCHOANALYSIS
• Founded by Austrian doctor Sigmund
Freud.
• Psychoanalysis was based on the theory
that behavior is determined by
powerful inner forces, most of
which are buried in the
unconscious mind.
• People repress any desires and needs that
are unacceptable to themselves and
society.
Schools of Thought

72. Many of us have experienced what is commonly referred to as a
Freudian slip.These misstatements are believed to reveal
underlying, unconscious thoughts or feelings. Consider this example:
James has just started a new relationship
with a woman he met at school. While
talking to her one afternoon, he
accidentally calls her by his ex-girlfriend's
name.

73. Many of us might blame the slip on distraction or
describe it as a simple accident.
However, a psychoanalytic theorist might tell you that
this is much more than a random accident.
The psychoanalytic view holds that there are
inner forces outside of your awareness
that are directing your behaviour.
For example, a psychoanalyst might say that
James misspoke due to unresolved feelings for his ex or
perhaps because of misgivings about his new relationship.

76. COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
• Focused on the realms of human
perception, thought and memory. It
portrays learners as active
processors of
information.
• Proponents Jean Piaget and
Leo Vygotsky

77. EXISTENTIALIST
PSYCHOLOGY
• Started from Humanistic
psychology focus on the
human condition and took it
to an extreme.
• Works from Viktor Frankl and
Rollo May
• viewed people as free to
choose and as being
responsible for choosing
ethical conduct.
• Freewill and uniqueness of
the individual

78. HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
• Restore the creative , healthy emotional side of
humanity.
• The humanist also sought to create a more ‘ non-
directive form of therapy that gave the client stronger
feelings of self-efficacy and choice in therapy and in
their lives.
• stresses the human capacity for self-fulfillment

80. Approaches of
Psychology
An approach or perspective in psychology is
a particular view as to why, and how, it is
we think, feel, and behave as we do.

81. Behaviorist Perspective
• They view people (and animals) as controlled by
their environment and specifically that we are the
result of what we have learned from our
environment.
• Behaviorism is concerned with how environmental
factors (called stimuli) affect observable behavior
(called the response).

82. Psychodynamic Perspective
• Events in our childhood can have a significant
impact on our behavior as adults. Freud also
believed that people have little free will to make
choices in life. Instead, our behavior is determined
by the unconscious mind and childhood
experiences.

83. Humanistic Perspective
• Humanistic psychologists look at human behavior, not
only through the eyes of the observer, but through the
eyes of the person doing the behaving.
• Humanistic psychologists believe that an individual's
behavior is connected to his inner feelings and self-
image. The humanistic perspective centers on the view
that each person is unique and individual, and has the
free will to change at any time in his or her lives.
• The humanistic perspective suggests that we are each
responsible for our own happiness and well-being as
humans. We have the innate (i.e., inborn) capacity for
self-actualization, which is our unique desire to achieve
our highest potential as people.

84. Cognitive Psychology
• Cognitive Psychology revolves around the notion
that if we want to know what makes people tick
then the way to do it is to figure out what
processes are actually going on in their minds. In
other words, psychologists from this perspective
study cognition which is ‘the mental act or process
by which knowledge is acquired.’
• The cognitive perspective is concerned with
“mental” functions such
as memory, perception, attention, etc.

85. Biological
• The biological approach believes us to be as a
consequence of our genetics and physiology. It is
the only approach in psychology that examines
thoughts, feelings, and behaviors from a physical
point of view.

86. Biological
• The biological approach believes us to be as a
consequence of our genetics and physiology. It is
the only approach in psychology that examines
thoughts, feelings, and behaviors from a physical
point of view.

87. Evolutionary
• Evolutionary psychology focus on how evolution
has shaped the mind and behavior.

88. Research Methods

89. Branches of Psychology

90. Some of the important branches of psychology for
our course are:
1. Developmental psychology
2. Personality psychology
3. Social psychology
4. Industrial /organizational psychology
5. Clinical and counseling psychology
6. Experimental and physiological psychology
7. Educational psychology
Branches of Psychology

91. Developmental psychology
• It studies: how human being grows and changes
through the life span.
• domains of development; physical and motor,
intellectual, personal, emotional, moral and social.
• sequences and rate of maturation, size and
ability in relation to age.

92. Personality psychology
The definition suggests that personality is
made up of:
• combination of characteristics and behavior.
• uniqueness of characteristics
• consistency

93. Social Psychology
It studies:
• How the behavior of a person or a group
influences the behavior of another person or
group.
• how people learn attitude and emotions, skills,
• actions, new perceptions, new ways of speaking
• and of living with others.
• These behaviors are learnt through interaction,
• communication and interpersonal relationships

94. Industrial/Organizational Psychology
• It studies behavior of workers at
working places; industries, companies,
institutions or at any working situation.
• various aspects of behavior in relation
to work interest, efficiency, satisfaction,
diligence and commitment leading to
maximum production and profit.
• causes of low production as related to
human behavior.

95. Industrial/Organizational Psychology
• Social, personal and counseling needs of
workers, supervision and training needs.
• workers’ level of motivation, morale,
working schedules, working routines as
related to their attitudes and values.
• how conflicts affect commitment and
diligence of workers and how to resolve
them.

96. Clinical and Counseling
Psychology
• It deals with behavior problems, emotional
disorders and behavior that indicate that the
person is abnormal.
• Specialists in this area are medical doctors but they
use psychotherapy in treating abnormal
• behavior.
• Psychotherapy: a procedure of treating
• abnormal behavior using interview techniques.

97. Counseling psychology
• It deals with helping people to make decision about
life; work, education or marriage. This is applied in
institutions, schools or in society.
• Clinical and counseling psychology are interrelated.
They tackled almost the same problems and use
the same methods but differ in degree of severity.

98. Experimental and
Physiological psychology
• Experimental method is used in understanding
behavior, for example perception, sensations,
memory, learning. studies basic causes of behavior,
biological and social, that cut across different
species.
• formulate theories that can be applied in other
situations.
• Examples; closeness & attachment, pain and
avoidance

99. Physiological psychology
• It studies biological basis of behavior, the function
of the body and behavior.
• Example the causes of anger, brain and memory,
secretion of hormones and emotional arousal,
genes and behavior patterns.

100. Educational psychology
• Educational Psychology is an applied branch of
psychology because it applies knowledge of general
psychology in teaching and learning.
• Every branch of psychology contributes something
in Educational psychology.
• Understanding the scope of other branches of
psychology is important for the teacher.

101. Fields of Psychology

102. Other Fields of Science
Related to Psych
• Biopsychology – application of the
principles of biology to the study
of mental processes and behavior.
- analyzes how the brain and neurotransmitters
influence our behaviors, thoughts and feelings.
This field can be thought of as a combination of
basic psychology and neuroscience.

103. • Physiological Psychology – study of
neural mechanisms of perception and
behavior through direct manipulation of the
brains of nonhuman animal subjects in
controlled experiments.
-Later, the results are related to human
behaviors.

104. Hysteria
• Somatoform disorder is a class of psychological disorder that involves
physical symptoms that do not have a physical cause. These symptoms
usually mimic real diseases or injuries.

105. • Psychiatry – branch of medicine which
exists to study , prevent and treat mental
disorders in humans. The art and science of
the clinical application of psychiatry.

106. Virginia Woolf - Bipolar Disorder
• She committed
suicide, walking into
the River Ouse with
stones in her pockets.
• “All extremes of
feeling are allied
with madness.” ―
Virginia

107. • Vincent van Gogh’s life was full of moments of lucidity and
madness.

108. • Van Gogh had a mental episode that resulted in
him cutting a portion of his left ear off.
• In the mental hospital , he made his famous
paintings including . Starry Night.

109. • Psychotherapy– pertains to the
application of specialized psychological
methods to the treatment of diagnosed
mental disorders or to the problems of
person’s daily treatment.

110. • Psychotropics – a sub-field of medicine
that deals with various pharmacological
agents such as anti-depressants, anti-
anxiety, anti-manic and anti-psychotic
agents utilized to affect behavior , mood and
feelings.

111. • Psychosurgery– a branch of medicine
which involves the surgical severing and
chemical alterations of brain fibers with the
purpose of modifying psychological
disturbances and other behavior
aberrations. This is similar to the ancient
method of brain extirpation.

112. • Social Psychology –merged the
discipline of Sociology and Anthropology
together with the basic premise about the
common concern of psychology which is to
study human behavior and mental
processes..

113. • Psycholinguistics –the
study of the psychological
and neurobiological factors
that enable humans to
acquire, use and understand
language.