Microbiology is the study of microorganisms too small to be seen without a microscope. Microbes are found everywhere and play important roles in ecosystems and human bodies. While most microbes are harmless or beneficial, some can cause disease. Key figures like van Leeuwenhoek first observed microbes, Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation and established germ theory, Koch linked specific microbes to diseases, Jenner developed the first vaccine, Fleming discovered penicillin, and advances now help detect, treat, and prevent infectious diseases.
Air sanitation is the system of removing the impurities present in air inside buildings to protect people from infections. Sanitation of air is essential in enclosed places like hospitals and operation rooms.
Definition of microbiology, classification of microbiology base of microbes, Advantage & disadvantage of microbes, Historical & development of microbiology, information of microscope and pharmaceutical microbiology.
General introduction to micro organisms. What are micro-organisms? Microorganism. Bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, protozoans, Microbiology, father of microbiology, PowerPoint Presentation.
Microbiology:
Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms and their activities
It considers the microscopic forms of life and deals about their
Reproduction and physiology
participation in the process of nature
helpful and harmful relationship with other living things
significance in science and industry
Air sanitation is the system of removing the impurities present in air inside buildings to protect people from infections. Sanitation of air is essential in enclosed places like hospitals and operation rooms.
Definition of microbiology, classification of microbiology base of microbes, Advantage & disadvantage of microbes, Historical & development of microbiology, information of microscope and pharmaceutical microbiology.
General introduction to micro organisms. What are micro-organisms? Microorganism. Bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, protozoans, Microbiology, father of microbiology, PowerPoint Presentation.
Microbiology:
Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms and their activities
It considers the microscopic forms of life and deals about their
Reproduction and physiology
participation in the process of nature
helpful and harmful relationship with other living things
significance in science and industry
To understand the basic concepts of the biology of microorganisms and its mechanism of action in host cells.
-Dr SUBASHKUMAR R
Associate Professor in Biotechnology
Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore
Distinguish between cellular and acellular. Give examples of microorg.pdfarjuntiwari586
Distinguish between cellular and acellular. Give examples of microorganisms in each category.
Describe the distinguishing features of each type of cell. What are the three domains of life?
Describe features of each domain. Escherichia coli is a bacterial species. Identify the genus and
the species. Escherichia coli has different strains. What is the significance of the strain
designation? What contributes to the emergence and/or re-emergence of infectious diseases?
Define the divisions of microbiology: bacteriology, mycology, virology, parasitology, serology,
molecular biology. The following made significant contributions to the field of microbiology,
identify the contribution of each: Leeuwenhoek, Holmes, Semmelweis, Lister, Pasteur, Koch,
Jenner
Solution
2.Unicellular organism is made up of one cell, a being with a cell wall, that gets along fine on its
own (like amoebas, protozoa or bacteria that usually move about all on their own) or which
could get along fine on its own (like yeasts or algae, which usually grow in bunches or
strings).Acellular organisms do not divide into discrete cells following the division of the
nucleus - they just carry on growing and producing more nuclei.Eg:Viruses, viroids, satellites,
plasmids, phagemids, cosmids, transposons and prions.
3. please specify the cells,in human or microbes?
4.The three domains of life are:
(a)EUKARYOTA
The Eukaryota include the organisms that most people are most familiar with - all animals,
plants, fungi, and protists. They also include the vast majority of the organisms that
paleontologists work with. Although they show unbelievable diversity in form, they share
fundamental characteristics of cellular organization, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Eg:
dinoflagellate,single-celled photosynthetic protist; plants; animals; and fungi.
(b)BACTERIA
Bacteria are often maligned as the causes of human and animal disease (like this one, Leptospira,
which causes serious disease in livestock). However, certain bacteria, the actinomycetes, produce
antibiotics such as streptomycin and nocardicin; others live symbiotically in the guts of animals
(including humans) or elsewhere in their bodies, or on the roots of certain plants, converting
nitrogen into a usable form. Bacteria put the tang in yogurt and the sour in sourdough bread;
bacteria help to break down dead organic matter; bacteria make up the base of the food web in
many environments. Bacteria are of such immense importance because of their extreme
flexibility, capacity for rapid growth and reproduction, and great age - the oldest fossils known,
nearly 3.5 billion years old, are fossils of bacteria-like organisms.
(c)ARCHEA
Archaeans include inhabitants of some of the most extreme environments on the planet. Some
live near rift vents in the deep sea at temperatures well over 100 degrees Centigrade. Others live
in hot springs, or in extremely alkaline or acid waters. They have been found thriving inside the
digestive tracts of cows, t.
Medical Microbiology begins with a review of the immune system, focusing on the body's response to invading microorganisms. Bacteria are then covered, first with a series of chapters presenting the general concepts of bacterial microbiology and then with chapters detailing the major bacterial pathogenes of humans. Similar sections cover virology, mycology, and parasitology. In each section, the introductory chapters stress the mechanisms of infection characteristic of that type of microorganism, thus providing the reader with a framework for understanding rather than memorizing the clinical behavior of the pathogens. The final section of the book Introduction to Infectious Diseases, is arranged by organ system and provides transition for clinical considerations.
Evolution of the Immune System
The immune system consists of factors that provide innate and acquired immunity, and has evolved to become more specific, complex, efficient, and regulated. One of the principal functions of the human immune system is to defend against infecting and other foreign agents by distinguishing self from non-self (foreign antigens) and to marshal other protective responses from leukocytes. The immune system, if dysregulated, can react to self antigens to cause autoimmune diseases or fail to defend against infections.
Organization/Components/Functions
The immune system is organized into discrete compartments to provide the milieu for the development and maintenance of effective immunity. Those two overlapping compartments: the lymphoid and reticuloendothelial systems (RES) house the principal immunologic cells, the leukocytes. Leukocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow during postnatal life include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and T and B lymphocytes. Hematopoietic and lymphoid precursor cells are derived from pluripotent stem cells. Cells that are specifically committed to each type of leukocyte (colony-forming units) are consequently produced with the assistance of special stimulating factors (e.g. cytokines).
Cells of the immune system intercommunicate by ligand-receptor interactions between cells and/or via secreted molecules called cytokines. Cytokines produced by lymphocytes are termed lymphokines (i.e., interleukins and interferon-γ) and those produced by monocytes and macrophages are termed monokines.
Lymphoid System
Cells of the lymphoid system provide highly specific protection against foreign agents and also orchestrate the functions of other parts of the immune system by producing immunoregulatory cytokines. The lymphoid system is divided into 1) central lymphoid organs, the thymus and bone marrow, and 2) peripheral lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosal and submucosal tissues of the alimentary and respiratory tracts. The thymus instructs certain lymphocytes to differentiate into thymus-dependent (T) lymphocytes and selects most of them to die in...
Introduction to Microbiology & Microorganisms PPT by DR.C.P.PinceDR.PRINCE C P
Microorganisms are the minute living bodies not visible to the naked eyes.Example: Bacteria, Yeast, Amoeba etc
Microbiology is the specific branch of ‘biology’ that deals with the elaborated investigation of ‘small organisms’ termed as microbes or Microorganisms.
In simple words, Microbiology is the study of microorganisms.
Bacteria Example: Anthrax Bacilli, Esch. Coli
Fungi - .Example: Yeast, Mushrooms, Pencillium
Algae Example: Diatoms
Protozoan Example : Malaria parasite
Viruses - Example:HIV,Chicken pox
Worms – Example: Round worm, Pin worm
PPT prepared by :
DR.C.P.PRINCE
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
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The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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2. Microorganisms (microbes) What are microorganisms? - Very small organisms that usually need to be seen with a microscope. - Microbes are ubiquitous- They are EVERYWHERE!!! In terms of range of distribution & numbers, microbes are the dominant organisms on earth. - Most microbes on earth are NOT harmful to humans- in fact, they are very important parts of the world’s ecosystems. - Those microbes that can harm humans are calledpathogenic (disease causing) Microbiology studies: Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoa, Algae, Fungi (yeasts & molds) Helminths (parasitic worms)
3. Origins of Microorganisms Fossil records show bacteria-like organisms about 3.5 billion years ago! These fossils are the 1st evidence of life on earth. These simple cells are calledprokaryotic. (before nucleus). Bacteria have these prokaryotic cells and are therefore called prokaryotes. Prokaryotic cells then gave rise to a more complex type of cell that we call a eukaryotic cell (with true nucleus). All other forms of life have eukaryotic cells, we can call them eukaryotes. Eukaryotic organisms include animals, plants, fungi & protists. Deep sea vents & origins of life
4. Microbiological fields Microbiology: the study of many areas- cell structure, function, genetics, immunology, biochemistry, epidemiology & ecology. Bacteriology: study of bacteria Mycology: study of fungi (medical, agricultural, ecological) Parasitology: study of protozoa & parasitic worms Immunology: study of immune system, vaccine, allergy, blood testing Virology: study of viruses Epidemiology: study of public health: cause, distribution and control of disease in human populations. Biotechnology: altering microorganisms genetic material Microbial ecology: relationship between microbes & environment, recycling nutrients in soil, water. Food, dairy, aquatic, agricultural, astromicrobiology! Etc! etc!
5. Microbes are important part of life on earth! Recycle vital elements: Bacteria & fungi decompose matter into its elements to be used again. (greenhouse gas composition largely by gasses from microbes, soil composition etc.) 2. Symbiotic relationships with plants & animals. Microbes that live on/in other organisms are beneficial. 3. Sewage treatment: human waste, waste water, industrial waste, surface runoff. Treatment with chemical & bacteria. 4. BioremediationSome microbes can remove toxic substances from underwater wells, toxic spills, waste water, oil spills. 5. Insect pest control: bacteria & fungi can be used to control insect population that destroys crops. Better than pesticides that stay in soil & toxins get incorporated into food web. Eg) locusts & mold 6. Biotechnology:genetic engineering manipulates DNA of microbes, plants & animals. (plants resistant to pesticides, yeast that produce human proteins, pigs that make human hemoglobin etc. 7. Basis of food chain: Maintain ecological balance in marine and land life.
6. Microbes & our bodies Normal microbiotaOR normal flora are microorganisms that normally live on & inside our bodies. Functions: A) Our normal flora is important to our health! “The bacteria living in our digestive tract have been shown to help digestion, protect against infection, and aid the development of the intestine after birth.” Harvard newsletter B) Our normal flora creates an environment in which not one microbe will overgrow to cause problems. C) Normal flora makes it more difficult for pathogenic bacteria to colonize our bodies. D) Problems may arise when normal flora is killed off. Eg) women: yeast infection common when taking antibiotics
7. Taxonomy is the formal filing system used to classify living organisms by phylogenetic similarity which is based on evolutionary similarities in morphology, physiology & genetics. All living things belong to one of three domains: Bacteria, Archaea & Eukarya. (2 domains consist of only bacteria!) D. Bacteria: contain all “everyday” bacteria D. Archaea: contains all “extreme” bacteria video- geomicrobiologists D. Eukarya: contains everything else! (animals, plants, protists, fungi)
9. Scientific Nomenclature- Binomial system ● All scientific names for organisms are written using the binomial system written as: Genus species. ● Genus capitalized, species is lower case. ● In italics or underlined. Examples: Staphylococcus aureus Abbreviated to S. aureus Name can be descriptive: Staphylococcus epidermidis After the disease the organism causes: Mycobacterium tuberculosis According to who discovered it: Escherichia coli
10. History of Microbiology Up until the middle 1600’s people believed that living things can arise from non-living matter.This was called spontaneous generation, orabiogenesis. Without the knowledge of microscopic organisms (eggs, bacteria, larvae, etc) or the help of a microscope, people did not know what causes matter to rot, spoil, mold or how people got sick! Eg) Jan Baptista van Helmont’s recipe for mice: Place a dirty shirt or some rags in an open pot or barrel containing a few grains of wheat or some wheat bran, and in 21 days, mice will appear. There will be adult males and females present, and they will be capable of mating and reproducing more mice.
11. History of Microbiology Antoni van Leeuwenhoek “Father of Microbiology” Man obsessed with milling glass lenses. 1683: first to observe living organisms w/ magnifying lens. Took samples from rain water & teeth scrapings (people in these days almost never brushed their teeth!) Saw moving organisms he called “animalcules”, which were probably bacteria & protists. There was no knowledge of any microscopic organism before this & discovery of small living things prompted much research into this area. He was then recognized as a scientist by the Royal Society of London. 1753
12. History of Microbiology 1861 Louis Pasteur was an acclaimed microbiologist. Had been studying roles of microorganisms in the fermentation of beer & wine and how they can spoil. Until now, people thought that air converted sugar to alcohol. Pasteur found that yeast was responsible for fermentation & other organismscauses spoiling. Solution: raising the temperature of beer and wine so that bacteria are killed off. Now known as pasteurization! Monsieur Louie, why is our wine and beer spoiling?
13. Disproving spontaneous generation Louis Pasteur was certain that microorganisms werepresent in the air & could contaminate things. He performed a series of careful experiments which proved that organisms such as bacteria and fungi do not appear in liquid broths on their own, but the liquid must be contaminated with microbes found in the air.
14. Pasteur’s experiment Two sets of broths in flasks with S-shaped necks are boiled to sterilize liquid. Pasteur breaks off one of the necks to allow dust to travel down into flask. S-shaped neck traps dust & microbes on dust by gravity before they get to broth. Results: The open neck bottle was contaminated & grew microbes. S-shaped flask remained microbe free. Heating to kill all organisms Sterile broth Germs from air Germs trapped Re-infected Sterile
15. History of Microbiology Robert Koch His experiment linked microorganism to a specific disease! Before this time, it was known that microbes can “spoil” things, but the idea that they caused human disease was still new. Isolated Bacillus anthracisin infected animals & found that this bacteria causes anthrax disease. “Koch’s postulates” used today. Sequence of steps to relate a specific microbe to a specific disease.
16. Koch & Pasteur’s work Discovery of microbes in the air and that germs cause diseases in humans lead a surgeon (Joeseph Lister) to come up with aseptic techniques, aimed at reducing microbes in the hospital & need for sanitizing things. Surgeons began washing hands and using disinfectants! Before this, Dr would come from an autopsy and deliver a baby without washing his hands! Lots of women got infections this way. Pasteur’s experiments & Robert Koch confirmed the germ theory of disease. The germ theory of disease states thatmicroorganisms cause disease & infection!
17. History of Microbiology (1796) Edward Jenner Found milkmaids didn’t contract smallpox if they had contracted cowpox earlier. Jenner took cowpox lesions & inoculated a healthy boy. Later, he took smallpox lesion from sick person & inoculated the same boy. Boy did not come down with smallpox! This method was called “vaccination” from vacca (cow) in Jenner’s honor.
18. History of Microbiology 1928 Alexander Fleming Discovered the first antibiotic. Before this time, there was no cure for bacterial infections. People died from common bacterial infections. Discovered a mold could inhibit bacterial growth. The mold wasPenicilliumnotatum Today’s penicillin!
19. Why are diseases changing/emerging ? Ecological changes: deforestation, warming of oceans, drought, flood, etc. eg) malaria increase due to deforestation in South America Animal populations that harbor diseases are strongly influenced by environmental changes. In raising animals for food: types of feed, antibiotics, living conditions all affect animal health & spread of disease. Evolutionary/genetic changes in microorganisms: multi-drug resistant bacteria, mutating viruses etc. People misusing antibiotics, not finishing their course of antibiotics cause “super bugs”.
20. Population increase: Now world pop’l 6.5 billion. Estimated to reach 9.5 billion in 2050. Congested cities, people closer together, more poverty, less clean resources (clean water!) more stress on sanitation needs etc. World travel: People (and their diseases) are no longer isolated to certain regions. Eg) West Nile came from Uganda, Hanta virus first discovered in Korea. Migrating animals, pests hitch a ride on planes, people bringing in exotic plants & fruit carry microorganisms.
21. Advances of microbiology AIDS drugs (fatal to chronic disease) Gene therapy research hopes to treat SCID, muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis, genetic hypercholesterolemia. New tests for early detection for diseases: such as BSE blood test. New vaccines & eradicating disease from populations. New anti-viral & anti-bacterial medications being researched. Advances in food & water microbiology makes food preservation possible. Microbes and human welfare: Rx for survival
22. Quiz yourself 1) Which one of the following is NOT a microorganism? A) virus b) bacteria c) protozoan d) mushroom 2) An area of microbiology that is concerned with the occurrence of disease in human populations is: a) Immunology c) parasitology b) Epidemiology d) bioremediation 3) Which process involves the deliberate alteration of an organisms genetic material? a) Bioremediation c) biotechnology b) decomposition d) biotechnology 4) Which choice of taxonomic groups will allow the most diverse amount of organisms in it? a) Phyla b) class c) species d) order e) family
23. Abiogenesis refers to the: a) spontaneous generation of organisms from nonliving matter b) development of life froms from preexisting life forms c) development of aseptic techniques d) germ theory of disease Which of the following are prokaryotic? a) bacteria b) archaea c) protists d) both a and b 7. Which early microbiologist(s) were most responsible for disproving spontaneous generation? For making the first vaccine? For stopping the spoiling of alcoholic beverages? For discovering an antibiotic? For linking a microbe to a disease? For first seeing microorganisms? a) Leewenhook b) Koch c) Pasteur d) Jenner e) Flemming