Microbiology is the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. The document introduces key terms and provides a brief history of microbiology, including early theories of spontaneous generation and biogenesis. It describes important early scientists like van Leeuwenhoek, Redi, Spallanzani, and Pasteur and their experiments disproving spontaneous generation. The development of the germ theory of disease by Koch and the classification of microorganisms into domains, kingdoms, and taxa is summarized.
This document provides definitions and information related to microbiology. It defines key terms like microbiology, microorganisms, microscope, antibiotics, and antiseptics. It discusses the early history of microbiology including Leeuwenhoek's discovery of microbes and debates around spontaneous generation. It summarizes Louis Pasteur's experiments which disproved spontaneous generation and established the germ theory of disease. The document also discusses the golden age of microbiology and contributions of scientists like Jenner, Koch, and others that advanced the field.
The document provides a historical introduction to medical microbiology. It discusses key events and discoveries, including:
- Early observations of microorganisms in the 1600s by Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek
- Experiments by Redi in 1668 that disproved the theory of spontaneous generation
- Pasteur's experiments in the 1860s demonstrating that microbes cause fermentation and spoilage, and that heating can kill microbes (pasteurization)
- Koch's postulates in 1876 providing a framework to prove specific microbes cause specific diseases
- Developments of vaccines, including Jenner's smallpox vaccine in 1796
To understand the basic concepts of the biology of microorganisms and its mechanism of action in host cells.
-Dr SUBASHKUMAR R
Associate Professor in Biotechnology
Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore
This document provides an overview of the history and development of microbiology. It discusses early observations of microbes in the 1600s by Hooke and Leeuwenhoek. It also summarizes theories around spontaneous generation and how it was disproven through experiments by Redi, Spallanzani, and conclusively by Pasteur in the 1800s, establishing the germ theory of disease. Major contributors included Leeuwenhoek, Redi, Spallanzani, Virchow, and Pasteur, marking the establishment of microbiology as a scientific field from 1857-1914.
HIGHLIGHTS IN THE HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY
Effects of Disease on Civilization
Infectious diseases have played major roles in shaping human history.
Bubonic Plague epidemic of mid 1300's, the "Great Plague", reduced population of western Europe by 25%. Plague bacterium was carried by fleas, spread from China via trade routes and poor hygiene. As fleas became established in rat populations in Western Europe, disease became major crisis.
Smallpox and other infectious diseases introduced by European explorers to the Americas in 1500's were responsible for destroying Native American populations. Example: In the century after Hernan Cortez's arrival in Mexico, the Aztec population declined from about 20 million to about 1.6 million, mainly because of disease.
Infectious diseases have killed more soldiers than battles in all wars up to World War II. Example: in U. S. Civil war, 93,000 Union soldiers died in direct combat; 210,000 died as a result of infections.
Until late 1800's, no one had proved that infectious diseases were caused by specific microbes, so there is no possibility of prevention or treatment.
This document provides an overview of the history of microbiology. It discusses early observations of microorganisms using microscopes in the 1600s. It describes debates around spontaneous generation and key experiments disproving this theory by Pasteur in the 1800s. Major developments included establishing microbiology as a science, discoveries of germ theory and specific bacteria causing diseases, advances in vaccination, and the birth of chemotherapy and discovery of antibiotics like penicillin.
Van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe microorganisms using self-made microscopes in the 1670s. Throughout the 17th-18th centuries, scientists debated whether microorganisms arose spontaneously or from other organisms. Redi provided evidence against spontaneous generation by showing that flies lay eggs on meat. Spallanzani strengthened this by showing microbes did not grow in sterilized broth. Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation through experiments isolating microbes from air. Koch and others established the germ theory of disease in the late 1800s, showing specific microbes cause specific illnesses. Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796, providing the first example of disease prevention through inoculation
This document provides definitions and information related to microbiology. It defines key terms like microbiology, microorganisms, microscope, antibiotics, and antiseptics. It discusses the early history of microbiology including Leeuwenhoek's discovery of microbes and debates around spontaneous generation. It summarizes Louis Pasteur's experiments which disproved spontaneous generation and established the germ theory of disease. The document also discusses the golden age of microbiology and contributions of scientists like Jenner, Koch, and others that advanced the field.
The document provides a historical introduction to medical microbiology. It discusses key events and discoveries, including:
- Early observations of microorganisms in the 1600s by Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek
- Experiments by Redi in 1668 that disproved the theory of spontaneous generation
- Pasteur's experiments in the 1860s demonstrating that microbes cause fermentation and spoilage, and that heating can kill microbes (pasteurization)
- Koch's postulates in 1876 providing a framework to prove specific microbes cause specific diseases
- Developments of vaccines, including Jenner's smallpox vaccine in 1796
To understand the basic concepts of the biology of microorganisms and its mechanism of action in host cells.
-Dr SUBASHKUMAR R
Associate Professor in Biotechnology
Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore
This document provides an overview of the history and development of microbiology. It discusses early observations of microbes in the 1600s by Hooke and Leeuwenhoek. It also summarizes theories around spontaneous generation and how it was disproven through experiments by Redi, Spallanzani, and conclusively by Pasteur in the 1800s, establishing the germ theory of disease. Major contributors included Leeuwenhoek, Redi, Spallanzani, Virchow, and Pasteur, marking the establishment of microbiology as a scientific field from 1857-1914.
HIGHLIGHTS IN THE HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY
Effects of Disease on Civilization
Infectious diseases have played major roles in shaping human history.
Bubonic Plague epidemic of mid 1300's, the "Great Plague", reduced population of western Europe by 25%. Plague bacterium was carried by fleas, spread from China via trade routes and poor hygiene. As fleas became established in rat populations in Western Europe, disease became major crisis.
Smallpox and other infectious diseases introduced by European explorers to the Americas in 1500's were responsible for destroying Native American populations. Example: In the century after Hernan Cortez's arrival in Mexico, the Aztec population declined from about 20 million to about 1.6 million, mainly because of disease.
Infectious diseases have killed more soldiers than battles in all wars up to World War II. Example: in U. S. Civil war, 93,000 Union soldiers died in direct combat; 210,000 died as a result of infections.
Until late 1800's, no one had proved that infectious diseases were caused by specific microbes, so there is no possibility of prevention or treatment.
This document provides an overview of the history of microbiology. It discusses early observations of microorganisms using microscopes in the 1600s. It describes debates around spontaneous generation and key experiments disproving this theory by Pasteur in the 1800s. Major developments included establishing microbiology as a science, discoveries of germ theory and specific bacteria causing diseases, advances in vaccination, and the birth of chemotherapy and discovery of antibiotics like penicillin.
Van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe microorganisms using self-made microscopes in the 1670s. Throughout the 17th-18th centuries, scientists debated whether microorganisms arose spontaneously or from other organisms. Redi provided evidence against spontaneous generation by showing that flies lay eggs on meat. Spallanzani strengthened this by showing microbes did not grow in sterilized broth. Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation through experiments isolating microbes from air. Koch and others established the germ theory of disease in the late 1800s, showing specific microbes cause specific illnesses. Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796, providing the first example of disease prevention through inoculation
Microbiology began with the development of the microscope in the 17th century, when Antonie van Leeuwenhoek first observed and documented microorganisms. Over subsequent centuries, scientists like Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch used experiments and evidence to prove germ theory and establish microbiology as a science. Their work showed that microbes cause infectious diseases and laid the foundation for understanding disease transmission and developing treatments like vaccines and antibiotics discovered by Alexander Fleming. Today, microbiology has many applications including developing pharmaceuticals, ensuring food and water safety, and industrial uses of microbes in fields like biotechnology.
This document provides an overview of the history and scope of microbiology. It discusses key figures like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Redi, Needham, Spallanzani, Pasteur, Tyndall, and Koch and their important contributions. Robert Hooke first observed cells using microscopy in 1665. Van Leeuwenhoek is considered the father of microbiology for his observations of microorganisms like bacteria in the 1670s using simple microscopes he developed. Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation and established germ theory through experiments in the 1860s. Koch developed techniques for isolating bacteria in pure culture and established criteria for proving causation between microbes and disease. These scientists helped establish
The document traces the history and development of microbiology from its origins with Anton van Leeuwenhoek's early observations of bacteria under a microscope in the 1600s. Key developments included Pasteur disproving spontaneous generation in the 1860s, Koch establishing his postulates for identifying disease-causing pathogens in the 1880s, and the discovery of many bacterial and viral pathogens in the late 1800s/early 1900s. Major advances in the 20th century included the development of antibiotics in the 1940s, electron microscopes and viral cultivation in the 1940s, and widespread use of vaccines in the 1950s-60s. Modern microbiology now applies to pharmaceuticals, food production, water treatment, and industrial uses.
This document discusses the history and development of microbiology. It covers key topics such as:
- The early discovery of microorganisms in the 1600s by Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek.
- Louis Pasteur's experiments in the 1800s that disproved spontaneous generation and established germ theory.
- Robert Koch's work in the late 1800s isolating specific bacteria that cause diseases and establishing his postulates for proving causation.
- Early pioneers like Edward Jenner and developments like vaccines, antibiotics like penicillin, and the golden age of microbiology from 1857-1914.
Dr. Chitra Bhattacharya will be teaching a course on fundamentals of microbiology. The course will cover terminology, identification, why microbiology is studied, its history and contributions of key figures. It will discuss the omnipresence of microbes in nature and introduce concepts like microbiology, microorganisms, and microscopy. The history will be divided into the discovery, transitional, golden and modern eras highlighting figures like Aristotle, Van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur and Fleming. The document provides definitions of key terms and an overview of the scope and content to be covered in the course.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are tiny living organisms too small to be seen without a microscope. Key developments in microbiology included Anton van Leeuwenhoek's discovery of microbes in the 1600s, Louis Pasteur's experiments in the 1800s disproving spontaneous generation and establishing that microbes cause fermentation and disease, and Robert Koch's work in the late 1800s demonstrating specific diseases are caused by specific microbes through his postulates. The discovery of antibiotics and development of molecular genetics, including determining the structure of DNA and sequencing microbial genomes, further advanced the field of microbiology.
This document provides an overview of microbiology and the history of the field. It discusses key topics like the discovery of microorganisms under the microscope in the 1600s and 1700s. Landmark experiments disproving spontaneous generation and establishing the germ theory of disease in the late 1800s are also summarized. The document outlines the development of vaccines, antibiotics like penicillin, and chemotherapy. It provides a brief introduction to different areas of microbiology studied today and concludes by mentioning the role of microbes in human health and disease.
The document discusses the history of microbiology and the theory of spontaneous generation. It describes how early scientists like Leeuwenhoek discovered microbes using microscopes in the 1600s. For centuries, many believed microbes arose spontaneously from non-living matter. However, scientists like Redi, Spallanzani, and Pasteur disproved this theory through experiments showing that microbes only come from existing microbes, not non-living sources. Pasteur's experiments using flasks that allowed air in but excluded airborne microbes were especially influential in definitively disproving spontaneous generation.
History of microbiology- Pharmaceutical MicrobiologySanchit Dhankhar
Scientific study of organisms (both eukaryotes and prokaryotes) and agents too small to be seen clearly by the unaided eye.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms / microbes which is visible only with a microscope.
Derived from the Greek word “mikros” - ‘small’ and “bios” - ‘life’.
The diverse group of organisms includes algae, archae, bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses.
Most of the microorganisms are harmless.
99% are good. Eg: Cynobacteria (blue green algae)
1% are bad. Eg: Pathogens
The belief in the spontaneous generation of life from nonliving matter was introduced by Aristotle, who lived around 350 BC.
According to Aristotle, it was:
“readily observable that aphids arise from the dew which falls on plants, fleas from putrid matter, mice from dirty hay.”
This belief remained unchallenged for more than 2000 years.
Formation of life from non living things- ABIOGENESIS.
Aristotle suggested that flies and maggots developed from decaying organic matter.
Epicuris suggested that worms and other animals originated from soil and manure by the action of sun and rain.
Theory of Spontaneous generation was disproved by Francesco Redi,Lazzaro Spallanzani,Louis Pasteur and Theodore Schwann.They argued that life originated from “pre existing life only”-BIOGENESIS.
Francesco Redi took 3 containers filled with meat particles.1st was kept unclosed,2nd covered with paper and 3rd was covered with cork or guaze.After inhibition the 1st container had maggot being produced because flies were attracted by the odour of the meat and they laid eggs after some days developed to maggots.2nd and 3rd container did not contain maggots.
Theory of Spontaneous generation was disproved by Francesco Redi,Lazzaro Spallanzani,Louis Pasteur and Theodore Schwann.They argued that life originated from “pre existing life only”-BIOGENESIS.
Francesco Redi took 3 containers filled with meat particles.1st was kept unclosed,2nd covered with paper and 3rd was covered with cork or guaze.After inhibition the 1st container had maggot being produced because flies were attracted by the odour of the meat and they laid eggs after some days developed to maggots.2nd and 3rd container did not contain maggots.
MICROBIOLOGY QUICK LEARNFood MicrobiologyIntroduction and DevelopmentSaajida Sultaana
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms. The development of microbiology involved early observations of microbes using microscopes in the 1600s. However, the germ theory of disease was established in the late 1800s by scientists like Pasteur and Koch, who proved microbes cause specific diseases. Major advances included developing techniques to isolate and grow pure cultures of microbes, and discovering antibiotics and vaccines. Today, microbiology remains important for medicine, public health, genetics, and industrial applications like producing antibiotics and other products using microbes.
This document provides an overview of the history of microbiology from the discovery era to the modern era. It discusses early pioneers like Antony van Leeuwenhoek who first observed microorganisms under the microscope. Later pioneers like Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch developed methods for isolating and growing pure cultures of bacteria and established the germ theory of disease. The golden era saw advances like Pasteur's development of pasteurization and vaccines. The modern era includes the discovery of penicillin and other antibiotics.
History of microbiology , History and the scientific contributionsRajakumari Rajendran
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that are too small to be seen without a microscope. The history of microbiology began in the 3rd century BC and significant early contributors included Antony van Leeuwenhoek, who first observed bacteria and protozoa in the 1670s. In the late 19th century, Robert Koch established methods of isolating pure bacterial cultures and demonstrated that specific diseases are caused by specific microorganisms, laying the foundations for germ theory. Louis Pasteur further developed the field in the late 19th century by inventing pasteurization and developing vaccines. The modern era of microbiology saw the discovery of penicillin and other antibiotics.
This document provides an overview of the history and scope of microbiology across 26 lessons. It discusses key events and discoveries such as the earliest use of microscopes in the 1600s, the work of Leeuwenhoek and Hooke who were early pioneers in microscopy. It also summarizes debates around spontaneous generation, experiments disproving this theory by Pasteur and Spallanzani, and the germ theory of disease established by Koch and others. Other important topics covered include the contributions of Jenner, Lister, and Pasteur in vaccination, antiseptic surgery, and pasteurization.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that are too small to be seen without a microscope. Key figures in the early history of microbiology include Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who first observed microbes in the 1670s, and Louis Pasteur, who disproved spontaneous generation in the 1860s and developed the germ theory of disease. Pasteur also invented pasteurization and developed several vaccines. Robert Koch further developed techniques for isolating and culturing bacteria and established criteria for identifying pathogens. Major discoveries in the late 19th century included the identification of bacteria that cause diseases such as tuberculosis, diphtheria, and gonorrhea. The development of bacteriophages, antibiotics like
Intro to medical microbiology lecture notesBruno Mmassy
This document provides an introduction to a course on medical microbiology and immunology. It outlines the objectives of the course which are to provide students with basic knowledge of microorganisms, bacteria of medical importance, aseptic techniques, antimicrobial agents, and basic immunological principles. It also lists the chapter topics to be covered, requirements for students, and staff teaching the course.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye, such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses. Microbes play both beneficial and pathogenic roles. The history of microbiology began in the 17th century with the first observations of microbes using microscopes. Important figures who contributed to the field include Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Edward Jenner, Alexander Fleming. Their work established germ theory, microbial fermentation and disease causation, vaccination, and the discovery of the first antibiotic - penicillin.
This document provides an introduction to the field of microbiology. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
1. Microbiology is the study of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and viruses. Major groups include bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Microorganisms play important roles in nature, industries, causing diseases, and more.
2. The discovery of microorganisms began in the 1600s with Anton van Leeuwenhoek's microscope observations of "animalcules". However, microbiology emerged as a science in the late 1800s with advances like germ theory and pure culture techniques.
3. Louis P
This document discusses the history and scope of microbiology. It begins by defining microbiology as the study of microorganisms, which are tiny creatures that can only be seen under a microscope. It then describes the branches of microbiology, including pure microbiology which focuses on taxonomy and integration of microbes, and applied microbiology which examines medical, veterinary, industrial, and other applications. The document continues by outlining the major groups of microorganisms and how they are named and classified. It concludes with an overview of the key discoveries and scientists that helped establish microbiology as a field, including the germ theory of disease and development of antibiotics.
Microbiology began with the development of the microscope in the 17th century, when Antonie van Leeuwenhoek first observed and documented microorganisms. Over subsequent centuries, scientists like Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch used experiments and evidence to prove germ theory and establish microbiology as a science. Their work showed that microbes cause infectious diseases and laid the foundation for understanding disease transmission and developing treatments like vaccines and antibiotics discovered by Alexander Fleming. Today, microbiology has many applications including developing pharmaceuticals, ensuring food and water safety, and industrial uses of microbes in fields like biotechnology.
This document provides an overview of the history and scope of microbiology. It discusses key figures like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Redi, Needham, Spallanzani, Pasteur, Tyndall, and Koch and their important contributions. Robert Hooke first observed cells using microscopy in 1665. Van Leeuwenhoek is considered the father of microbiology for his observations of microorganisms like bacteria in the 1670s using simple microscopes he developed. Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation and established germ theory through experiments in the 1860s. Koch developed techniques for isolating bacteria in pure culture and established criteria for proving causation between microbes and disease. These scientists helped establish
The document traces the history and development of microbiology from its origins with Anton van Leeuwenhoek's early observations of bacteria under a microscope in the 1600s. Key developments included Pasteur disproving spontaneous generation in the 1860s, Koch establishing his postulates for identifying disease-causing pathogens in the 1880s, and the discovery of many bacterial and viral pathogens in the late 1800s/early 1900s. Major advances in the 20th century included the development of antibiotics in the 1940s, electron microscopes and viral cultivation in the 1940s, and widespread use of vaccines in the 1950s-60s. Modern microbiology now applies to pharmaceuticals, food production, water treatment, and industrial uses.
This document discusses the history and development of microbiology. It covers key topics such as:
- The early discovery of microorganisms in the 1600s by Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek.
- Louis Pasteur's experiments in the 1800s that disproved spontaneous generation and established germ theory.
- Robert Koch's work in the late 1800s isolating specific bacteria that cause diseases and establishing his postulates for proving causation.
- Early pioneers like Edward Jenner and developments like vaccines, antibiotics like penicillin, and the golden age of microbiology from 1857-1914.
Dr. Chitra Bhattacharya will be teaching a course on fundamentals of microbiology. The course will cover terminology, identification, why microbiology is studied, its history and contributions of key figures. It will discuss the omnipresence of microbes in nature and introduce concepts like microbiology, microorganisms, and microscopy. The history will be divided into the discovery, transitional, golden and modern eras highlighting figures like Aristotle, Van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur and Fleming. The document provides definitions of key terms and an overview of the scope and content to be covered in the course.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are tiny living organisms too small to be seen without a microscope. Key developments in microbiology included Anton van Leeuwenhoek's discovery of microbes in the 1600s, Louis Pasteur's experiments in the 1800s disproving spontaneous generation and establishing that microbes cause fermentation and disease, and Robert Koch's work in the late 1800s demonstrating specific diseases are caused by specific microbes through his postulates. The discovery of antibiotics and development of molecular genetics, including determining the structure of DNA and sequencing microbial genomes, further advanced the field of microbiology.
This document provides an overview of microbiology and the history of the field. It discusses key topics like the discovery of microorganisms under the microscope in the 1600s and 1700s. Landmark experiments disproving spontaneous generation and establishing the germ theory of disease in the late 1800s are also summarized. The document outlines the development of vaccines, antibiotics like penicillin, and chemotherapy. It provides a brief introduction to different areas of microbiology studied today and concludes by mentioning the role of microbes in human health and disease.
The document discusses the history of microbiology and the theory of spontaneous generation. It describes how early scientists like Leeuwenhoek discovered microbes using microscopes in the 1600s. For centuries, many believed microbes arose spontaneously from non-living matter. However, scientists like Redi, Spallanzani, and Pasteur disproved this theory through experiments showing that microbes only come from existing microbes, not non-living sources. Pasteur's experiments using flasks that allowed air in but excluded airborne microbes were especially influential in definitively disproving spontaneous generation.
History of microbiology- Pharmaceutical MicrobiologySanchit Dhankhar
Scientific study of organisms (both eukaryotes and prokaryotes) and agents too small to be seen clearly by the unaided eye.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms / microbes which is visible only with a microscope.
Derived from the Greek word “mikros” - ‘small’ and “bios” - ‘life’.
The diverse group of organisms includes algae, archae, bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses.
Most of the microorganisms are harmless.
99% are good. Eg: Cynobacteria (blue green algae)
1% are bad. Eg: Pathogens
The belief in the spontaneous generation of life from nonliving matter was introduced by Aristotle, who lived around 350 BC.
According to Aristotle, it was:
“readily observable that aphids arise from the dew which falls on plants, fleas from putrid matter, mice from dirty hay.”
This belief remained unchallenged for more than 2000 years.
Formation of life from non living things- ABIOGENESIS.
Aristotle suggested that flies and maggots developed from decaying organic matter.
Epicuris suggested that worms and other animals originated from soil and manure by the action of sun and rain.
Theory of Spontaneous generation was disproved by Francesco Redi,Lazzaro Spallanzani,Louis Pasteur and Theodore Schwann.They argued that life originated from “pre existing life only”-BIOGENESIS.
Francesco Redi took 3 containers filled with meat particles.1st was kept unclosed,2nd covered with paper and 3rd was covered with cork or guaze.After inhibition the 1st container had maggot being produced because flies were attracted by the odour of the meat and they laid eggs after some days developed to maggots.2nd and 3rd container did not contain maggots.
Theory of Spontaneous generation was disproved by Francesco Redi,Lazzaro Spallanzani,Louis Pasteur and Theodore Schwann.They argued that life originated from “pre existing life only”-BIOGENESIS.
Francesco Redi took 3 containers filled with meat particles.1st was kept unclosed,2nd covered with paper and 3rd was covered with cork or guaze.After inhibition the 1st container had maggot being produced because flies were attracted by the odour of the meat and they laid eggs after some days developed to maggots.2nd and 3rd container did not contain maggots.
MICROBIOLOGY QUICK LEARNFood MicrobiologyIntroduction and DevelopmentSaajida Sultaana
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms. The development of microbiology involved early observations of microbes using microscopes in the 1600s. However, the germ theory of disease was established in the late 1800s by scientists like Pasteur and Koch, who proved microbes cause specific diseases. Major advances included developing techniques to isolate and grow pure cultures of microbes, and discovering antibiotics and vaccines. Today, microbiology remains important for medicine, public health, genetics, and industrial applications like producing antibiotics and other products using microbes.
This document provides an overview of the history of microbiology from the discovery era to the modern era. It discusses early pioneers like Antony van Leeuwenhoek who first observed microorganisms under the microscope. Later pioneers like Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch developed methods for isolating and growing pure cultures of bacteria and established the germ theory of disease. The golden era saw advances like Pasteur's development of pasteurization and vaccines. The modern era includes the discovery of penicillin and other antibiotics.
History of microbiology , History and the scientific contributionsRajakumari Rajendran
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that are too small to be seen without a microscope. The history of microbiology began in the 3rd century BC and significant early contributors included Antony van Leeuwenhoek, who first observed bacteria and protozoa in the 1670s. In the late 19th century, Robert Koch established methods of isolating pure bacterial cultures and demonstrated that specific diseases are caused by specific microorganisms, laying the foundations for germ theory. Louis Pasteur further developed the field in the late 19th century by inventing pasteurization and developing vaccines. The modern era of microbiology saw the discovery of penicillin and other antibiotics.
This document provides an overview of the history and scope of microbiology across 26 lessons. It discusses key events and discoveries such as the earliest use of microscopes in the 1600s, the work of Leeuwenhoek and Hooke who were early pioneers in microscopy. It also summarizes debates around spontaneous generation, experiments disproving this theory by Pasteur and Spallanzani, and the germ theory of disease established by Koch and others. Other important topics covered include the contributions of Jenner, Lister, and Pasteur in vaccination, antiseptic surgery, and pasteurization.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that are too small to be seen without a microscope. Key figures in the early history of microbiology include Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who first observed microbes in the 1670s, and Louis Pasteur, who disproved spontaneous generation in the 1860s and developed the germ theory of disease. Pasteur also invented pasteurization and developed several vaccines. Robert Koch further developed techniques for isolating and culturing bacteria and established criteria for identifying pathogens. Major discoveries in the late 19th century included the identification of bacteria that cause diseases such as tuberculosis, diphtheria, and gonorrhea. The development of bacteriophages, antibiotics like
Intro to medical microbiology lecture notesBruno Mmassy
This document provides an introduction to a course on medical microbiology and immunology. It outlines the objectives of the course which are to provide students with basic knowledge of microorganisms, bacteria of medical importance, aseptic techniques, antimicrobial agents, and basic immunological principles. It also lists the chapter topics to be covered, requirements for students, and staff teaching the course.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye, such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses. Microbes play both beneficial and pathogenic roles. The history of microbiology began in the 17th century with the first observations of microbes using microscopes. Important figures who contributed to the field include Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Edward Jenner, Alexander Fleming. Their work established germ theory, microbial fermentation and disease causation, vaccination, and the discovery of the first antibiotic - penicillin.
This document provides an introduction to the field of microbiology. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
1. Microbiology is the study of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and viruses. Major groups include bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Microorganisms play important roles in nature, industries, causing diseases, and more.
2. The discovery of microorganisms began in the 1600s with Anton van Leeuwenhoek's microscope observations of "animalcules". However, microbiology emerged as a science in the late 1800s with advances like germ theory and pure culture techniques.
3. Louis P
This document discusses the history and scope of microbiology. It begins by defining microbiology as the study of microorganisms, which are tiny creatures that can only be seen under a microscope. It then describes the branches of microbiology, including pure microbiology which focuses on taxonomy and integration of microbes, and applied microbiology which examines medical, veterinary, industrial, and other applications. The document continues by outlining the major groups of microorganisms and how they are named and classified. It concludes with an overview of the key discoveries and scientists that helped establish microbiology as a field, including the germ theory of disease and development of antibiotics.
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Microstomia, characterized by an abnormally small oral aperture, presents significant challenges in prosthodontic treatment, including limited access for examination, difficulties in impression making, and challenges with prosthesis insertion and removal. To manage these issues, customized impression techniques using sectional trays and elastomeric materials are employed. Prostheses may be designed in segments or with flexible materials to facilitate handling. Minimally invasive procedures and the use of digital technologies can enhance patient comfort. Education and training for patients on prosthesis care and maintenance are crucial for compliance. Regular follow-up and a multidisciplinary approach, involving collaboration with other specialists, ensure comprehensive care and improved quality of life for microstomia patients.
Hypertension and it's role of physiotherapy in it.Vishal kr Thakur
This particular slides consist of- what is hypertension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is summary of hypertension -
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition that occurs when blood pressure in the body's arteries is consistently too high. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels as the heart pumps it. Hypertension can increase the risk of heart disease, brain disease, kidney disease, and premature death.
2. Definitions of key terms used in microbiology
Microbiology: Is derived from the science (logos) or small (micro) life (bios).
Therefore; microbiology is the study of living things so small that they cannot be
seen with the naked eye.
Organisms: Any complex thing with properties normally associated with living
things.
Microorganisms: An organism that is too small to be seen by the unaided eye
(naked eye) such as bacteria.
Microscope: An optical instrument used for observing small objects.
Antibiotics: Any substance that can destroy or inhibit the growth of bacteria and
similar microorganisms.
Antiseptics: Substances that inhibit the growth and reproduction of
microorganism.
3. Introduction to microbiology
Microbiology often has been defined as the study of organisms and
agents too small to be seen clearly by the unaided eye—that is, the
study of microbes/microorganisms.
Microbes can exist as single cells, multicellular or as acellular particles.
Subjects are bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and algae
Microorganisms are ubiquitous in nature and may occur as
Normal flora(non-pathogenic)
Pathogenic organisms
4. Con’t
Flaw in definition; some members of these groups,
particularly some of the algae and fungi, are larger and quite
visible to the naked eye
Bread molds and filamentous algae are studied by
microbiologists, yet are visible
Two bacteria that are visible without a microscope,
Thiomargarita and Epulopiscium, also have been discovered
5. Why is microbiology important?
The significance of microbiology is based on both the useful and
harmful effects of its subjects.
Microorganisms are indispensable components of our ecosystem;
They make possible the cycles of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and
sulfur that take place in terrestrial and aquatic systems.
They are a source of nutrients at the base of all ecological food
chains.
A lot of production processes and modern biotechnology are
dependent on the activities of microbes e.g.;
6. Importance of microbiology con’t
Production of bread, cheese, beer
Manufacture of antibiotics and vaccines
Production of vitamins(in the gut-vitamin B12, and in industry-various
vitamin supplements), enzymes and many other important products.
Microbial diseases have played a major role in historical events such as
the black death/plague.
Current struggles with killers like HIV/Aids and malaria.
Emerging infections such as hemorrhagic fevers are an eminent threat
to the human population.
8. HISTORY OF MICROORGANISMS
It is generally believed that microorganisms have existed on earth for several billion years.
However, until a few hundred years ago, no body knew that they existed.
On the basis that ‘seeing is believing it was only when we had the means to see
microorganisms under a microscope that we could prove their existence.
Microorganisms had been on the Earth for some 4000 million years, when Antoni van
Leeuwenhoek started out on his pioneering microscope work in 1673.
Where did these creatures come from?
1. Spontaneous Generation (this was a Myth)
2. Biogenesis theory.
9. Spontaneous Generation
Until the 2nd half of the 19th century, many scientists and philosophers believed that
some forms of life could arise spontaneously from non-living matter. They called this
hypothetical process spontaneous generation. It was generally believed that;
Snakes arose from horse hairs in stagnant water.
Mice arose from grain and cheese wrapped in a sweater.
Maggots arose from rotting meat.
Flies arose from fresh and rotting fruit
Mosquitoes arose from stagnant pond water
Locusts arose from green leaves
Termites are generated from rotting wood
10. The Debate over Spontaneous Generation
The hypothesis [assumption/guessing] that living organisms arise from non-living
matter is called spontaneous generation.
Francisco Redi (1668): A strong opponent of spontaneous generation.
In an elegant experiment, the Italian Francesco Redi (1626–1697) showed that
the larvae found on putrefying meat arose from eggs deposited by flies, and not
spontaneously as a result of the decay process.
To confirm his evidence, He prepared 3 jars each with a piece of meat and
covered with fine net. After some time, there were no maggots in those jars. He
then prepared other 3 open jars with a piece of meat inside them. After some
time, Maggots appeared
11.
12. Conditions Results
3 jars covered with fine net No maggots
3 open jars Maggots appeared
From where did the maggots come?
What was the purpose of the sealed jars?
Redi’s proof was seen as the beginning of the end for the
spontaneous generation theory, but many still clung to the idea,
claiming that while it may not have been true for larger organisms, it
must surely be so for minute creatures such as those demonstrated by
Leeuwenhoek
13. Conditions Results
Nutrient broth heated, then placed in unsealed
flask
Microbial growth
From where did the microbes come?
John Needham (1745): Supported spontaneous generation theory
Needham claimed the "vital force" necessary for
spontaneous generation had been destroyed by the heat &
was kept out of the flasks by the seals.
14. Conditions Results
Nutrient broth placed in flask,
heated, then sealed
No microbial growth
From where did the microbes come?
Lazzaro Spallanzani (1765): Disapproved spontaneous generation theory
Anton Laurent Lavoisier discovered the importance of O2 to life of
organisms.
Spallanzani's observations were criticized on the grounds that there
was not enough O2 in the scaled flasks to support microbial life.
15. Conditions Results
Nutrient broth placed in flask,
heated, not sealed
Microbial growth
Nutrient broth placed in flask,
heated, then sealed.
No microbial growth
Where did the microbes come from?
16. The Theory of Biogenesis
The issue of spontaneous generation was still unresolved in
1858, when Rudolf Virchow challenged the case for
spontaneous generation with the concept of biogenesis
(that the living organisms arise from preexisting life).
Arguments about spontaneous generation continued until
1861, when the issue was resolved by Louis Pasteur.
18. Con’t
Pasteur was fortunate to have worked with broths prepared from non-
soil or -plant associated substances (e.g., hay).
Those substances (non-soil or –plant) contain bacteria that can form
endospores, not all bacteria can. Endospores represent a bacterial
durable state and are very difficult to kill.
John Tyndal (1876) discovered that there exist differences in the ability
of heat to kill different kinds of bacteria-containing cultures.
Ferdinand Cohn (1876) showed that this difference was due to
endospores and Robert Koch (1877) showed that the bacterium
Bacillus anthracis forms endospores as part of its transmission.
19. Con’t
Aristotle (384-422 BC): The founder of the
theory of spontaneous generation.
He observed spontaneous existence of fishes
from dried ponds, when the pond was filled with
rain.
20. The Golden Age of Microbiology
The period 1857 - 1914 has been appropriately named the
Golden Age of Microbiology.
During this period, rapid advances, led to the establishment of
microbiology as a science.
Some of the major events that occurred during the Golden
Age of Microbiology include:
1. Fermentation and Pasteurization
2. The Germ Theory of Disease
3. Vaccination
4. The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy
21. Fermentation and Pasteurization
Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation (conversion of
sugar to alcohol to make beer & wine)
Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoil wine by turning it to
vinegar (acetic acid)
Microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of food
Pasteur demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that
was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine.
This application of a high heat for a short time is called pasteurization.
22. History of Microbiology con’t
Man kind has always been affected by diseases
which were originally believed to be visitations by the
gods and meant to punish evil doers.
Hippocrates, father of medicine, observed that ill
health resulted due to changes in air, winds, water,
climate, food, nature of soil and habits of people.
23. Con’t
Varro (117-26 BC) said a theory that: Disease was
caused by animated particles invisible to naked
eye but which were carried in the air through
the mouth and nose into the body.
Fracastorius (1500 BC.) proposed that: The agents
of communicable disease were living germs, that
could be transmitted by direct contact with
24. Con’t
Antony Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723 B.C.)- The father
of Microbiology
He observed “animalcules” using simple microscope with
one lens.
Leeuwenhoek was not concerned about the origin of
micro-organism.
25. Major contribution of Louis Pasteur
1. Microbial theory of fermentation
2. Principles and practice of sterilization and
pasteurization
3. Control of diseases of silk worms
4. Development of vaccines against anthrax and
rabies.
5. Discovery of streptococci
26. The germ theory of disease
The complete establishment of the germ theory of disease depended on
the work of a German scientist, Robert Koch (1843-1910).
Koch’s postulates: proof of germ theory of disease
1. The micro-organism should be found in every case of the disease
and under conditions which explain the pathological changes and clinical
features.
2. It should be possible to isolate the causative agent in pure culture
from the lesion.
3. When such pure culture is inoculated into appropriate laboratory
animal, the lesion of the disease should be reproduced.
4. It should be possible to re-isolate the bacterium in pure culture
28. Exceptions to Koch’s postulates
1. Many healthy people carry pathogens but do not exhibit symptoms
of the disease.
2. Some microbes are very difficult or impossible to grow in vitro(in
the laboratory) in artificial media. E.g. Treponema pallidum
3. Many species are species specific. E.g. Brucella abortus cause
abortion in animals but no report in humans.
4. Certain diseases develop only when an opportunistic pathogen
invades immunocompromised host.
29. Major achievements of Robert Koch
1. Discovery and use of solid medium in
bacteriology
2. Discovery of causative agents of tuberculosis
and cholera.
3. Koch’s phenomenon
4. Koch’s postulates
31. THE MICROBIAL WORLD
Taxonomic classification of organisms
TAXONOMY is the science of organismal classification.
Classification is the assignment of organisms (species)
into an organised scheme of naming .
Ideally these schemes are based on the evolutionary
relationships of the organisms (i.e the more similar the
name, the closer the evolutionary relationships).
32. Con’t
Thus, classification is concerned with:-
1. The establishment of criteria for identifying organisms &
assignment to groups (what belongs where)
2. The arrangement of organisms into groups of organisms
(e.g. At what level of diversity should a single species be split
in to two or more species?).
3. Consideration of how evolution resulted in the formation
these groups.
33. THE BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Organisms are named using binomial
nomenclature ( viruses are exceptions).
The Binomial nomenclature employs the
names of the two level taxa, genus and
species, to name a species.
Eg Escherichia coli
34. Con’t
Binomial nomenclature includes:
i. Genus comes before species (e.g., Escherichia coli)
ii. Genus name is always begins with a capitalized letter (e.g., Escherichia)
iii. Species name is never capitalized (e.g., coli)
iv. Both names are always either italicized or underlined ( e.g Escherichia
coli or Escherichia coli ). Underlining each name is done when hand written
v. The genus name may be used alone, but not the species name (i.e saying or
writing “Escherichia “alone is legitimate while saying or writing “coli” alone is not
accepted)
35. Bacterial species
A bacterial species is defined by the similarities found among
Its members.
Properties used in defining a bacterial species include:
- Cellular structures,
- Biochemical reactions,
- Chemical composition,
- Genetic characteristics, and
- Immunological features
36. Classification con’t
The five kingdom system was first proposed in 1969
The five kingdoms include:
i. Plantae ( the plants)
ii. Fungi ( the fungi)
iii. Animalia ( the animals )
iv. Protista ( the unicellular eukaryotes)
v. Monera ( the prokaryotes)
37. Kingdom of Monera – The Prokaryotes
Three categories:
- Eubacteria: Are our common, everyday bacteria, some of which are disease -
causing; This is the taxon from which mitochondria originated.
- Cyanobacteria: Are photosynthetic eubacteria, the taxon from which chloroplast
originated,
- Archaeobacteria: Are distinctive in their adaptation to extreme environments
(e.g., very hot, salty, or acidic) though not all archaeobacteria live in extreme
environments.
These distinctions are more phenotypic than they are evolutionary (i.e., a
cyanobacteria is a eubacteria, and neither is an archaebacteria).
38. Kingdom Protista
Protista like Monera consist mostly of unicellular organisms.
Distinctively, however, the members of Kingdom Protista
are all eukaryotic while the members of kingdom Monera
are all prokaryotic.
Some members of protista are multicellular.
However Kingdom protista represents a grab bag,
essentially the place where the species are classified when
they are not classified as either fungi, animals or plants.
39. Kingdom Fungi
Unlike protists, the eukaryotic fungi are typically non –
aquatic species.
They traditionally are nutrients absorbers plus have
additional distinctive features.
They do exist as
- unicellular fungi – the yeasts or
- Multicellular filamentous fungi – the moulds
41. EUKARYOTIC CELL
- Eu- true
- Karyote- nucleus
The eukaryotic cell is one that has a true membrane bound nucleus, usually
containing multiple chromosomes, a mitotic apparatus, a well defined endoplasmic
reticulum and mitochondria.
PROKARYOTIC CELL
- Pro- primitive
- Karyote- nucleus
The prokaryotic cell is one that possesses naked DNA with out associated basic
proteins, divides mitotically by binary fission and bounded by a semi rigid cell wall.
42. Features Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell
Size 1μm 10μm
Nuclear
membrane
Absent Present
Chromosome Single Multiple
Nucleolus Absent Present
Histones Absent Present
Sexual
reproduction
Absent Present
Site of oxidative
phosphorylation
Cell membrane Mitochondria
45. Viruses
A virus is not a cell!
A viral particle consists of a
nucleic acid
molecule(DNA/RNA), enclosed
in a protein coat or caspid.
Unable to replicate outside
living cells
46. Viral classification
Classification of viruses is not nearly as well developed as the classification of cellular organisms.
Today viruses tend to be classified by their chemical, morphological and physiological attributes e.g.
Génome: DNA Viruses or RNA virus, Double stranded DNA viruses or single Stranded DNA viruses
virion particle: Enveloped virus or non enveloped viruses) etc;
Binomial nomenclature is not employed to name viruses; instead viruses are named by their
common names e.g.,
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV)
Human Papilloma virus (HPV)
Ebola virus
Rabies virus etc.
48. Coursework assignment
1. Write short notes on the followings;
General aspects of microbial replication(binary fission,
spore formation)
Environmental factors needed for bacterial growth
Nutritional factors needed for microbial growth
Culture media; classification, types, uses, and quality
Microbial growth curve; generation time, batch and
continuous culture, pure culture techniques.
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Editor's Notes
These cycles are an important compotent of the decomposition process
75-200million(approx 75% of the European population) people were killed in the 1930s during the black plague(Yersinia pestis)
Impact of pathogens: 10billion infections/year worldwide, 13million deaths from infections/year worldwide