1. INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY.pdf hpp@davidndonji83
Davidndonji83@gmail.com
Education is the key to success 🙌. Improve your writing skills 👌 and get educated with us in microbiology, Human Anatomy and Physiology , epidemiology ,Biostatistics and Miochemistry not only that also community skills.
To understand the basic concepts of the biology of microorganisms and its mechanism of action in host cells.
-Dr SUBASHKUMAR R
Associate Professor in Biotechnology
Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore
Introduction to Microbiology & Microorganisms PPT by DR.C.P.PinceDR.PRINCE C P
Microorganisms are the minute living bodies not visible to the naked eyes.Example: Bacteria, Yeast, Amoeba etc
Microbiology is the specific branch of ‘biology’ that deals with the elaborated investigation of ‘small organisms’ termed as microbes or Microorganisms.
In simple words, Microbiology is the study of microorganisms.
Bacteria Example: Anthrax Bacilli, Esch. Coli
Fungi - .Example: Yeast, Mushrooms, Pencillium
Algae Example: Diatoms
Protozoan Example : Malaria parasite
Viruses - Example:HIV,Chicken pox
Worms – Example: Round worm, Pin worm
PPT prepared by :
DR.C.P.PRINCE
Microbiology is the study of all living organisms that are too small to be visible with the naked eye. This includes bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, prions, protozoa and algae, collectively known as 'microbes'.
Medical Microbiology begins with a review of the immune system, focusing on the body's response to invading microorganisms. Bacteria are then covered, first with a series of chapters presenting the general concepts of bacterial microbiology and then with chapters detailing the major bacterial pathogenes of humans. Similar sections cover virology, mycology, and parasitology. In each section, the introductory chapters stress the mechanisms of infection characteristic of that type of microorganism, thus providing the reader with a framework for understanding rather than memorizing the clinical behavior of the pathogens. The final section of the book Introduction to Infectious Diseases, is arranged by organ system and provides transition for clinical considerations.
Evolution of the Immune System
The immune system consists of factors that provide innate and acquired immunity, and has evolved to become more specific, complex, efficient, and regulated. One of the principal functions of the human immune system is to defend against infecting and other foreign agents by distinguishing self from non-self (foreign antigens) and to marshal other protective responses from leukocytes. The immune system, if dysregulated, can react to self antigens to cause autoimmune diseases or fail to defend against infections.
Organization/Components/Functions
The immune system is organized into discrete compartments to provide the milieu for the development and maintenance of effective immunity. Those two overlapping compartments: the lymphoid and reticuloendothelial systems (RES) house the principal immunologic cells, the leukocytes. Leukocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow during postnatal life include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and T and B lymphocytes. Hematopoietic and lymphoid precursor cells are derived from pluripotent stem cells. Cells that are specifically committed to each type of leukocyte (colony-forming units) are consequently produced with the assistance of special stimulating factors (e.g. cytokines).
Cells of the immune system intercommunicate by ligand-receptor interactions between cells and/or via secreted molecules called cytokines. Cytokines produced by lymphocytes are termed lymphokines (i.e., interleukins and interferon-γ) and those produced by monocytes and macrophages are termed monokines.
Lymphoid System
Cells of the lymphoid system provide highly specific protection against foreign agents and also orchestrate the functions of other parts of the immune system by producing immunoregulatory cytokines. The lymphoid system is divided into 1) central lymphoid organs, the thymus and bone marrow, and 2) peripheral lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosal and submucosal tissues of the alimentary and respiratory tracts. The thymus instructs certain lymphocytes to differentiate into thymus-dependent (T) lymphocytes and selects most of them to die in...
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1. INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY.pdf hpp@davidndonji83
Davidndonji83@gmail.com
Education is the key to success 🙌. Improve your writing skills 👌 and get educated with us in microbiology, Human Anatomy and Physiology , epidemiology ,Biostatistics and Miochemistry not only that also community skills.
To understand the basic concepts of the biology of microorganisms and its mechanism of action in host cells.
-Dr SUBASHKUMAR R
Associate Professor in Biotechnology
Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore
Introduction to Microbiology & Microorganisms PPT by DR.C.P.PinceDR.PRINCE C P
Microorganisms are the minute living bodies not visible to the naked eyes.Example: Bacteria, Yeast, Amoeba etc
Microbiology is the specific branch of ‘biology’ that deals with the elaborated investigation of ‘small organisms’ termed as microbes or Microorganisms.
In simple words, Microbiology is the study of microorganisms.
Bacteria Example: Anthrax Bacilli, Esch. Coli
Fungi - .Example: Yeast, Mushrooms, Pencillium
Algae Example: Diatoms
Protozoan Example : Malaria parasite
Viruses - Example:HIV,Chicken pox
Worms – Example: Round worm, Pin worm
PPT prepared by :
DR.C.P.PRINCE
Microbiology is the study of all living organisms that are too small to be visible with the naked eye. This includes bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, prions, protozoa and algae, collectively known as 'microbes'.
Medical Microbiology begins with a review of the immune system, focusing on the body's response to invading microorganisms. Bacteria are then covered, first with a series of chapters presenting the general concepts of bacterial microbiology and then with chapters detailing the major bacterial pathogenes of humans. Similar sections cover virology, mycology, and parasitology. In each section, the introductory chapters stress the mechanisms of infection characteristic of that type of microorganism, thus providing the reader with a framework for understanding rather than memorizing the clinical behavior of the pathogens. The final section of the book Introduction to Infectious Diseases, is arranged by organ system and provides transition for clinical considerations.
Evolution of the Immune System
The immune system consists of factors that provide innate and acquired immunity, and has evolved to become more specific, complex, efficient, and regulated. One of the principal functions of the human immune system is to defend against infecting and other foreign agents by distinguishing self from non-self (foreign antigens) and to marshal other protective responses from leukocytes. The immune system, if dysregulated, can react to self antigens to cause autoimmune diseases or fail to defend against infections.
Organization/Components/Functions
The immune system is organized into discrete compartments to provide the milieu for the development and maintenance of effective immunity. Those two overlapping compartments: the lymphoid and reticuloendothelial systems (RES) house the principal immunologic cells, the leukocytes. Leukocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow during postnatal life include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and T and B lymphocytes. Hematopoietic and lymphoid precursor cells are derived from pluripotent stem cells. Cells that are specifically committed to each type of leukocyte (colony-forming units) are consequently produced with the assistance of special stimulating factors (e.g. cytokines).
Cells of the immune system intercommunicate by ligand-receptor interactions between cells and/or via secreted molecules called cytokines. Cytokines produced by lymphocytes are termed lymphokines (i.e., interleukins and interferon-γ) and those produced by monocytes and macrophages are termed monokines.
Lymphoid System
Cells of the lymphoid system provide highly specific protection against foreign agents and also orchestrate the functions of other parts of the immune system by producing immunoregulatory cytokines. The lymphoid system is divided into 1) central lymphoid organs, the thymus and bone marrow, and 2) peripheral lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosal and submucosal tissues of the alimentary and respiratory tracts. The thymus instructs certain lymphocytes to differentiate into thymus-dependent (T) lymphocytes and selects most of them to die in...
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Discovery of Microbes
•Microbiology is the study of living organisms of
microscopic size.
•The term microbiology was given by French chemist
Louis Pasteur (1822-95).
•The term microbe was first used by Sedillot (1878).
3. The Discovery Era
In 384-322 Aristotle and others believed that living organisms could
develop from non-living materials.
In 13th century, Rogen Bacon described that the disease caused by a
minute “seed” or “germ”.
Robert Hooke, a 17th-century English scientist, was the first to
use a lens to observe the smallest unit of tissues he called
“cells.”
Antony Van Leeuwenhoek
Descriptions of Protozoa, basic types of bacteria, yeasts and algae.
Father of Bacteriology and protozoology.
In 1676, he observed and described microorganisms such as
bacteria and protozoa as “Animalcules”.
In 1878, the term microbe is used by Sedillot.
4. Transition Period
•When microorganisms were known to exist, most scientists
believed that such simple life forms could surely arise
through spontaneous generation.
•That is to say life was thought to spring spontaneously from
mud and lakes or anywhere with sufficient nutrients.
•This concept was so compelling that it persisted until late
into the 19th century.
•The main aspects were to solve the controversy over
a spontaneous generation which includes experimentations
mainly of Francesco Redi, John Needham, Lazzaro
Spallanzani, and Nicolas Appert, etc,
5. The Golden Age
• The Golden age of microbiology began with the work of
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch who had their own
research institute.
• More important there was an acceptance of their work by
the scientific community throughout the world and a
willingness to continue and expand the work.
• During this period, we see the real beginning of
microbiology as a discipline of biology.
• Louis Pasteur is known as the “Father of Modern
Microbiology / Father of Bacteriology.
6. Microbiology is the study of microorganisms Or microbes which
is visible only with a microscope.
The diverse group of organisms includes algae, archaea, bacteria,
cyanobacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses.
History of microbiology starts in the 3rd century BC with
Hippocrates recording ideas of infections and diseases.
Distribution in Nature:
Omnipresent: nearly everywhere in Nature.
Grow where they get food moisture and temperature suitable for
growth. Ie Air,Soil,water, Food we eat ,Surfaces of our body and
inside alimentary canal.
7. Most of the microorganisms are harmless. 99% are good.
Eg: Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) 1% are bad.
Microbiology includes study of Bacteria Fungi Viruses Protozoa
Algae. etc.
8. Archaea
Archaea or Archaebacteria differ from true bacteria in their cell wall
structure and lack peptidoglycans.
They are prokaryotic cells with avidity to extreme environmental
conditions.
Based on their habitat, all Archaeans can be divided into the following
groups:
1. Methanogens (methane-producing organisms),
2. Halophiles (archaeans that live in salty environments),
3. Thermophiles (archaeans that live at extremely hot temperatures),
and
4. Psychrophiles (cold-temperature Archaeans).
Archaeans use different energy sources like hydrogen gas, carbon
dioxide, and sulphur. Some of them use sunlight to make energy, but
not the same way plants do. They absorb sunlight using their
membrane pigment, bacteriorhodopsin. This reacts with light, leading to
the formation of the energy molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
9. Bacteria:
Size: 0.2-1.5 by 3-5 µm
Characteristics:
Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Simple Internal structure
Grow on artificial laboratory media
Reproduction
10. Significance:
Some cause diseases
Some perform role in natural cycling of elements and increase
soil fertility
Manufacture of valuable compounds in Industry
Viruses :
Size: 0.015-0.2 nm
Important Characteristics:
Do not grow on artificial media require living cells within which
they reproduce
11. Obligate parasites
Electron microscopy required to observe Practical significance
Cause diseases in humans animals plants
Also infect microorganisms
Fungi (Yeasts) Size: 5.0-10.0 µm Important Characteristics:
Eukaryotic
Unicellular
Grow on artificial laboratory media
Reproduction asexual (cell division/ budding) or sexual Practical
significance
12. Some cause diseases
some are used as food supplements
Manufacture of alcoholic beverages
Fungi (Molds)
Size: 2.0-10.0 µm by several mm
Important Characteristics:
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Many distinctive structural features
Cultivated on artificial laboratory media
13. Reproduction asexual or sexual.
Significance:
Decomposition of many materials.
Industrial production of many chemicals like antibiotic's.
Can cause diseases.
Protozoa
Size: 2.0-200 µm.
Important Characteristics:
Eukaryotic.
14. Unicellular Some cultivated on laboratory media while some are
intracellular parasites
Reproduction asexual or sexual
Practical significance:
Some cause diseases.
Food for aquatic animals.
Algae
Size: 1.0 µm to several centimetres.
15. Important Characteristics:
Eukaryotic.
Unicellular or Multicellular.
Photosynthetic.
Most occur in aquatic environments.
Reproduction asexual or Sexual.
Practical significance:
Production of food in aquatic environments.
Source of food and in Pharmaceuticals but some produce toxic
substances.