Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa. This discipline includes fundamental research on the biochemistry, physiology, cell biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of microorganisms, including the host response to these agents.
Definition of microbiology, classification of microbiology base of microbes, Advantage & disadvantage of microbes, Historical & development of microbiology, information of microscope and pharmaceutical microbiology.
Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa. This discipline includes fundamental research on the biochemistry, physiology, cell biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of microorganisms, including the host response to these agents.
Definition of microbiology, classification of microbiology base of microbes, Advantage & disadvantage of microbes, Historical & development of microbiology, information of microscope and pharmaceutical microbiology.
General introduction to micro organisms. What are micro-organisms? Microorganism. Bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, protozoans, Microbiology, father of microbiology, PowerPoint Presentation.
Commonly used Microbes in Biotechnology.pptxChrisJSoguilon
Microbes are living organisms that must be amplified to be seen. Bacteria, fungus, and viruses are all examples of microbes. These tiny, living cells serve as miniature chemical factories in biotechnology and biomanufacturing, producing products such as amino acids, medicines, enzymes, and food additives.
Learn more about commonly used microbes in biotechnology in this PowerPoint!
General introduction to micro organisms. What are micro-organisms? Microorganism. Bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, protozoans, Microbiology, father of microbiology, PowerPoint Presentation.
Commonly used Microbes in Biotechnology.pptxChrisJSoguilon
Microbes are living organisms that must be amplified to be seen. Bacteria, fungus, and viruses are all examples of microbes. These tiny, living cells serve as miniature chemical factories in biotechnology and biomanufacturing, producing products such as amino acids, medicines, enzymes, and food additives.
Learn more about commonly used microbes in biotechnology in this PowerPoint!
A Power point presentation on Scope of microbiology. In this ppt I had covered four major fields of microbiology.
Hope you guys like it and it will give you enough information about the topic to prepare for your seminar.
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Microbiology is a branch of science that deals with microbes. The term microbiology derives its name from three Greek words mikros [small] bios [life] and logos [study]. Microbiology focus on the occurrence and distribution of microorganisms in nature, their structure, physiology, reproduction, metabolism and classification.
Microbes - Microorganisms are tiny and invisible to naked eye. They can be seen only by magnifying their image with a microscope. Small subcellular or cellular living beings with milli-micron or micron in size and are not visible to our naked eyes are called micro-organisms. Microorganisms include the cellular organisms like bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoa. Viruses are also included as one of the microorganism but they are acellular.
this is the full explanation of class 8 NCERT sci micoorganism chapter of biology section if you have any queries you can leave a comment i will completely try to reply. hope you like it. & understand it clearly .there are some activities you can try which can make your concept more clear;)
Microbiome of human bodyResearchers currently studying human norm.pdfarccreation001
Microbiome of human body:
Researchers currently studying human normal microbiota such as Escherichia coli (vitamin K
producing), lactobacilli are essential and important to the human health & these microsymbionts
lives in the gut of human with symbiotic relationship. This microbiota is going to generate
vitamins, cofactors (NADH, FADH2) and human body does not synthesize some vitamins but
these microbiota is going to synthesize essential vitamins. These microbiotas are going to digest
cellulose content in fruits and vegetables and whole grains finally improve essential nutrients to
the human body. Health digestion activity of insoluble fibres can ensure that you have a good
health. Local nutrient source: Whole grain bread possesses higher content of insoluble fiber
followed by enzymatic digestion of gut microbiota into n-butyrate. Insoluble fiber digestion into
n-butyrate mediated by coloncocci and streptococci intestinal bacterial species by enzymatic
activity.
Effect of immune system:
M cells: These are called as microfold cell and they are located within the gut epithelium of
payer’s patches. M cell functions mainly samples usual gut flora and enable movement of the gut
microbiota to basolateral side to immune cells in the gastrointestinal tract followed by response
produced by B and T lymphocytes on as usual basis. These cells are acting like border control
and enable pumping T cells and immunoglobulin-A (IgA) across gastro intestinal mucosa. These
cells enable colonizing gut microbiota on the epithelium for appropriate digestion of food bolus.
The normal microbiota is pathogenic and may induce severe effects when they migrated to
another tissue from their native place of living. Nose and mouse microbiota are such as
Staphylococcus epidermis and are nearly 100% occurrence in both nose and mouth. These
microbes are pathogenic if they move other organs. Diversified microbiota was observed and this
microbiota includes both Gram positive and Gram- negative species. Corynebacterium and
Steptococcus pyogenes are at least form 25% of nasal microbiota whereas Spirochaetes and is
highly abundant in mouth & its presence was not mentioned in OSU.
Elders often possess weakened immune system and these circumstances leading to opportunistic
viral infection and gastroinstestinal infections (fungal, protozoan) where microbiota enables
human digestion. These viral particles act as bacteriophages to invade bacterial cells to generate
more virions to propagate further infection leaving the microbiota inactive and dead. Sometimes
excess use of anti-microbial chemotherapeutic agents acts as agents to invade gut microbiota due
to inhibition of their growth via various cell-synthesizing mechanisms for example, inhibiting
cell wall synthesis of bacteria. Some antibiotics inhibit DNA gyrase non- specifically including
host cells and useful microbiota result in death of useful vitamin producing microbiota.
The causes of altered microbiota in the elderly: 1. Aging,.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
2. SCOPE OF
MICROBIOLOGY
• Microorganisms are present everywhere on earth
which includes humans, animals, plants and other
living creatures, soil, water and atmosphere.
• Microbes can multiply in all three habitats except in the
atmosphere. Together their numbers far exceed all
other living cells on this planet.
• Microorganisms are relevant to all of us in a multitude
of ways. The influence of microorganism in human life
is both beneficial as well as detrimental also.
• For example microorganisms are required for the
production of bread, cheese, yogurt, alcohol, wine,
beer, antibiotics (e.g. penicillin, streptomycin,
chloromycetin), vaccines, vitamins, enzymes and
many more important products.
4. What is the role of microbiology in agriculture?
Microbial solutions enable farmers to drive yield and productivity in a sustainable way.
Deriving from various naturally-occurring microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi,
these solutions can protect crops from pests and diseases and enhance plant
productivity and fertility The influence of microbes on agriculture; the prevention of the
diseases that mainly damage the useful crops.
Google Doodle is celebrating the life and work of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, who was
born today in 1632. Commonly known as the father of microbiology and considered the
first microbiologist, Mr van Leeuwenhoek was the first scientist to observe and describe
microorganisms.
5. Bacteria:- more dominant group of microorganisms in the soil and equal to one half of the
microbial biomass in soil. Population 100,000 to several hundred millions for gram of soil -
autochthnous - zymogenous groups. Majority are heterotrophs. (Common soil bacteria -
arthrobacter, bacillus, clostridium, micrococcus).
Actinomycetes - intermediate group between bacteria and fungi. Numerous and widely
distributed in soil. Abundance is next to bacteria. 104 - 108/g soil. 70% of soil actinomycetes are
streptomyces. Many of them are known to produce antibiotics. Population increases with depth
of soil.
Fungi: more numerous in surface layers of well-aerated and cultivated soils-dominant in acid
soils. Common genera in soil are aspergillus, mucor, penicillium trichoderma, alternaria,
rhizopus. Algae – found in most of the soils in number ranges from 100 to 10,000 per g.
Protozoa: unicellular – population ranges from 10,000 to 100,000 per g of soil. Most of the soil
forms are flagellates, amoebae or ciliates. Derive their nutrition by devouring soil bacteria.
Abundant in upper larger of the soil. They are regulating the biological equilibrium in soil
SOIL MICROORGANISMS
6. IMPORTANCE
OF SOIL
MICROORGANISMS
Importance of soil microorganisms
i. Involved in nutrient transformation process
ii. Decomposition of resistant components of plant and
animal tissue
iii. Role in microbial antagonism
7. FOOD / DIARY MICROBIOLOGY
FOOD SAFETY
SCP SINGLE CELL PROTEIN
PROBIOTICS
8. WHAT IS FOOD
MICROBIOLOGY ?
Food microbiology is the study of
the microorganisms that inhibit, create,
or contaminate food. This includes the study of
microorganisms causing food spoilage; as well
as, pathogens that may cause disease especially if food
is improperly cooked or stored. Those used to
produce fermented foods such
as cheese, yogurt, bread, beer, and wine. Then those
researchers with other useful roles such as
producing probiotics
9. Food safety is a major focus of food microbiology. Numerous agents of disease
and pathogens are readily transmitted via food which includes bacteria and viruses.
Microbial toxins are also possible contaminants of food;
However, microorganisms and their products can also be used to combat these
pathogenic microbes. Probiotic bacteria, including those that
produce bacteriocins can kill and inhibit pathogens. Alternatively,
purified bacteriocins such as nisin can be added directly to food products.
Finally, bacteriophages, viruses that only infect bacteria can be used to kill bacterial
pathogens. Thorough preparation of food, including proper cooking, eliminates most
bacteria and viruses. However, toxins produced by contaminants may not be liable to
change to non-toxic forms by heating or cooking the contaminated food due to other
safety conditions.
FOOD SAFETY
10. SCP
SINGLE CELL
PROTEIN
Single-cell protein refers to the crude, a refined or edible protein
extracted from pure microbial cultures, dead, or dried cell
biomass. They can be used as a protein supplement for both
humans or animals.
Microorganisms like algae, fungi, yeast, and bacteria have very
high protein content in their biomass. These microbes can be
grown using inexpensive substrates like agricultural waste viz.
Wood shavings, sawdust, corn cobs etc. And even human and
animal waste.
Also refer: biomass
The microorganisms utilize the carbon and nitrogen present in
these materials and convert them into high-quality proteins
which can be used as a supplement in both human and animal
feed. The single-cell proteins can be readily used as fodder for
achieving fattening of calves, pigs, in breeding fish and even
in animal husbandry – poultry and cattle farming.
Single cell protein (scp) offers an unconventional but plausible
solution to this problem of protein deficiency being faced by the
entire humanity.
11. WHAT ARE
PROBIOTICS?
i. Probiotics are live bacteria and yeasts that are good for you,
especially your digestive system. We usually think of these
as germs that cause diseases. But your body is full of
bacteria, both good and bad. Probiotics are often called
"good" or "helpful" bacteria because they help keep your gut
healthy.
ii. You can find probiotics in supplements and some foods, like
yogurt. Doctors often suggest them to help with digestive
problems.
13. Pharmaceutical Microbiology deals with the study of microorganisms that is concerned within
the manufacture of prescribed drugs e.g. minimizing the quantity of microorganisms in an
exceedingly method setting, excluding microorganisms and microorganism by-products like
exotoxin and endotoxin from water and alternative beginning materials, and making certain
the finished pharmaceutical product is sterile
Medical microbiology is a branch of medicine dealing with the prevention, diagnosis and
treatment of infectious as well as non-infectious diseases. Medical microbiologists deal with
clinical consultations on the investigation, principles of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of
infectious diseases; the scientific development, administrative and medical direction of a
clinical microbiology laboratory; the establishment and direction of infection control programs
across the continuum of care; communicable disease prevention and epidemiology and
related public health issues.
14. DRUGS AND
BIO PRODUCTS
DEVELOPMENT
The most important contribution of microbiology to the
pharmaceutical industry is the development of antibiotics. All
antibiotics were originally the products of microbial
metabolism, however the recent genetic manipulations have
enabled the production of more enhanced drugs. Vaccines
are also a very important contribution of microbiology
towards development of drugs. The production of vaccines
against bacterial diseases usually requires the growth of
large amounts of bacteria. Steroids can also be obtained
from microorganisms.
Apart from drugs and bio products development,
microbiology contributes towards quality control of a
pharmaceutical laboratory. Prevention of microbial
contamination of drugs, injectables, eye drops, nasal
solutions and inhalation products is undertaken following
pharmacopeial guidelines.
16. ASTRO
MICROBIOLOGY
Astro microbiology, or exo microbiology, is the study
of microorganisms in outer space. It stems from an
interdisciplinary approach, which incorporates
both microbiology and astrobiology. Astrobiology's efforts
are aimed at understanding the origins of life and the
search for life other than on Earth. Because
microorganisms are the most widespread form of life on
Earth, and are capable of colonising almost any
environment, scientists usually focus on microbial life in
the field of astrobiology. Moreover, small and simple cells
usually evolve first on a planet rather than
larger, multicellular organisms, and have an increased
likelihood of being transported from one planet to
another via the panspermia theory
17. CHLORELLA Chlorella is a type of algae that grows in fresh water. The whole
plant is used to make nutritional supplements and medicine.
How does it work?
Chlorella is a good source of protein, fats, carbohydrates, fiber,
chlorophyll, vitamins, and minerals. It may act as an antioxidant
and help to decrease cholesterol, but more research is still
needed
Chlorella has been considered to be used in the space because
of quite plenty of reasons. NASA is developing a way to make
the space exploration in humans easier. The primary purpose of
the algae is to provide oxygen, consume the carbon dioxide
exhaled by humans and convert the nitrogen-filled wastes.
18. SPIRULINA Spirulina is a blue-green algae. It is an easily produced, non-toxic
species of Arthrospira bacteria.
Spirulina is often used as a vegan source of protein and vitamin
B12. It is between 55-70% protein, but studies suggest it is a
subpar source of B12, as the vitamin is not absorbed well after
ingestion.
Back in the 1970s, it was discovered by NASA that Spirulina is
actually a safe and practical choice of food that can be carried all
the way to the space. The composition of Spirulina with all those
edible bacteria and micro-organisms, is what make Spirulina one
of the most concentrated foods available to mankind. The space
travellers, therefore, can travel light and also be reassured that
they are not compromising on food, both in terms of quality and
quantity
20. WHAT IS THE
ENVIRONMENTAL
MICROBIOLOGY ?
Environmental microbiology is the study of the composition and
physiology of microbial communities in the environment. The
environment in this case means the soil, water, air and sediments
covering the planet and can also include the animals and plants that
inhabit these areas
21. SEWAGE
TREATMENT
Important microbes in the sewage treatment plant
Nitrifying bacteria
– Aerobes
– Convert nitrogenous waste into nitrate
Denitrifying bacteria
– Anaerobes
– Convert nitrate to N2
Methanogens
– Generate methane from acetate
– Or use H2 and CO2 to make methane
– Mostly archaea
22. Microbiology of Wastewater Treatment
The focus of wastewater treatment plants is to reduce the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) and
COD (chemical oxygen demand) in the effluent discharged to natural waters, meeting state and
federal discharge criteria. Wastewater treatment plants are designed to function as "microbiology
farms", where bacteria and other microorganisms are fed oxygen and organic waste. Wastewater is
teaming with microbes. Many of which are necessary for the degradation and stabilization of
organic matter and are beneficial. On the other hand, wastewater may also contain pathogenic or
potentially pathogenic microorganisms, which pose a threat to public health. Waterborne and
water-related diseases caused by pathogenic microbes are among the most serious threats to
public health today. Fecal pollution is one of the primary contributors to diarrhea.
It is needless to emphasize the importance of water in our life. Without water, there is no life on our
planet. We need water for different purposes. We need water for drinking, for industries, for
irrigation, for swimming and fishing, etc. Water for different purposes has its own requirements as
to composition and purity. Each body of water needs to be analysed on a regular basis to confirm to
suitability. The types of analysis could vary from simple field testing for a single analyte to
laboratory based multi-component instrumental analysis. The measurement of water quality is a
very exacting and time-consuming process, and a large number of quantitative analytical methods
are used for this Purpose.
23. MICROBIAL
BIODEGRADATION
Microbial biodegradation is the use
of bioremediation and biotransformation methods to harness the
naturally occurring ability of microbial xenobiotic metabolism to
degrade, transform or accumulate environmental pollutants,
including hydrocarbons (e.g. oil), polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heterocyclic
compounds (such as pyridine or quinoline), pharmaceutical
substances, radionuclides and metals.
Biological processes play a major role in the removal
of contaminants and take advantage of the catabolic versatility of
microorganisms to degrade or convert such compounds. In
environmental microbiology, genome-based global studies are
increasing the understanding of metabolic and regulatory networks,
as well as providing new information on the evolution of degradation
pathways and molecular adaptation strategies to changing
environmental conditions.
25. INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY
Industrial microbiology is a branch of applied microbiology in
which microorganisms are used in industrial processes; for
example, in the production of high-value products such as drugs,
chemicals, fuels and electricity
In industrial microbiology, microorganisms are particularly
important to synthesize a number of products valuable to human
beings and have profoundly changed our lives and life spans.
These products include beverages, food additives, products for
human and animal health, and biofuels. In addition,
microorganisms have the ability to produce chemical compounds
that have not been synthesized in the laboratory or may be made
only with great difficulty. Moreover, some chemical products may
be made more cheaply by the action of microorganisms on
inexpensive carbohydrate materials than from other chemical
compounds.
26. MICROORGANISMS
PLAYS AN
IMPORTANT ROLE IN
ALCOHOL
Alcohol plays an important part in microbiology. Micro-organisms are,
for instance, essential in the production of alcoholic drinks. The
alcohol in beer and wine is a by-product of yeasts. The alcohol in
beer and wine is a by-product of yeasts. They break down glucose
(sugars) in the drink to get energy. The alcohol and carbon dioxide
(CO2) which are produced are waste products for the yeast, but
important ingredients for the drink. If the concentration of alcohol in
the beer gets too high, the yeasts themselves will be killed.