Distinguish between cellular and acellular. Give examples of microorganisms in each category. Describe the distinguishing features of each type of cell. What are the three domains of life? Describe features of each domain. Escherichia coli is a bacterial species. Identify the genus and the species. Escherichia coli has different strains. What is the significance of the strain designation? What contributes to the emergence and/or re-emergence of infectious diseases? Define the divisions of microbiology: bacteriology, mycology, virology, parasitology, serology, molecular biology. The following made significant contributions to the field of microbiology, identify the contribution of each: Leeuwenhoek, Holmes, Semmelweis, Lister, Pasteur, Koch, Jenner Solution 2.Unicellular organism is made up of one cell, a being with a cell wall, that gets along fine on its own (like amoebas, protozoa or bacteria that usually move about all on their own) or which could get along fine on its own (like yeasts or algae, which usually grow in bunches or strings).Acellular organisms do not divide into discrete cells following the division of the nucleus - they just carry on growing and producing more nuclei.Eg:Viruses, viroids, satellites, plasmids, phagemids, cosmids, transposons and prions. 3. please specify the cells,in human or microbes? 4.The three domains of life are: (a)EUKARYOTA The Eukaryota include the organisms that most people are most familiar with - all animals, plants, fungi, and protists. They also include the vast majority of the organisms that paleontologists work with. Although they show unbelievable diversity in form, they share fundamental characteristics of cellular organization, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Eg: dinoflagellate,single-celled photosynthetic protist; plants; animals; and fungi. (b)BACTERIA Bacteria are often maligned as the causes of human and animal disease (like this one, Leptospira, which causes serious disease in livestock). However, certain bacteria, the actinomycetes, produce antibiotics such as streptomycin and nocardicin; others live symbiotically in the guts of animals (including humans) or elsewhere in their bodies, or on the roots of certain plants, converting nitrogen into a usable form. Bacteria put the tang in yogurt and the sour in sourdough bread; bacteria help to break down dead organic matter; bacteria make up the base of the food web in many environments. Bacteria are of such immense importance because of their extreme flexibility, capacity for rapid growth and reproduction, and great age - the oldest fossils known, nearly 3.5 billion years old, are fossils of bacteria-like organisms. (c)ARCHEA Archaeans include inhabitants of some of the most extreme environments on the planet. Some live near rift vents in the deep sea at temperatures well over 100 degrees Centigrade. Others live in hot springs, or in extremely alkaline or acid waters. They have been found thriving inside the digestive tracts of cows, t.

1. Distinguish between cellular and acellular. Give examples of microorganisms in each category.
Describe the distinguishing features of each type of cell. What are the three domains of life?
Describe features of each domain. Escherichia coli is a bacterial species. Identify the genus and
the species. Escherichia coli has different strains. What is the significance of the strain
designation? What contributes to the emergence and/or re-emergence of infectious diseases?
Define the divisions of microbiology: bacteriology, mycology, virology, parasitology, serology,
molecular biology. The following made significant contributions to the field of microbiology,
identify the contribution of each: Leeuwenhoek, Holmes, Semmelweis, Lister, Pasteur, Koch,
Jenner
Solution
2.Unicellular organism is made up of one cell, a being with a cell wall, that gets along fine on its
own (like amoebas, protozoa or bacteria that usually move about all on their own) or which
could get along fine on its own (like yeasts or algae, which usually grow in bunches or
strings).Acellular organisms do not divide into discrete cells following the division of the
nucleus - they just carry on growing and producing more nuclei.Eg:Viruses, viroids, satellites,
plasmids, phagemids, cosmids, transposons and prions.
3. please specify the cells,in human or microbes?
4.The three domains of life are:
(a)EUKARYOTA
The Eukaryota include the organisms that most people are most familiar with - all animals,
plants, fungi, and protists. They also include the vast majority of the organisms that
paleontologists work with. Although they show unbelievable diversity in form, they share
fundamental characteristics of cellular organization, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Eg:
dinoflagellate,single-celled photosynthetic protist; plants; animals; and fungi.
(b)BACTERIA
Bacteria are often maligned as the causes of human and animal disease (like this one, Leptospira,
which causes serious disease in livestock). However, certain bacteria, the actinomycetes, produce
antibiotics such as streptomycin and nocardicin; others live symbiotically in the guts of animals
(including humans) or elsewhere in their bodies, or on the roots of certain plants, converting
nitrogen into a usable form. Bacteria put the tang in yogurt and the sour in sourdough bread;
bacteria help to break down dead organic matter; bacteria make up the base of the food web in
many environments. Bacteria are of such immense importance because of their extreme
flexibility, capacity for rapid growth and reproduction, and great age - the oldest fossils known,
nearly 3.5 billion years old, are fossils of bacteria-like organisms.

2. (c)ARCHEA
Archaeans include inhabitants of some of the most extreme environments on the planet. Some
live near rift vents in the deep sea at temperatures well over 100 degrees Centigrade. Others live
in hot springs, or in extremely alkaline or acid waters. They have been found thriving inside the
digestive tracts of cows, termites, and marine life where they produce methane. They live in the
anoxic muds of marshes and at the bottom of the ocean, and even thrive in petroleum deposits
deep underground.
Some archaeans can survive the dessicating effects of extremely saline waters. One salt-loving
group of archaea includes Halobacterium, a well-studied archaean. The light-sensitive pigment
bacteriorhodopsin gives Halobacterium its color and provides it with chemical energy.
Bacteriorhodopsin has a lovely purple color and it pumps protons to the outside of the
membrane. When these protons flow back, they are used in the synthesis of ATP, which is the
energy source of the cell. This protein is chemically very similar to the light-detecting pigment
rhodopsin, found in the vertebrate retina.
Archaeans may be the only organisms that can live in extreme habitats such as thermal vents or
hypersaline water. They may be extremely abundant in environments that are hostile to all other
life forms. However, archaeans are not restricted to extreme environments; new research is
showing that archaeans are also quite abundant in the plankton of the open sea. Much is still to
be learned about these microbes, but it is clear that the Archaea is a remarkably diverse and
successful clade of organisms.
5.Genus:Escherichia
Species:E.coli
8. Bacteriology is the study of bacteria. This subdivision of microbiology involves the
identification, classification, and characterization of bacterial species.
Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and
biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans as a source for tinder, medicine,
food, and entheogens, as well as their dangers, such as poisoning or infection.
Virology is the study of viruses – submicroscopic, parasitic particles of genetic material
contained in a protein coat – and virus-like agents.
Parasitology is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them. As a
biological discipline, the scope of parasitology is not determined by the organism or environment
in question, but by their way of life.
Serology is the scientific study of serum and other bodily fluids. In practice, the term usually
refers to the diagnostic identification of antibodies in the serum.
Molecular biology is the branch of biology that deals with the structure and function of the
macromolecules (e.g. proteins and nucleic acids) essential to life.

3. 9.Holmes:American physician First documented recommendation of hand washing by healthcare
workers to prevent disease. Publishes the contagiousness of peurperal fever.
Leeuwenhoek:"father of microbiology" First microscopic description of bacteria using a single-
lens microscope. Observed toothplaque, rain water, and diarrheal feces.
Semmelweis:Hungarian physician who first instituted to wash hands with bleach having
tremendous results. Disinfection pioneer of puerperal fever.
Lister:made surgery much safer with the use of phenol to kill micro-organisms on skin of
patients and surgical tools
Pasteur:Most important microbiologist (beginning of the golden age) Disproved spontaneous
generation, demonstrated fermentation mediated by yeast, invented pasteurization process,
disease of wine and developed rabies vaccine. Proved the micro-organisms can cause harm.
Koch:Also the most important microbiologist developing the bacteriological techniques (agar,
petri dish) proving micro-organisms caused harm. Experimental verification of the "germ theory
of disease" Proved anthrax was caused by micro-organisms and discovered myobacterium
tuberculosis.
Jenner:Documented the use of cowpox material to protect against smallpox, inventor of
vaccines... testing the hypothesis of milk maids
5.Genus:Escherichia
Species:E.coli
8. Bacteriology is the study of bacteria. This subdivision of microbiology involves the
identification, classification, and characterization of bacterial species.
Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic
and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans as a source for tinder,
medicine, food, and entheogens, as well as their dangers, such as poisoning or infection.
Virology is the study of viruses – submicroscopic, parasitic particles of genetic material
contained in a protein coat – and virus-like agents.
Parasitology is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them. As a
biological discipline, the scope of parasitology is not determined by the organism or
environment in question, but by their way of life.
Serology is the scientific study of serum and other bodily fluids. In practice, the term usually
refers to the diagnostic identification of antibodies in the serum.
Molecular biology is the branch of biology that deals with the structure and function of the
macromolecules (e.g. proteins and nucleic acids) essential to life.
9.Holmes:American physician First documented recommendation of hand washing by
healthcare workers to prevent disease. Publishes the contagiousness of peurperal fever.
Leeuwenhoek:"father of microbiology" First microscopic description of bacteria using a

4. single-lens microscope. Observed toothplaque, rain water, and diarrheal feces.
Semmelweis:Hungarian physician who first instituted to wash hands with bleach having
tremendous results. Disinfection pioneer of puerperal fever.
Lister:made surgery much safer with the use of phenol to kill micro-organisms on skin of
patients and surgical tools
Pasteur:Most important microbiologist (beginning of the golden age) Disproved spontaneous
generation, demonstrated fermentation mediated by yeast, invented pasteurization process,
disease of wine and developed rabies vaccine. Proved the micro-organisms can cause harm.
Koch:Also the most important microbiologist developing the bacteriological techniques (agar,
petri dish) proving micro-organisms caused harm. Experimental verification of the "germ
theory of disease" Proved anthrax was caused by micro-organisms and discovered
myobacterium tuberculosis.
Jenner:Documented the use of cowpox material to protect against smallpox, inventor of
vaccines... testing the hypothesis of milk maids