This document provides an overview of basic chemistry concepts. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences or less:
- Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter can exist in solid, liquid, or gas states. A substance has a definite composition while a mixture combines two or more substances.
- An element is a substance that cannot be broken down further, with over 100 known elements. Compounds are formed from chemical combinations of elements. Physical changes do not alter substance composition while chemical changes do.
- Measurements in chemistry rely on devices like rulers, balances, and thermometers. The standard metric units and prefixes like milli and kilo are used to quantify measurements, properties
https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/General-Chemistry-1-and-2.pdf
General Chemistry
GenChem
STEM
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
K to 12 Senior High School STEM Specialized Subject – General Chemistry 1 and 2
Quarter 1 – General Chemistry 1
Matter and Its Properties
Measurements
Atoms, Molecules and Ions
Stoichiometry
Percent Composition and Chemical Formulas
Chemical reactions and chemical equations
Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions
Gases
Dalton’s Law of partial pressures
Gas stoichiometry
Kinetic molecular theory of gases
Quarter 2 – General Chemistry 1
Electronic Structure of Atoms
Electronic Structure and Periodicity
Chemical Bonding
Organic compounds
Quarter 3 – General Chemistry 2
Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids
Physical Properties of Solutions
Thermochemistry
Chemical Kinetics
Quarter 4 – General Chemistry 2
Chemical Thermodynamics
Chemical Equilibrium
Acid-Base Equilibria and Salt Equilibria
Electrochemistry
https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/General-Chemistry-1-and-2.pdf
General Chemistry
GenChem
STEM
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
K to 12 Senior High School STEM Specialized Subject – General Chemistry 1 and 2
Quarter 1 – General Chemistry 1
Matter and Its Properties
Measurements
Atoms, Molecules and Ions
Stoichiometry
Percent Composition and Chemical Formulas
Chemical reactions and chemical equations
Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions
Gases
Dalton’s Law of partial pressures
Gas stoichiometry
Kinetic molecular theory of gases
Quarter 2 – General Chemistry 1
Electronic Structure of Atoms
Electronic Structure and Periodicity
Chemical Bonding
Organic compounds
Quarter 3 – General Chemistry 2
Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids
Physical Properties of Solutions
Thermochemistry
Chemical Kinetics
Quarter 4 – General Chemistry 2
Chemical Thermodynamics
Chemical Equilibrium
Acid-Base Equilibria and Salt Equilibria
Electrochemistry
Presentatie behorende bij de lessen Analytische chemie voor Laboratoriumtechnologen gedoceerd aan de opleiding Biomedische Laboratoriumtechnologie van de UC Leuven-Limburg.
Hoofdstuk 2 - Concentraties van oplossingen Tom Mortier
In deze presentatie wordt enkele begrippen gedefinieerd over concentraties van oplossingen. Deze presentatie behoort bij de oefeningenzittingen Niet Instrumentele Analytische Chemie die worden gegeven aan het departement Gezondheidszorg en Technologie van de Katholieke Hogeschool Leuven.
Hoofdstuk 1 - Concentraties van Oplossingen - Deel 1Tom Mortier
Presentatie behorende bij de lessen Analytische chemie voor Laboratoriumtechnologen gedoceerd aan de opleiding Biomedische Laboratoriumtechnologie van de UC Leuven-Limburg
Presentatie behorende bij de lessen Analytische chemie voor Laboratoriumtechnologen gedoceerd aan de opleiding Biomedische Laboratoriumtechnologie van de UC Leuven-Limburg.
Hoofdstuk 2 - Concentraties van oplossingen Tom Mortier
In deze presentatie wordt enkele begrippen gedefinieerd over concentraties van oplossingen. Deze presentatie behoort bij de oefeningenzittingen Niet Instrumentele Analytische Chemie die worden gegeven aan het departement Gezondheidszorg en Technologie van de Katholieke Hogeschool Leuven.
Hoofdstuk 1 - Concentraties van Oplossingen - Deel 1Tom Mortier
Presentatie behorende bij de lessen Analytische chemie voor Laboratoriumtechnologen gedoceerd aan de opleiding Biomedische Laboratoriumtechnologie van de UC Leuven-Limburg
Chemistry is the branch of science concerned with the substances of which matter is composed, the investigation of their properties and reactions, and the use of such reactions to form new substances
These notes are of chemistry class 11th first chapter which are strictly according to CBSE & state Board. This notes covers Some basics concepts of chemistry i.e. Branches of chemistry, classification of matter & many more..
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
3. 3
The scientific method is a systematic
approach to research
A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for a
set of observations
tested modified
4. 4
A theory is a unifying principle that explains a
body of facts and/or those laws that are based on
them.
A law is a concise statement of a relationship
between phenomena that is always the same
under the same conditions.
Atomic Theory
Force = mass x acceleration
6. 66
Chemistry is the study of matter and the
changes it undergoes
liquid nitrogen gold ingots silicon crystals
Matter is anything that occupies space and
has mass (three states; solid, liquid, and gas)
A substance is a form of matter that has a
definite composition and distinct properties.
Can be defined by their appearance, smell, taste, and other properties.
At present, over 20 million substances are known.
7. 77
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in
which the substances retain their distinct identities.
1. Homogenous mixture – composition of the
mixture is the same throughout.
2. Heterogeneous mixture – composition is not
uniform throughout.
soft drink, milk, solder
cement,
iron filings in sand
8. 88
An element is a substance that cannot be separated
into simpler substances by chemical means.
• 117 elements have been identified
• 82 elements occur naturally on Earth
Gold, Aluminum, Lead, Oxygen, Carbon, Sulfur
• 35 elements have been created by scientists
Technetium (Tc), Americium (Am), Seaborgium (Sg)
9. 9
First letter always capitalized, but second is never capitalized Some elements
are derived from their latin names. E.g Au (aurum), Fe (ferrum), Na (natrium),..
10. 1010
A compound is a substance composed of atoms of
two or more elements chemically united in fixed
proportions.
Compounds can only be separated into their pure
components (elements) by chemical means.
lithium fluoride quartz dry ice – carbon dioxide
11. 1111
A Comparison: The Three States of Matter
Solids: rigid
objects with
definite shapes
Liquids: less
rigid than solid
and are fluid,
they are able to
flow and
assume the
shape of their
containers
Gases: are
fluid but unlike
liquids and
they expand
indefinitely
12. 1212
A physical change does not alter the composition
or identity of a substance.
A chemical change alters the composition or
identity of the substance(s) involved.
ice melting
sugar dissolving
in water
Hydrogen burns in air
to form water
Types of Changes
13. 1313
An extensive property of a material depends upon
how much matter is being considered.
An intensive property of a material does not
depend upon how much matter is being considered.
• mass
• length
• volume
• density
• temperature
• color
Extensive and Intensive Properties
15. 15
What is a Measurement?
Quantitative observation
that associated with
numbers and units.
The study of chemistry
depends heavily on
measurement.
16. Devices
The meterstick: measures length
The buret, pipet, graduated cylinder, volumetric flask: measure volume
The balance: measures mass
The thermometer: measures temperature
These instruments provide measurements of macroscopic properties
Microscopic properties: on the atomic or molecular scale (indirect
method)
17. 17
Units
• Without an associated unit, a measurement
is without meaning.
• SI units (metric units,International System).
1960
• In french
Système international d'unités
20. 20
Related Units in the
SI System
• All units in the SI system are related to the
standard unit by a power of 10.
• The power of 10 is indicated by a prefix.
21. Common Prefixes in the SI System
Prefix Symbol
Decimal
Equivalent
Power of 10
tera T 1,000,000,000,000 Base x 1012
giga G 1,000,000,000 Base x 109
mega- M 1,000,000 Base x 106
kilo- k 1,000 Base x 103
deci- d 0.1 Base x 10-1
centi- c 0.01 Base x 10-2
milli- m 0.001 Base x 10-3
micro- m 0.000 001 Base x 10-6
nano- n 0.000 000 001 Base x 10-9
Pico- p 0.000 000 000 001 Base x 10-12
22. 22
Density
• Inverse relationship between mass and volume.
• Solids = g/cm3
1 cm3 = 1 mL
• Liquids = g/mL
• Gases = g/L
• Volume of a solid can be determined by water
displacement—Archimedes Principle.
• Density of solids > liquids > gases
Except ice, it is less dense than liquid water!
Volume
Mass
Density
27. Scientific Notation
The number of atoms in 12 g of carbon:
602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000
6.022 x 1023
The mass of a single carbon atom in grams:
0.0000000000000000000000199
1.99 x 10-23
N x10n
N is a number
between 1 and 10
n is a positive or
negative integer
28. Scientific Notation
568.762
n > 0
568.762 = 5.68762 x 102
Moved to the left by two places
move decimal left
0.00000772
n < 0
0.00000772 = 7.72 x 10-6
Moved to the right by six places
move decimal right
Addition or Subtraction
1. Write each quantity with
the same exponent n
2. Combine N1 and N2
3. The exponent, n, remains
the same
4.31 x 104 + 3.9 x 103 =
4.31 x 104 + 0.39 x 104 =
4.70 x 104
2.22 x 10-2 - 4.10 x 10-3 =
2.22 x 10-2 - 0.41 x 10-2 =
1.81 x 10-2
29. Scientific Notation
Multiplication
1. Multiply N1 and N2
2. Add exponents n1 and n2
together
(4.0 x 10-5) x (7.0 x 103) =
(4.0 x 7.0) x (10-5+3) =
28 x 10-2 =
2.8 x 10-1
Division
1. Divide N1 and N2
2. Subtract exponents n1 and n2
8.5 x 104 ÷ 5.0 x 109 =
(8.5 ÷ 5.0) x 104-9 =
1.7 x 10-5
30. pH = 6.855
4 sig. figs
The last digit (5) is
uncertain
i.e. 6.855 ± 0.001
Significant Figures
Is the meaningful digits in a measured or calculated
quantity?
When significant figures are used, the last digit is
understood to be uncertain.
pH meter
31. 31
What is the Length?
• We can see the markings between 1.6 - 1.7cm
• We can’t see the markings between the 0.6 - 0.7
• We must guess between 0.6 & 0 .7
• We record 1.67 cm as our measurement
32. What is the length of the wooden stick?
1) 4.5 cm
2) 4.54 cm
3) 4.547 cm
33. Significant Figures
• Any digit that is not zero is significant
1.234 kg 4 significant figures
• Zeros between nonzero digits are significant
606 m 3 significant figures
• Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant
0.08 L 1 significant figure
• If a number is greater than 1, then all zeros to the right of the
decimal point are significant
2.0 mg 2 significant figures
• If a number is less than 1, then only the zeros that are at the
end and in the middle of the number are significant
0.00420 g 3 significant figures
34. How many significant figures are in
each of the following measurements?
24 mL 2 significant figures
3001 g 4 significant figures
0.0320 m3 3 significant figures
6.4 x 104 molecules 2 significant figures
560 kg 2 or 3 significant figures
35. Significant Figures
Addition or Subtraction
The answer cannot have more digits to the right of the decimal
point than any of the original numbers.
89.332
1.1+
90.432 round off to 90.4
one significant figure after decimal point
3.70
-2.9133
0.7867
two significant figures after decimal point
round off to 0.79
36. Significant Figures
Multiplication or Division
The number of significant figures in the result is set by the original
number that has the smallest number of significant figures
4.51 x 3.6666 = 16.536366 = 16.5
3 sig figs round to
3 sig figs
6.8 ÷ 112.04 = 0.0606926
2 sig figs round to
2 sig figs
= 0.061
37. Significant Figures
Exact Numbers
Numbers from definitions or numbers of objects are considered
to have an infinite number of significant figures
The average of three measured lengths; 6.64, 6.68 and 6.70?
6.64 + 6.68 + 6.70
3
= 6.67333 = 6.67
Because 3 is an exact number
= 7
38. Accuracy – how close a measurement is to the true value
Precision – how close a set of measurements (of the same
quantity) are to each other
accurate
&
precise
precise
but
not accurate
not accurate
&
not precise
39. Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving Problems
1. Determine which unit conversion factor(s) are needed
2. Carry units through calculation
3. If all units cancel except for the desired unit(s), then the
problem was solved correctly.
given quantity x conversion factor = desired quantity
given unit x = desired unit
desired unit
given unit
40. Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving Problems
Conversion Unit 1 L = 1000 mL
1L
1000 mL
1.63 L x = 1630 mL
1L
1000 mL
1.63 L x = 0.001630
L2
mL
How many mL are in 1.63 L?
41. The speed of sound in air is about 343 m/s. What is this
speed in miles per hour?
1 mi = 1609 m 1 min = 60 s 1 hour = 60 min
343
m
s
x
1 mi
1609 m
60 s
1 min
x
60 min
1 hour
x = 767
mi
hour
meters to miles
seconds to hours
conversion units