This document provides an overview of chemistry as a science and introduces some key concepts. It discusses how chemistry relates to important areas like health, energy, materials, food and agriculture. The document then defines some basic chemistry terms including matter, elements, compounds, mixtures, physical and chemical changes, states of matter, properties of matter and units of measurement. It also introduces scientific notation and significant figures as well as methods for calculations.
This document provides an overview of chemistry concepts including:
- Chemistry is the study of matter and its properties, covering topics like health, energy, materials, food and more.
- Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space, and can exist as elements, compounds and mixtures.
- Chemical and physical changes alter substances in different ways. The document also introduces concepts such as states of matter, properties of matter, units of measurement, and dimensional analysis.
This document provides an overview of chemistry concepts including:
1. Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. The scientific method uses a systematic approach involving hypotheses, experiments, and analysis.
2. Matter can exist as elements, compounds, mixtures, and in three main states - solids, liquids, and gases. Chemical and physical changes alter substances in different ways.
3. The study of chemistry incorporates macroscopic observations and measurements as well as analysis at the microscopic level of atoms and molecules. Significant figures, units, and mathematical representations are important tools in chemistry.
Capítulos 1 y 2 del libro de química de changyesu90uy
This document provides an overview of the development of atomic theory and models of the atom. It discusses key discoveries and experiments including:
- Dalton's atomic theory from 1808 that proposed atoms as fundamental particles and that elements are composed of unique atoms.
- J.J. Thomson's discovery in 1906 that the cathode rays were composed of negatively charged particles (electrons) much lighter than atoms.
- Rutherford's gold foil experiment from 1911 that showed the positive charge and most of the mass of atoms are concentrated in a very small nucleus.
- Chadwick's discovery of the neutron in 1932, which has no charge and a mass similar to protons.
- The modern definitions of atomic number as
1. Chemistry is the study of matter and its properties and changes. It impacts many areas including health, energy, materials, food and agriculture.
2. Matter can be classified as elements, compounds or mixtures. Elements cannot be broken down further, compounds are made of two or more elements chemically bonded together, and mixtures maintain their individual identities.
3. The three main states of matter are solids, liquids, and gases. Physical and chemical changes alter or do not alter the composition of matter. The scientific method is used to study chemistry through observation, hypothesis, experimentation and theory development.
This document provides an overview of basic chemistry concepts. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences or less:
- Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter can exist in solid, liquid, or gas states. A substance has a definite composition while a mixture combines two or more substances.
- An element is a substance that cannot be broken down further, with over 100 known elements. Compounds are formed from chemical combinations of elements. Physical changes do not alter substance composition while chemical changes do.
- Measurements in chemistry rely on devices like rulers, balances, and thermometers. The standard metric units and prefixes like milli and kilo are used to quantify measurements, properties
- Physical changes do not alter the composition or identity of a substance, while chemical changes do alter the composition or identity of one or more substances.
- Extensive properties depend on amount, while intensive properties do not.
- Mixtures can be separated based on differences in their physical properties, such as filtering solids from liquids, distilling liquids based on differing boiling points, and chromatography.
Chemistry- JIB Topic 1 Matter and MeasurementSam Richard
This document provides an overview of key chemistry concepts including:
1. Chemistry deals with matter and changes in matter at the macroscopic and microscopic levels. The scientific problem solving process involves stating the problem, formulating a hypothesis, and testing it with experiments.
2. The three states of matter are solids, liquids, and gases which differ in their particle arrangements and ability to change shape or volume. Physical and chemical properties and changes also differ based on whether the chemical composition changes.
3. Common units and measurements in chemistry include the mole, SI units, scientific notation, uncertainty in measurements, and calculating percent error.
01. basic concepts of chemistry 1(final)Anurag Bhatt
This document provides an overview of basic chemistry concepts including the branches of chemistry, units and standards used in chemistry, significant figures, and dimensions. It discusses the SI system of units, fundamental and derived units, and conversions between units. It also defines key chemistry terms like matter, elements, compounds, and mixtures. The document contains examples of calculations involving significant figures and dimensional analysis.
This document provides an overview of chemistry concepts including:
- Chemistry is the study of matter and its properties, covering topics like health, energy, materials, food and more.
- Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space, and can exist as elements, compounds and mixtures.
- Chemical and physical changes alter substances in different ways. The document also introduces concepts such as states of matter, properties of matter, units of measurement, and dimensional analysis.
This document provides an overview of chemistry concepts including:
1. Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. The scientific method uses a systematic approach involving hypotheses, experiments, and analysis.
2. Matter can exist as elements, compounds, mixtures, and in three main states - solids, liquids, and gases. Chemical and physical changes alter substances in different ways.
3. The study of chemistry incorporates macroscopic observations and measurements as well as analysis at the microscopic level of atoms and molecules. Significant figures, units, and mathematical representations are important tools in chemistry.
Capítulos 1 y 2 del libro de química de changyesu90uy
This document provides an overview of the development of atomic theory and models of the atom. It discusses key discoveries and experiments including:
- Dalton's atomic theory from 1808 that proposed atoms as fundamental particles and that elements are composed of unique atoms.
- J.J. Thomson's discovery in 1906 that the cathode rays were composed of negatively charged particles (electrons) much lighter than atoms.
- Rutherford's gold foil experiment from 1911 that showed the positive charge and most of the mass of atoms are concentrated in a very small nucleus.
- Chadwick's discovery of the neutron in 1932, which has no charge and a mass similar to protons.
- The modern definitions of atomic number as
1. Chemistry is the study of matter and its properties and changes. It impacts many areas including health, energy, materials, food and agriculture.
2. Matter can be classified as elements, compounds or mixtures. Elements cannot be broken down further, compounds are made of two or more elements chemically bonded together, and mixtures maintain their individual identities.
3. The three main states of matter are solids, liquids, and gases. Physical and chemical changes alter or do not alter the composition of matter. The scientific method is used to study chemistry through observation, hypothesis, experimentation and theory development.
This document provides an overview of basic chemistry concepts. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences or less:
- Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter can exist in solid, liquid, or gas states. A substance has a definite composition while a mixture combines two or more substances.
- An element is a substance that cannot be broken down further, with over 100 known elements. Compounds are formed from chemical combinations of elements. Physical changes do not alter substance composition while chemical changes do.
- Measurements in chemistry rely on devices like rulers, balances, and thermometers. The standard metric units and prefixes like milli and kilo are used to quantify measurements, properties
- Physical changes do not alter the composition or identity of a substance, while chemical changes do alter the composition or identity of one or more substances.
- Extensive properties depend on amount, while intensive properties do not.
- Mixtures can be separated based on differences in their physical properties, such as filtering solids from liquids, distilling liquids based on differing boiling points, and chromatography.
Chemistry- JIB Topic 1 Matter and MeasurementSam Richard
This document provides an overview of key chemistry concepts including:
1. Chemistry deals with matter and changes in matter at the macroscopic and microscopic levels. The scientific problem solving process involves stating the problem, formulating a hypothesis, and testing it with experiments.
2. The three states of matter are solids, liquids, and gases which differ in their particle arrangements and ability to change shape or volume. Physical and chemical properties and changes also differ based on whether the chemical composition changes.
3. Common units and measurements in chemistry include the mole, SI units, scientific notation, uncertainty in measurements, and calculating percent error.
01. basic concepts of chemistry 1(final)Anurag Bhatt
This document provides an overview of basic chemistry concepts including the branches of chemistry, units and standards used in chemistry, significant figures, and dimensions. It discusses the SI system of units, fundamental and derived units, and conversions between units. It also defines key chemistry terms like matter, elements, compounds, and mixtures. The document contains examples of calculations involving significant figures and dimensional analysis.
Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes matter undergoes. Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. A substance has a definite composition and distinct properties. A mixture is a combination of substances that retain their identities, and can be separated using physical means. A compound is formed by chemical bonding and can only be separated using chemical means. The factor-label method is used to solve quantitative problems in chemistry, by determining the necessary unit conversions and carrying units through the calculation.
This document provides an overview of scientific measurement and units covered in a general chemistry course. It discusses the metric system of units used in science including the SI base units. It also covers scientific notation, significant figures, units of temperature, density, specific gravity, and heat measurement.
This document provides an introduction to basic chemistry concepts including matter, mass, density, the metric system, and temperature measurement. It defines matter as anything that has mass and takes up space, and discusses common forms of matter like air. Density is introduced as the ratio of mass to volume. The metric system and common units are outlined. Finally, temperature measurement and different scales are described along with conversions between Celsius, Kelvin and Fahrenheit scales.
These notes are of chemistry class 11th first chapter which are strictly according to CBSE & state Board. This notes covers Some basics concepts of chemistry i.e. Branches of chemistry, classification of matter & many more..
This document discusses measuring volume and temperature. It explains how to measure the volume of liquids using a graduated cylinder and the volume of irregular solids using water displacement. It introduces the SI units for length, mass, volume, temperature and density. It also covers significant figures and calculating measurements to the proper number of significant figures based on the precision of the original values.
This document provides an introduction to CHEM 1101 and covers several key chemistry concepts. It introduces the instructor, Dr. Muhannad Amer, and discusses the scientific method and how it is used in chemistry. It also defines and compares scientific theories and laws. Additionally, it covers important topics such as the International System of Units (SI units), dimensional analysis, density, temperature scales, and significant figures.
Chemistry (Module 1) introduces several key concepts:
[1] It discusses units and dimensions, and defines the seven SI base units - meter, kilogram, second, kelvin, ampere, candela, and mole.
[2] It explains prefixes that are used to modify the SI units and increase or decrease their magnitude, such as milli, centi, kilo, mega.
[3] It describes derived units which are derived by combining the basic units through multiplication or division, such as m3 for volume, m2 for area, and J for energy.
[4] It discusses the classification of matter as elements, compounds, and mixtures based on their chemical
This document provides an introduction to basic chemistry concepts. It discusses that all matter in the universe is made up of approximately 100 different types of atoms, which combine to form elements and compounds. Chemical and physical changes are explained, along with the three states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas. The scientific method is introduced as the process used by scientists to understand the natural world through observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and theory development. Common units and methods for measurement and quantification of properties are also outlined.
This document discusses several key concepts in chemistry including the following:
1. Everything in the universe is made of approximately 100 different types of atoms that combine to form all substances. Chemical reactions involving these atoms are important for life and cause many problems.
2. The scientific method is used by scientists to understand the universe through observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and developing theories. Theories can be modified over time with new evidence.
3. Matter can exist as elements, compounds, mixtures, gases, liquids, and solids. Various separation and classification methods are used to distinguish these forms of matter based on their physical and chemical properties.
This document provides information about a chemistry textbook, tutorial questions, SI unit conversions, and answers to chemistry problems. It begins with recommendations for a chemistry textbook and lists tutorial questions. It then provides conversions between Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin temperature scales and rules for counting significant figures. The remainder of the document consists of chemistry problems and their step-by-step solutions.
The document discusses key concepts in scientific measurement including:
1) Distinguishing between quantitative and qualitative measurements and listing common SI units and prefixes.
2) Distinguishing between mass and weight and discussing density.
3) Converting units and identifying significant figures in measurements and calculations.
4) Discussing accuracy, precision, and errors in measurement.
This is a basic overview of your first chemistry exam. You will find real test problems and explanations so you know what to be expecting. We will also go over this presentation together.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in chemistry. It discusses how chemistry connects the macroscopic world we experience to the microscopic world of atoms and molecules. Matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms, which combine to form molecules. A chemical reaction involves rearranging the way atoms are attached to each other. The three common states of matter are solids, liquids, and gases. Physical changes alter the form of matter without changing its chemical makeup, while chemical changes create new substances.
The document discusses key aspects of the scientific method including observations, hypotheses, experiments, analysis, and theories. It explains that the scientific method involves making observations, asking questions, developing hypotheses, testing hypotheses through experiments, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions to support or revise hypotheses. The document also covers measurements and units in the metric system, significant figures, and basic calculations involving conversions between units.
Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter has mass and takes up space, and can be either elements or compounds. Elements are pure substances made of one type of atom, while compounds contain two or more elements chemically bonded together. Properties of matter include physical properties that can be observed without changing its composition, and chemical properties that involve its reactivity. Energy is the ability to do work or cause change and can exist in different forms like kinetic, potential, chemical, and heat energy. Heat is the transfer of energy between a system and its surroundings due to a temperature difference. The amount of heat required to change a substance's temperature can be calculated using the formula Q=mcΔT, where
A physical change alters a substance without changing its chemical identity. During a physical change, no new substance is created and no new chemical bonds form. Examples of physical changes include phase changes like melting, freezing, and vaporization, as well as dissolving and mixing substances that do not undergo chemical reactions.
This document discusses physics and related topics. It defines physics as the study of the laws and theories that explain the structure of the universe in terms of matter and energy. It then discusses areas of modern physics like atomic physics, nuclear physics, and particle physics. It also covers applications of physics such as astrophysics, biophysics, and geophysics. Finally, it discusses scientific methodology, measurement, and units of measurement.
The metric system evolved into the International System of Units (SI Units) which was adopted in 1960. The key features of the SI are decimalization, prefixes for units, and base units defined by physical constants like the speed of light. The English system is still used in the US but has been replaced in most other places by the SI.
Chemistry is the branch of science concerned with the substances of which matter is composed, the investigation of their properties and reactions, and the use of such reactions to form new substances
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Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes matter undergoes. Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. A substance has a definite composition and distinct properties. A mixture is a combination of substances that retain their identities, and can be separated using physical means. A compound is formed by chemical bonding and can only be separated using chemical means. The factor-label method is used to solve quantitative problems in chemistry, by determining the necessary unit conversions and carrying units through the calculation.
This document provides an overview of scientific measurement and units covered in a general chemistry course. It discusses the metric system of units used in science including the SI base units. It also covers scientific notation, significant figures, units of temperature, density, specific gravity, and heat measurement.
This document provides an introduction to basic chemistry concepts including matter, mass, density, the metric system, and temperature measurement. It defines matter as anything that has mass and takes up space, and discusses common forms of matter like air. Density is introduced as the ratio of mass to volume. The metric system and common units are outlined. Finally, temperature measurement and different scales are described along with conversions between Celsius, Kelvin and Fahrenheit scales.
These notes are of chemistry class 11th first chapter which are strictly according to CBSE & state Board. This notes covers Some basics concepts of chemistry i.e. Branches of chemistry, classification of matter & many more..
This document discusses measuring volume and temperature. It explains how to measure the volume of liquids using a graduated cylinder and the volume of irregular solids using water displacement. It introduces the SI units for length, mass, volume, temperature and density. It also covers significant figures and calculating measurements to the proper number of significant figures based on the precision of the original values.
This document provides an introduction to CHEM 1101 and covers several key chemistry concepts. It introduces the instructor, Dr. Muhannad Amer, and discusses the scientific method and how it is used in chemistry. It also defines and compares scientific theories and laws. Additionally, it covers important topics such as the International System of Units (SI units), dimensional analysis, density, temperature scales, and significant figures.
Chemistry (Module 1) introduces several key concepts:
[1] It discusses units and dimensions, and defines the seven SI base units - meter, kilogram, second, kelvin, ampere, candela, and mole.
[2] It explains prefixes that are used to modify the SI units and increase or decrease their magnitude, such as milli, centi, kilo, mega.
[3] It describes derived units which are derived by combining the basic units through multiplication or division, such as m3 for volume, m2 for area, and J for energy.
[4] It discusses the classification of matter as elements, compounds, and mixtures based on their chemical
This document provides an introduction to basic chemistry concepts. It discusses that all matter in the universe is made up of approximately 100 different types of atoms, which combine to form elements and compounds. Chemical and physical changes are explained, along with the three states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas. The scientific method is introduced as the process used by scientists to understand the natural world through observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and theory development. Common units and methods for measurement and quantification of properties are also outlined.
This document discusses several key concepts in chemistry including the following:
1. Everything in the universe is made of approximately 100 different types of atoms that combine to form all substances. Chemical reactions involving these atoms are important for life and cause many problems.
2. The scientific method is used by scientists to understand the universe through observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and developing theories. Theories can be modified over time with new evidence.
3. Matter can exist as elements, compounds, mixtures, gases, liquids, and solids. Various separation and classification methods are used to distinguish these forms of matter based on their physical and chemical properties.
This document provides information about a chemistry textbook, tutorial questions, SI unit conversions, and answers to chemistry problems. It begins with recommendations for a chemistry textbook and lists tutorial questions. It then provides conversions between Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin temperature scales and rules for counting significant figures. The remainder of the document consists of chemistry problems and their step-by-step solutions.
The document discusses key concepts in scientific measurement including:
1) Distinguishing between quantitative and qualitative measurements and listing common SI units and prefixes.
2) Distinguishing between mass and weight and discussing density.
3) Converting units and identifying significant figures in measurements and calculations.
4) Discussing accuracy, precision, and errors in measurement.
This is a basic overview of your first chemistry exam. You will find real test problems and explanations so you know what to be expecting. We will also go over this presentation together.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in chemistry. It discusses how chemistry connects the macroscopic world we experience to the microscopic world of atoms and molecules. Matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms, which combine to form molecules. A chemical reaction involves rearranging the way atoms are attached to each other. The three common states of matter are solids, liquids, and gases. Physical changes alter the form of matter without changing its chemical makeup, while chemical changes create new substances.
The document discusses key aspects of the scientific method including observations, hypotheses, experiments, analysis, and theories. It explains that the scientific method involves making observations, asking questions, developing hypotheses, testing hypotheses through experiments, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions to support or revise hypotheses. The document also covers measurements and units in the metric system, significant figures, and basic calculations involving conversions between units.
Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter has mass and takes up space, and can be either elements or compounds. Elements are pure substances made of one type of atom, while compounds contain two or more elements chemically bonded together. Properties of matter include physical properties that can be observed without changing its composition, and chemical properties that involve its reactivity. Energy is the ability to do work or cause change and can exist in different forms like kinetic, potential, chemical, and heat energy. Heat is the transfer of energy between a system and its surroundings due to a temperature difference. The amount of heat required to change a substance's temperature can be calculated using the formula Q=mcΔT, where
A physical change alters a substance without changing its chemical identity. During a physical change, no new substance is created and no new chemical bonds form. Examples of physical changes include phase changes like melting, freezing, and vaporization, as well as dissolving and mixing substances that do not undergo chemical reactions.
This document discusses physics and related topics. It defines physics as the study of the laws and theories that explain the structure of the universe in terms of matter and energy. It then discusses areas of modern physics like atomic physics, nuclear physics, and particle physics. It also covers applications of physics such as astrophysics, biophysics, and geophysics. Finally, it discusses scientific methodology, measurement, and units of measurement.
The metric system evolved into the International System of Units (SI Units) which was adopted in 1960. The key features of the SI are decimalization, prefixes for units, and base units defined by physical constants like the speed of light. The English system is still used in the US but has been replaced in most other places by the SI.
Chemistry is the branch of science concerned with the substances of which matter is composed, the investigation of their properties and reactions, and the use of such reactions to form new substances
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Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
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How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
2. 2
Chemistry: A Science for the 21st Century
• Health and Medicine
• Sanitation systems
• Surgery with anesthesia
• Vaccines and antibiotics
• Gene therapy
•Energy and the Environment
• Fossil fuels
• Solar energy
• Nuclear energy
3. 3
Chemistry: A Science for the 21st Century
• Materials and Technology
• Polymers, ceramics, liquid crystals
• Room-temperature superconductors?
• Molecular computing?
• Food and Agriculture
• Genetically modified crops
• “Natural” pesticides
• Specialized fertilizers
5. 5
The scientific method is a systematic
approach to research
A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for a
set of observations
tested modified
6. 6
A theory is a unifying principle that explains
a body of facts and/or those laws that are
based on them.
A law is a concise statement of a relationship
between phenomena that is always the same
under the same conditions.
Atomic Theory
Force = mass x acceleration
7. 7
Chemistry In Action:
In 1940 George Gamow hypothesized that the universe
began with a gigantic explosion or big bang.
Experimental Support
• expanding universe
• cosmic background radiation
• primordial helium
Primordial Helium and the Big Bang Theory
8. 8
Matter is anything that occupies space and
has mass.
A substance is a form of matter that has a
definite composition and distinct properties.
Chemistry is the study of matter and the
changes it undergoes
liquid nitrogen gold ingots silicon crystals
9. 9
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances
in which the substances retain their distinct identities.
1. Homogenous mixture – composition of the
mixture is the same throughout.
2. Heterogeneous mixture – composition is not
uniform throughout.
soft drink, milk, solder
cement,
iron filings in sand
10. 10
Physical means can be used to separate a mixture
into its pure components.
magnet
distillation
11. 11
An element is a substance that cannot be
separated into simpler substances by chemical
means.
• 114 elements have been identified
• 82 elements occur naturally on Earth
gold, aluminum, lead, oxygen, carbon, sulfur
• 32 elements have been created by scientists
technetium, americium, seaborgium
13. 13
A compound is a substance composed of atoms
of two or more elements chemically united in fixed
proportions.
Compounds can only be separated into their
pure components (elements) by chemical
means.
lithium fluoride quartz dry ice – carbon dioxide
16. 16
The Three States of Matter: Effect of a Hot
Poker on a Block of Ice
solid
liquid
gas
17. 17
A physical change does not alter the composition
or identity of a substance.
A chemical change alters the composition or
identity of the substance(s) involved.
ice melting
sugar dissolving
in water
hydrogen burns in
air to form water
Types of Changes
18. 18
An extensive property of a material depends upon
how much matter is is being considered.
An intensive property of a material does not
depend upon how much matter is is being
considered.
• mass
• length
• volume
• density
• temperature
• color
Extensive and Intensive Properties
19. 19
Matter - anything that occupies space and has mass.
mass – measure of the quantity of matter
SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg)
1 kg = 1000 g = 1 x 103 g
weight – force that gravity exerts on an object
A 1 kg bar will weigh
1 kg on earth
0.1 kg on moon
weight = c x mass
on earth, c = 1.0
on moon, c ~ 0.1
22. 22
Volume – SI derived unit for volume is cubic meter (m3)
1 cm3 = (1 x 10-2 m)3 = 1 x 10-6 m3
1 dm3 = (1 x 10-1 m)3 = 1 x 10-3 m3
1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3
1 mL = 1 cm3
23. 23
Density – SI derived unit for density is kg/m3
1 g/cm3 = 1 g/mL = 1000 kg/m3
density =
mass
volume d =
m
V
A piece of platinum metal with a density of 21.5
g/cm3 has a volume of 4.49 cm3. What is its mass?
d =
m
V
m = d x V = 21.5 g/cm3 x 4.49 cm3 = 96.5 g
25. 25
K = 0C + 273.15
0F = x 0C + 32
9
5
273 K = 0 0C
373 K = 100 0C
32 0F = 0 0C
212 0F = 100 0C
A Comparison of Temperature Scales
26. 26
Convert 172.9 0F to degrees Celsius.
0F = x 0C + 32
9
5
0F – 32 = x 0C
9
5
x (0F – 32) = 0C
9
5
0C = x (0F – 32)
9
5
0C = x (172.9 – 32) = 78.3
9
5
27. 27
Chemistry In Action
On 9/23/99, $125,000,000 Mars Climate Orbiter entered Mar’s
atmosphere 100 km (62 miles) lower than planned and was
destroyed by heat.
1 lb = 1 N
1 lb = 4.45 N
“This is going to be the
cautionary tale that will be
embedded into introduction
to the metric system in
elementary school, high
school, and college science
courses till the end of time.”
28. 28
Scientific Notation
The number of atoms in 12 g of carbon:
602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000
6.022 x 1023
The mass of a single carbon atom in grams:
0.0000000000000000000000199
1.99 x 10-23
N x 10n
N is a number
between 1 and 10
n is a positive or
negative integer
29. 29
Scientific Notation
568.762
n > 0
568.762 = 5.68762 x 102
move decimal left
0.00000772
n < 0
0.00000772 = 7.72 x 10-6
move decimal right
Addition or Subtraction
1. Write each quantity with
the same exponent n
2. Combine N1 and N2
3. The exponent, n, remains
the same
4.31 x 104 + 3.9 x 103 =
4.31 x 104 + 0.39 x 104 =
4.70 x 104
30. 30
Scientific Notation
Multiplication
1. Multiply N1 and N2
2. Add exponents n1 and n2
(4.0 x 10-5) x (7.0 x 103) =
(4.0 x 7.0) x (10-5+3) =
28 x 10-2 =
2.8 x 10-1
Division
1. Divide N1 and N2
2. Subtract exponents n1 and n2
8.5 x 104 ÷ 5.0 x 109 =
(8.5 ÷ 5.0) x 104-9 =
1.7 x 10-5
31. 31
Significant Figures
• Any digit that is not zero is significant
1.234 kg 4 significant figures
• Zeros between nonzero digits are significant
606 m 3 significant figures
• Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant
0.08 L 1 significant figure
• If a number is greater than 1, then all zeros to the right of the
decimal point are significant
2.0 mg 2 significant figures
• If a number is less than 1, then only the zeros that are at the
end and in the middle of the number are significant
0.00420 g 3 significant figures
32. 32
How many significant figures are in
each of the following measurements?
24 mL 2 significant figures
3001 g 4 significant figures
0.0320 m3 3 significant figures
6.4 x 104 molecules 2 significant figures
560 kg 2 significant figures
33. 33
Significant Figures
Addition or Subtraction
The answer cannot have more digits to the right of the decimal
point than any of the original numbers.
89.332
1.1
+
90.432 round off to 90.4
one significant figure after decimal point
3.70
-2.9133
0.7867
two significant figures after decimal point
round off to 0.79
34. 34
Significant Figures
Multiplication or Division
The number of significant figures in the result is set by the original
number that has the smallest number of significant figures
4.51 x 3.6666 = 16.536366 = 16.5
3 sig figs round to
3 sig figs
6.8 ÷ 112.04 = 0.0606926
2 sig figs round to
2 sig figs
= 0.061
35. 35
Significant Figures
Exact Numbers
Numbers from definitions or numbers of objects are considered
to have an infinite number of significant figures
The average of three measured lengths; 6.64, 6.68 and 6.70?
6.64 + 6.68 + 6.70
3
= 6.67333 = 6.67
Because 3 is an exact number
= 7
36. 36
Accuracy – how close a measurement is to the true value
Precision – how close a set of measurements are to each other
accurate
&
precise
precise
but
not accurate
not accurate
&
not precise
37. 37
Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving Problems
1. Determine which unit conversion factor(s) are needed
2. Carry units through calculation
3. If all units cancel except for the desired unit(s), then the
problem was solved correctly.
given quantity x conversion factor = desired quantity
given unit x = desired unit
desired unit
given unit
38. 38
Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving Problems
Conversion Unit 1 L = 1000 mL
1L
1000 mL
1.63 L x = 1630 mL
1L
1000 mL
1.63 L x = 0.001630
L2
mL
How many mL are in 1.63 L?
39. 39
The speed of sound in air is about 343 m/s. What is this
speed in miles per hour?
1 mi = 1609 m 1 min = 60 s 1 hour = 60 min
343
m
s
x
1 mi
1609 m
60 s
1 min
x
60 min
1 hour
x = 767
mi
hour
meters to miles
seconds to hours
conversion units