The document discusses key concepts in atomic and nuclear physics including:
1) Photons and their properties such as energy, momentum, and relation to wavelength and frequency. The photoelectric effect and how it provided evidence for photons.
2) Compton scattering and how it showed that light has particle-like properties. The nature and production of x-rays.
3) Wave-particle duality and concepts like de Broglie wavelength which showed matter has wave-like properties. Key experiments that demonstrated these dual properties.
i am student of M.Sc (Physics) in university of sindh. it is my first book on high energy physics and i will also upload the new version of this book soon. so please read this book and give me feed back on my email address.
A freely-propagating photon in empty space (gravity-free, zero curvature vacuum) is described as a self-sustaining, helical, traveling wavepacket of quantized spin angular momentum moving at the speed of light. A photon is categorized as a stable, massless boson, having no electrical charge with spin angular momentum s = +/- hbar. The spin axis s is aligned with the direction of wave vector k in either the forward or backward direction depending on helicity.
The observed EM frequency spectrum spans more than 140 octaves or ~24 orders of magnitude. The cutoff frequency of the vacuum is taken as the Planck frequency fsubP = 1.855E43 Hz
i am student of M.Sc (Physics) in university of sindh. it is my first book on high energy physics and i will also upload the new version of this book soon. so please read this book and give me feed back on my email address.
A freely-propagating photon in empty space (gravity-free, zero curvature vacuum) is described as a self-sustaining, helical, traveling wavepacket of quantized spin angular momentum moving at the speed of light. A photon is categorized as a stable, massless boson, having no electrical charge with spin angular momentum s = +/- hbar. The spin axis s is aligned with the direction of wave vector k in either the forward or backward direction depending on helicity.
The observed EM frequency spectrum spans more than 140 octaves or ~24 orders of magnitude. The cutoff frequency of the vacuum is taken as the Planck frequency fsubP = 1.855E43 Hz
Towards the identification of the primary particle nature by the radiodetecti...Ahmed Ammar Rebai PhD
Radio signal from extensive air showers EAS studied by the CODALEMA experiment have been detected by means of the classic short fat antennas array working in a slave trigger mode by a particle scintillator array. It is shown that the radio shower wavefront is curved with respect to the plane wavefront hypothesis. Then a new tting model (parabolic model) is proposed to fit the radio signal time delay distributions in an event-by-event basis. This model take
into account this wavefront property and several shower geometry parameters such as: the existence of an apparent localised radio-emission source located at a distance Rc from the antenna array of and the radio shower core on the
ground. Comparison of the outputs from this model and other reconstruction models used in the same experiment show:
1)- That the radio shower core is shifted from the particle shower core in a statistic analysis approach.
2)- The capability of the radiodetection method to reconstruct the curvature radius with a statistical error less than 50 g.cm−2 .
Finally a preliminary study of the primary particle nature has been performed based on a comparison between data and Xmax distribution from Aires Monte-Carlo simulations for the same set of events.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence exhibited by machines. In computer science, the field of AI research defines itself as the study of "intelligent agents": any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of success at some goal
These lecture has prepared for postgraduate student (Ophthalmology) according to the curriculum of Bangladesh College of Physician and Surgeons (BCPS) and Bangabondhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) Bangladesh
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
9. 29.1.1. A beam of electrons is directed at two narrow slits and the resulting pattern is observed on a screen that produces a flash whenever an electron strikes it. What is the most surprising observation that is made in this experimental apparatus? a) The electrons do not all strike the screen at the same location. b) The electrons produce flashes on the screen. c) The pattern on the screen is an interference pattern. d) The shadow of the two slits is observed on the screen. e) The electrons produce the same pattern on the screen with or without the slits in place.
10. 29.1.2. Which one of the following experiments demonstrates the wave nature of electrons? a) Small flashes of light can be observed when electrons strike a special screen. b) Electrons directed through a double slit can produce an interference pattern. c) The Michelson-Morley experiment confirmed the existence of electrons and their nature. d) In the photoelectric effect, electrons are observed to interfere with electrons in metals. e) Electrons are observed to interact with photons (light particles).
12. Blackbody Radiation All bodies, no matter how hot or cold, continuously radiate electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic energy is quantized. Planck’s constant frequency
13. 29.2.1. Which one of the following processes occurs when a charged atomic particle emits radiation? a) The particle’s charge is reduced. b) The particle turns into a light particle (photon). c) The particle shows no physical changes. d) The particle changes from a higher energy state to a lower energy state. e) The particle turns into a wave.
14. 29.2.2. Upon which one of the following parameters does the energy of a photon depend? a) the mass of the photon b) the amplitude of the electric field c) the direction of the electric field d) the relative phase of the electromagnetic wave relative to the source that produced it e) the frequency of the photon
15. 29.2.3. Two quantum oscillator energy levels are 7.572 × 10 19 J and 1.136 × 10 18 J. Determine the frequency of the photon that is emitted from this atom when a transition is made between these two levels and determine n for the lower energy level. a) 2.571 × 10 14 Hz b) 2.478 × 10 14 Hz c) 3.381 × 10 14 Hz d) 3.422 × 10 14 Hz e) 4.369 × 10 14 Hz
21. Example 2 The Photoelectric Effect for a Silver Surface The work function for a silver surface is 4.73 eV. Find the minimum frequency that light must have to eject electrons from the surface.
24. 29.3.1. In the photoelectric effect experiment, what type of energy process is occurring? a) Kinetic energy is transformed into thermal energy. b) Thermal energy is transformed into electromagnetic energy. c) Radiant energy is transformed into kinetic energy. d) Electromagnetic energy is transformed into thermal energy. e) Radiant energy is transformed into potential energy.
25. 29.3.2. Why can we not see individual photons, but rather light appears to us to be continuous? a) A light beam contains a multitude of photons, each with a very small amount of energy. b) The wave part of a photon superposes with the wave part of other photons in the beam, making the beam appear to be continuous. c) The wave part of the photon extends over a spatial region that is larger than our eyes can detect. d) The particle properties of photons do not interact with our eyes. e) Each photon carries information from the whole electromagnetic spectrum; and our eyes cannot interpret this information.
26. 29.3.3. Consider the photoelectric effect experiment from the point of view of classical (or Newtonian) physics. Which one of the following is not one of the effects you would predict from a classical point of view? a) There should be a measurable time delay between the time that light first strikes the metal surface and the time when electrons are first emitted from the surface of the metal. b) The kinetic energy of the emitted electrons should vary linearly with the frequency of light shining on the metal. c) Light of any frequency shining on the metal surface should cause electrons to be emitted. d) The kinetic energy of the emitted electrons should increase proportionately to the intensity of the light.
27. 29.3.4. A special camera has been designed that opens and closes its shutter for a very short time. A picture of an illuminated object is taken with this camera. When the film is developed, only tiny, bright dots appear randomly distributed on the picture. What does this experiment tell us about the nature of light? a) The dots are an interference pattern, which proves the wave nature of light. b) The small number of dots indicates that light waves were cut off by the shutter as it closed. c) The camera lens could not focus the light waves at a point on the film with such a short time. d) The random distribution of dots shows the particle nature of light.
28. 29.3.5. When the photoelectric effect experiments were performed, one effect was inconsistent with classical physics. What was it? a) The kinetic energy of the ejected electrons did not vary with light intensity. b) The fact that electrons could form a current within a vacuum. c) The kinetic energy of the ejected electrons increased as the frequency of light increased. d) The fact that light could free electrons from the surface of a metal. e) The kinetic energy of the ejected electrons increased as the wavelength of light decreased.
29. 29.3.6. What was a surprising result of the photoelectric effect experiments? a) The electrons behaved like matter waves. b) Below a certain frequency, no electrons could be ejected from the metal surface. c) Individual photons behaved like waves. d) Above a certain light frequency, the current became zero amperes. e) Light was proven to exhibit only a wave nature.
30. 29.3.7. If light only had wave-like properties, you would not expect there to be a cutoff frequency. Why is this true? a) Only particles can eject electrons from a surface. b) The energy of a wave does not depend on its frequency. c) Light waves of lower frequency would still be able to eject electrons. d) An electromagnetic wave would be able to eject an electron from a surface. It would just take longer. e) None of the above answers are correct.
31. 29.3.8. In an ideally dark room, a double-slit experiment is carried out using a source that releases one photon at a time at a slow rate. The observation screen in the experiment is replaced with photographic film which provides a recording of the photons striking it over time. After some time has passed, the film is removed and developed into a photograph. What is observed on the photograph? a) two bright bands that correspond to the two slits b) an interference pattern c) a single bright band d) It’s impossible to guess.
32. 29.3.9. If a double-slit experiment is carried out using a source that releases one photon at a time at a slow rate, an interference pattern may be observed if the screen is replaced with photographic film. What produces the interference? a) Each photon interferes with the photons that have previously passed through a slit. b) Each photon interferes with the photons that pass through the slit after it. c) Each photon interferes with all of the photons that ever go through the slit. d) Each photon interferes with itself. e) Each photon interferes with the slit.
33. Chapter 29: Particles and Waves Section 4: The Momentum of a Photon & the Compton Effect
34.
35. Derivation of Compton Wavelength Energy is conserved in the collision. Solve for (p e c) 2
38. Conceptual Example 4 Solar Sails and the Propulsion of Spaceships One propulsion method that is currently being studied for interstellar travel uses a large sail. The intent is that sunlight striking the sail creates a force that pushes the ship away from the sun, much as wind propels a sailboat. Does such a design have any hope of working and, if so, should the surface facing the sun be shiny like a mirror or black, in order to produce the greatest force?
39. 29.4.1. A photon of wavelength Δ and frequency f strikes an electron that is initially at rest. Which one of the following processes occurs as a result of this collision? a) The photon gains energy, so the final photon has a frequency greater than f . b) The photon loses energy, so the final photon has a frequency less than f . c) The photon loses energy, so the final photon has a wavelength less than l. d) The photon gains energy, so the final photon has a wavelength greater than l. e) The photon is completely absorbed by the electron.
40. 29.4.2. An x-ray photon with an initial wavelength strikes an electron that is initially at rest. Which one of the following statements best describes the wavelength of the photon after the collision? a) No photon remains after the collision. b) The scattered photon’s wavelength will still be , but its frequency will decrease. c) The scattered photon’s wavelength will be longer than . d) The scattered photon’s wavelength will be /2. e) The scattered photon’s wavelength will be between /2 and .
41. 29.4.3. X-rays with a wavelength of 0.10 nm are scattered from an argon atom. The scattered x-rays are detected at an angle of 85 relative to the incident beam. What is the Compton shift for the scattered x-rays? a) 0.0022 nm b) 0.011 nm c) 0.022 nm d) 0.041 nm e) 0.12 nm
42. Chapter 29: Particles and Waves Section 5: The De Broglie Wavelength & the Wave Nature of Matter
43.
44. The de Broglie Wavelength The wavelength of a particle is given by the same relation that applies to a photon:
45. Example 5 The de Broglie Wavelength of an Electron and a Baseball Determine the de Broglie wavelength of (a) an electron moving at a speed of 6.0x10 6 m/s and (b) a baseball (mass = 0.15 kg) moving at a speed of 13 m/s.
46. 29.5.1. Estimate the de Broglie wavelength of a honey bee flying at its maximum speed. a) A honey bee cannot have a wavelength. b) 2 10 18 m c) 5 10 32 m d) 4 10 36 m e) 1 10 40 m
47. 29.5.2. What is the de Broglie wavelength of a particle, such as an electron, at rest? a) The wavelength would be zero meters. b) The wavelength would be infinitely small and not measureable. c) This has no meaning. The de Broglie wavelength only applies to moving particles. d) Davisson and Germer measured this wavelength in their apparatus and found it to be around 10 10 m.
49. The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Momentum and position Uncertainty in y component of the particle’s momentum Uncertainty in particle’s position along the y direction
50. The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Energy and time Uncertainty in the energy of a particle when the particle is in a certain state time interval during which the particle is in that state
51. Conceptual Example 7 What if Planck’s Constant Were Large? A bullet leaving the barrel of a gun is analogous to an electron passing through the single slit. With this analogy in mind, what would hunting be like if Planck’s constant has a relatively large value?
52. 29.6.1. Which one of the following statements provides the best description of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle? a) If a particle is confined to a region x , then its momentum is within some range p . b) If the error in measuring the position is x , then we can determine the error in measuring the momentum p. c) If one measures the position of a particle, then the value of the momentum will change. d) It is not possible to be certain of any measurement. e) Depending on the degree of certainty in measuring the position of a particle, the degree of certainty in measuring the momentum is affected.
53. 29.6.2. The position along the x axis of an electron is known to be between 0.31 nm and + 0.31 nm. How would the uncertainty in the momentum of the electron change if the electron were allowed to be between 0.62 nm and +0.62 nm? a) The uncertainty in the momentum would be twice its previous value. b) The uncertainty in the momentum would be half of its previous value. c) The uncertainty in the momentum would not be affected by this change. d) The uncertainty in the momentum would be four times its previous value. e) The uncertainty in the momentum would be one fourth its previous value.