Optics is the study of light, including its interactions with mirrors, lenses and other objects. When light strikes an object it can be reflected, transmitted, scattered or absorbed. Mirrors come in three types - plane, concave and convex. Plane mirrors reflect light at the same angle it is received. Concave mirrors curve inward and can form real or virtual images, while convex mirrors curve outward and always form virtual images. Lenses also come in concave and convex forms, with convex lenses able to form real or virtual images depending on the object position. Optical instruments like telescopes, microscopes and cameras use lenses and mirrors to collect, focus and magnify light and images.

1. Unit 33 - OpticsOptics is the study of the behavior and properties of light.This includes it’s interactions with objects including mirrors, lenses, and substances which reflect or scatter light.

2. When Light Strikes an ObjectWhen light strikes an object, the light can be reflected, transmitted, scattered, or absorbed.

3. Magnification or Reduction

4. Mirrors Plane mirrorMirrors reflect light at the same angle it receives it.But, if the mirror is curved…

5. Mirrors Have you ever gone to the fun house and looked at yourself in the many different mirrors there? Have you ever wondered how the image forms? The image formed is a result of reflection, which you learned about in the previous unit. There are three types of mirrors: plane, concave, and convex.

6. A plane mirror is a flat mirror Plane mirror

7. Plane MirrorThe law of reflection states that the angel of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence.

8. Incident ray = the incoming ray that approaches the mirror

9. Angle of incidence = the angle the incident ray makes wit a line drawn perpendicular to the surface of the mirror.

10. Reflected ray = the ray the mirror reflects from the incident ray.

11. Angle of reflection = the angel the reflected ray makes with the perpendicular line. Plane mirror

12. - Reflection and MirrorsConcave MirrorsA mirror with a surface that curves inward like the inside of a bowl is a concave mirror.

13. Parabolic MirrorsThey can reflect the light to a focal point, making it the strongest signal possible.Satellite dishes direct the radiowaves to the antenna which sits at the focal pointParabolic mirrors direct sunlight to a focus to absorb energy and generate electricity.

14. The Focal Point

15. Concave MirrorsRay diagrams show where an image forms and the size of the image. The steps below show how to draw a ray diagram.

16. Concave MirrorsConcave mirrors can form either “virtual images” or “real images”

17. Convex MirrorsA mirror with a surface that curves outward is called a convex mirror.

18. Comparing and ContrastingAs you read, compare and contrast concave and convex mirrors in a Venn diagram like the one below. Write the similarities in the space where the circles overlap and the differences on the left and right sides.Concave MirrorConvex MirrorReal imagesVirtual imagesCurves outwardEnlarged imagesReduced imagesCurves inward

19. Quick Lab – everyone go get a spoon!!! Situation 1Grab a spoon and hold it close to your face so the back side of the spoon is toward your face, as shown in Figure 33.1.4. Observe your image in the spoon and slowly move the spoon away from your face. What do you observe? Is the spoon acting as a concave or convex mirror in this situation?

20. Convex Versus ConcaveWhen the back side of the spoon is facing you, it is acting as a convex mirror. The image in the convex mirror is upright and always a virtual image.

21. A virtual image cannot be reflected back onto a screen.Quick lab - Situation 2Now, repeat the same procedure but flip the spoon so the scoop part is facing you, as shown in Figure 33.1.5. Hold the spoon really close to your eye and slowly move the spoon away from your face. What do you observe? Is the spoon acting as a concave or convex mirror in this situation?

22. When the front side of the spoon is facing you, it is acting as a concave mirror. The image in a concave mirror is upright and virtual when the object is inside the focal point.

23. When the object is outside the focal point, the image becomes a real image and it is inverted.

24. A real image means that a screen could be placed there and the image would appear.

25. An inverted image has been flipped upside down.

26. You may have noticed that sometimes the image in the spoon seemed to get larger or smaller. If an image gets larger, it will have a positive magnification and if the image gets smaller it will have a negative magnification.Refraction of Light (not reflection)When light rays enter a medium at an angle, the change in speed causes the rays to bend or change direction.

27. - Refraction and LensesLensesA lens is a curved piece of glass or other transparent material.

28. LensesAn object’s position relative to the focal point determines whether a convex lens forms a real image or a virtual image.

29. LensesA concave lens can produce only virtual images because parallel light rays passing through the lens never meet.

30. Asking QuestionsQuestionAnswerWhen does refraction occur?When light rays enter a medium at an angleWhat are the types of lenses?Concave and convex lenses

31. Light entering the eye first enters through the cornea, where it is refracted and begins to focus the light through the pupil. The pupil will expand during times of low light in order to allow more light to enter the eye. During times of bright light it will contract. When the pupil contracts, the iris gets larger and when the pupil expands, the iris gets smaller. After light passes through the pupil it then enters the convex lens in your eye. This lens focuses the light onto the light sensor cells on the back of your eye called rods and cones which are collected at the retina. The area where the nerve endings come together to form the optic nerve create a blind spot.

32. Correcting VisionConcave lenses are used to correct nearsightedness. Convex lenses are used to correct farsightedness.

33. Eye Glasses

34. SequencingHow You See ObjectsLight enters the eye.Light focuses on the retina.An image forms.Rods and cones send signals to the brain.

35. - Using LightOptical InstrumentsA telescope forms enlarged images of distant objects. Telescopes use lenses or mirrors to collect and focus light from distant objects.

36. - Using LightOptical InstrumentsA telescope forms enlarged images of distant objects. Telescopes use lenses or mirrors to collect and focus light from distant objects.

37. Optical InstrumentsA microscope uses a combination of lenses to produce and magnify an image.

38. - Using LightOptical InstrumentsThe lens of the camera focuses light to form a real, upside-down image on film in the back of the camera.

39. - Using LightLasersLaser light consists of light waves that all have the same wavelength, or color. The waves are coherent, or in step.

40. - Using LightOptical FibersThe floodlight in the swimming pool gives off light rays that travel to the surface. If the angle of incidence is great enough, a light ray is completely reflected back into the water. This complete reflection of light by the inside surface of a medium is called total internal reflection.

41. - Using LightOptical FibersOptical fibers can carry a laser beam for long distances because the beam stays totally inside the fiber as it travels.