spinal cord, ascending tracts of the the spinal cord, spinocortical tracts, gray matter of spinal cord, white mater of spinal cord, organization of neuron, first order second order and third order neuron, anterolateral spinal tract anteroposterior spinal tract, spinolivary tract, visceral sensory tract, dorsal column tract, spino cerebellar tract , spinorectal pathway, spino olivary pathway, cerebellar peduncles,
Describe the location, function, and communications of ventricles of the brain
Name the parts and describe the boundaries of the lateral ventricle
Describe the third ventricle
Describe the fourth ventricle
spinal cord, ascending tracts of the the spinal cord, spinocortical tracts, gray matter of spinal cord, white mater of spinal cord, organization of neuron, first order second order and third order neuron, anterolateral spinal tract anteroposterior spinal tract, spinolivary tract, visceral sensory tract, dorsal column tract, spino cerebellar tract , spinorectal pathway, spino olivary pathway, cerebellar peduncles,
Describe the location, function, and communications of ventricles of the brain
Name the parts and describe the boundaries of the lateral ventricle
Describe the third ventricle
Describe the fourth ventricle
The cerebellum which stands for “little brain”, is a structure of the central nervous system.
It has an important role in motor control.
In particular, it is active in the coordination, precision and timing of movements, as well as in motor learning.
The surface of the cerebellum is marked by a series of small infoldings called folia. It consists of two hemispheres separated by a vermis.
A dural in folding called the tentorium cerebelli separates the superior surface of the cerebellum from the inferior surface of the occipital lobe. Three peduncles connect the cerebellum to other neural structures.
Anatomical Location:
The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain,
immediately inferior to the occipital and temporal lobes.
It is separated from the cerebral lobes by the tentorium cerebelli, a tough layer of dura mater.
It lies at the same level and posterior to the pons, from which it is separated by the fourth ventricle.
The cerebellum consists of grey matter and white matter.Grey matter – located on the
surface of the cerebellum. It is tightly folded, forming the cerebellar cortex.
White matter – located underneath the cerebellar cortex.
parts of Cerebellum :
There are three parts
Anatomical lobes,
zones and
functional divisions
There are three anatomical lobes;
the anterior lobe, the posterior lobe and the flocculonodular lobe.
These lobes are divided by two fissures – the primary fissure and posterolateral fissure.There are two cerebellar zones.
In the midline of the cerebellum is the vermis.
Either side of the vermis is the intermediate zone.
Lateral to the intermediate zone are the lateral hemispheres/lateral zone.The cerebellum has 3 parts:
Archicerebellum (vestibulocerebellum): It includes the flocculonodular lobe, which is located in the medial zone. The archicerebellum helps maintain equilibrium and coordinate eye, head, and neck movements; it is closely interconnected with the vestibular nuclei.
Midline vermis (paleocerebellum)/spinocerebellum: It helps coordinate trunk and leg movements. Vermis lesions result in abnormalities of stance and gait. It is involved in regulating body movements by allowing for error correction. It also receives proprioceptive information.
Lateral hemispheres (neocerebellum)/cerebrocerebellum: They control quick and finely coordinated limb movements, predominantly of the arms and hands.
THE CEREBELLUM IS INVOLVED IN THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS:
Maintenance of balance and posture. postural adjustments in order to maintain balance
Coordination of voluntary movements. Most movements are composed of a number of different muscle groups acting together in a temporally coordinated fashion.
Motor learning. The cerebellum is important for motor learning. The cerebellum plays a major role in adapting and fine-tuning motor programs to make accurate movements through a trial-and-error process (e.g., learning to hit a baseball).
Cognitive functions. involved in certain cognitive function
White matter of cerebral hemisphere corpus callosum Dr Lovely Jain
White matter of cerebral hemisphere corpus callosum is a very imporant topic for theory & viva in neuroanatomy.i try to made easy to understand for all student of medical field.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2. Aim
To study of Cerebellum with special reference to Human
anatomy book (B D Chaurasia - 7 th edition)
3. Introduction
The cerebellum is the largest part of the hind brain
Situated in the Posterior cranial fossa behind the pons and medulla
It is an infratentorial structure that co-ordinates voluntary movements of
the body
Small in size
Important functions for maintaining tone, posture, and equilibrium of
the body
4. Controls the same side of the body Directly or indirectly (ipsilateral
control)
It does not initiate movement, but it contributes to coordination, precision
and accurate timing
Cerebellum functions as comparator
The grey matter is highly folded to accommodate millions of neurones in
a small area, called Arbor vitae
5.
6. Relations
Anteriorly: Fourth ventricle, Pons and Medulla
Postero-inferiorly: Squamous occipital bone
Superiorly: Tentorium cerebelli
7.
8. External features
Consists of two cerebellar hemispheres, that are united to each other through a
median Vermis
It has -
Two surfaces: 1) Superior 2) Inferior
Three fissure: 1) Fissura prima 2) Horizontal fissure 3) Postero-lateral fissure
Three lobes: 1) Anterior 2) Middle/Posterior 3) Flocculonodular
Three parts: 1) Archicerebellum 2) Paleocerebellum 3) Neocerebellum
Three functional zones: 1) Median/Vermis 2) Intermediate 3) Lateral
9. Surfaces
The horizontal fissure separates the superior surface from the inferior
surface
1. Superior surface:
Slightly convex
The two hemisphere continuous with each other
2. Inferior surface:
Shows a deep median notch called vallecula
Anterior aspect: wide and deep notch (Pons and Medulla)
Posterior aspect: narrow and deep notch (falx cerebelli)
10. Lobes
1. Anterior lobe:
Lies on the anterior part of the superior surface
Separated from the middle lobe by the fissure prima
2. Middle/Posterior lobe:
Largest of three lobes
Situated on both superior and inferior surfaces
Limited anteriorly by the fissure prima (superior surface) and
posteriorly by the postero-lateral fissure (inferior surface)
14. Parts
Sr No Parts of Vermis Subdivision of cerebellar hemispher
1 Lingula -
2 Central lobule Ala
3 Culmen Quadrangular lobule
4 Declive Simple lobule
5 Folium Superior semilunar lobule
6 Tuber Inferior semilunar lobule
7 Pyramid Biventral lobule
8 Uvula Tonsil
9 Nodule Flocculus
15.
16. Functional subdivision
1. Archicerebellum:
It includes of the Flocculonodular lobe and the lingula
Connections: Chiefly Vestibular
Control axial musculature, bilateral movements for locomotion, and equilibrium
2. Paleocerebellum:
It includes Anterior lobe (except lingula), the pyramid and the uvula of the
inferior vermis
Connections: Chiefly spinocerebellar
Controls tone, posture, and crude movement of the limbs
17. 3. Neocerebellum:
Largest part of Cerebellum
It includes Middle/Posterior lobe except the pyramid and uvula of the
inferior Vermis
Concerned with the regulation of fine movements of the body
18.
19. Functional zones
1. Vermis/ Median zone: for trunk and girdle movement
Control of extensor muscles trunk, neck, shoulder and hip
Through vestibule spinal and reticulospinal tract
2. Intermediate zone: for hands/feet
Control of muscles of flexor group via rubrospinal tract
3. Lateral zone: for planning and programming movement
As per above and coordination muscular activities of distal parts of
limbs
Through dentate rubrothalamocortical tract, descending Corticospinal
and rubrospinal tracts
20.
21. Internal features
The structure of Cerebellum is uniform throughout, i.e. is homotypical
Gray matter consists of the cerebellar cortex and the cerebellar nuclei
There are four pairs of nuclei: 1) Nucleus fastigii (Flocculonodular lobe) 2)
Nucleus emboliformis (Paleo Cerebellum) 3) Nucleus dentatus (Neo
Cerebellum) 4) Nucleus globosus (Paleo Cerebellum)
The cortex contains three layers as follows: 1) Molecular layer 2) Intermediate
layer/Purkinje cell layer 3) Inner layer/Granular cell layer
22.
23.
24. Connection of Cerebellum
The fibres entering or leaving the cerebellum are grouped to form three
peduncles which connect the cerebellum to the midbrain, the pons and
the medulla
Three peduncle
1. Superior cerebellar peduncle: Connects to Midbrain
2. Middle cerebellar peduncle: Connects to Pons
3. Inferior cerebellar peduncle: Connects to Medulla oblongata
27. Clinical anatomy
Truncal Ataxia: lesion of vermis
Gait Ataxia/Staggering gait: lesion of anterior lobe
Nystagmus: loss of vermis to labyrinth connections
Incoordination of voluntary movements of the upper limb: Neocerebellar
lesions
Defective phonation and articulation: Middle lobe defect
Cerebellum cognitive affective syndrome: thrombosis of one of
cerebellar artery