white fibers of the cerebrum, commissural fibers, association fibers and radiation fibers, examples of each types of cerebral fibers, corpus callosum, fornix, habenular commisure, anterior commissure, posterior commissure, superior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, occipital fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, projection fibers, corona radiata, optic radiation
Thalamus-Anatomy,Physiology,Applied aspectsRanadhi Das
Thalamus is a very important relay station.
All general and special sensory impulses (except smell) & afferent impulses from RAS are integrated here.
Thalamus however is the center of pain and protopathic sensations.
It has other non sensory functions as well, like motor control, sleep, wakefulness.
It is the largest structure deriving from the embryonic diencephalon, the posterior part of the forebrain situated between the midbrain and the cerebrum.
The thalamus is part of a nuclear complex structured of 4 parts, the hypothalamus, epithalamus, prethalamus (formerly called ventral thalamus) and dorsal thalamus.
white fibers of the cerebrum, commissural fibers, association fibers and radiation fibers, examples of each types of cerebral fibers, corpus callosum, fornix, habenular commisure, anterior commissure, posterior commissure, superior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, occipital fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, projection fibers, corona radiata, optic radiation
Thalamus-Anatomy,Physiology,Applied aspectsRanadhi Das
Thalamus is a very important relay station.
All general and special sensory impulses (except smell) & afferent impulses from RAS are integrated here.
Thalamus however is the center of pain and protopathic sensations.
It has other non sensory functions as well, like motor control, sleep, wakefulness.
It is the largest structure deriving from the embryonic diencephalon, the posterior part of the forebrain situated between the midbrain and the cerebrum.
The thalamus is part of a nuclear complex structured of 4 parts, the hypothalamus, epithalamus, prethalamus (formerly called ventral thalamus) and dorsal thalamus.
well describes the development of nervous system from basic to advanced concept including neural tube defects. the concepts are presented in graphical form for easy understanding of concepts.
gross Anatomy of Mid Brain.location an relation of midbrain. external an internal features of mid brain. cross section at the level of superior and inferior colliculus. Anterior and posterior view of midbrain.
clinical correlation of midbrain.
I. Cerebrum
II. Brain Stem
III. Cerebellum.
The Cerebral Cortex
A. Frontal lobe
1) Motor area (area 4):
Frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
Anatomy of Cerebellum professor dr saeed abuel makareem _ Relevant Connection...ssuser6e679b
Prof. Ahmed Fathalla Ibrahim
Professor of Anatomy
College of Medicine
King Saud University
E-mail: ahmedfathala@gmail.com
At the end of the lecture, students should:
❑Describe the external features of the cerebellum
(lobes, fissures).
❑Describe briefly the internal structure of the
cerebellum.
❑List the name of cerebellar nuclei.
❑Relate the anatomical to the functional
subdivisions of the cerebellum.
❑Describe the important connections of each
subdivision.
❑Describe briefly the main effects in case of lesion
of the cerebellum
Blood supply of cerebellum
Nerve supply of cerebellum
How to understand anatomy of the brain
Most important information about brain anatomy brain cortex and lobes and gyrus
Visual region in the brain
well describes the development of nervous system from basic to advanced concept including neural tube defects. the concepts are presented in graphical form for easy understanding of concepts.
gross Anatomy of Mid Brain.location an relation of midbrain. external an internal features of mid brain. cross section at the level of superior and inferior colliculus. Anterior and posterior view of midbrain.
clinical correlation of midbrain.
I. Cerebrum
II. Brain Stem
III. Cerebellum.
The Cerebral Cortex
A. Frontal lobe
1) Motor area (area 4):
Frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
Anatomy of Cerebellum professor dr saeed abuel makareem _ Relevant Connection...ssuser6e679b
Prof. Ahmed Fathalla Ibrahim
Professor of Anatomy
College of Medicine
King Saud University
E-mail: ahmedfathala@gmail.com
At the end of the lecture, students should:
❑Describe the external features of the cerebellum
(lobes, fissures).
❑Describe briefly the internal structure of the
cerebellum.
❑List the name of cerebellar nuclei.
❑Relate the anatomical to the functional
subdivisions of the cerebellum.
❑Describe the important connections of each
subdivision.
❑Describe briefly the main effects in case of lesion
of the cerebellum
Blood supply of cerebellum
Nerve supply of cerebellum
How to understand anatomy of the brain
Most important information about brain anatomy brain cortex and lobes and gyrus
Visual region in the brain
The cerebellum which stands for “little brain”, is a structure of the central nervous system.
It has an important role in motor control.
In particular, it is active in the coordination, precision and timing of movements, as well as in motor learning.
The surface of the cerebellum is marked by a series of small infoldings called folia. It consists of two hemispheres separated by a vermis.
A dural in folding called the tentorium cerebelli separates the superior surface of the cerebellum from the inferior surface of the occipital lobe. Three peduncles connect the cerebellum to other neural structures.
Anatomical Location:
The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain,
immediately inferior to the occipital and temporal lobes.
It is separated from the cerebral lobes by the tentorium cerebelli, a tough layer of dura mater.
It lies at the same level and posterior to the pons, from which it is separated by the fourth ventricle.
The cerebellum consists of grey matter and white matter.Grey matter – located on the
surface of the cerebellum. It is tightly folded, forming the cerebellar cortex.
White matter – located underneath the cerebellar cortex.
parts of Cerebellum :
There are three parts
Anatomical lobes,
zones and
functional divisions
There are three anatomical lobes;
the anterior lobe, the posterior lobe and the flocculonodular lobe.
These lobes are divided by two fissures – the primary fissure and posterolateral fissure.There are two cerebellar zones.
In the midline of the cerebellum is the vermis.
Either side of the vermis is the intermediate zone.
Lateral to the intermediate zone are the lateral hemispheres/lateral zone.The cerebellum has 3 parts:
Archicerebellum (vestibulocerebellum): It includes the flocculonodular lobe, which is located in the medial zone. The archicerebellum helps maintain equilibrium and coordinate eye, head, and neck movements; it is closely interconnected with the vestibular nuclei.
Midline vermis (paleocerebellum)/spinocerebellum: It helps coordinate trunk and leg movements. Vermis lesions result in abnormalities of stance and gait. It is involved in regulating body movements by allowing for error correction. It also receives proprioceptive information.
Lateral hemispheres (neocerebellum)/cerebrocerebellum: They control quick and finely coordinated limb movements, predominantly of the arms and hands.
THE CEREBELLUM IS INVOLVED IN THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS:
Maintenance of balance and posture. postural adjustments in order to maintain balance
Coordination of voluntary movements. Most movements are composed of a number of different muscle groups acting together in a temporally coordinated fashion.
Motor learning. The cerebellum is important for motor learning. The cerebellum plays a major role in adapting and fine-tuning motor programs to make accurate movements through a trial-and-error process (e.g., learning to hit a baseball).
Cognitive functions. involved in certain cognitive function
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
3. CEREBELLUM
OVERVIEW
▸ The cerebellum, which stands for “little brain”, is
a structure of the central nervous system
▸ It has an important role in motor control, with
cerebellar dysfunction often presenting with motor
signs
▸ In particular, it is active in the coordination, precision
and timing of movements, as well as in motor
learning
4. CEREBELLUM
OVERVIEW
▸ During embryonic development, the anterior portion of the neural tube
forms three parts that give rise to the brain and associated structures:
▸ Forebrain (prosencephalon)
▸ Midbrain (mesencephalon)
▸ Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
▸ The hindbrain subsequently divides into the metencephalon (superior)
and the myelencephalon (inferior)
▸ The cerebellum develops from the metencephalon division
5. CEREBELLUM
ANATOMICAL LOCATION
▸ The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain,
immediately inferior to the occipital and temporal
lobes, and within the posterior cranial fossa
▸ It is separated from these lobes by the tentorium
cerebelli, a tough layer of dura mater
▸ It lies at the same level of and posterior to the pons,
from which it is separated by the fourth ventricle
7. CEREBELLUM
ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE AND DIVISIONS
▸ The cerebellum consists of two hemispheres which are
connected by the vermis, a narrow midline area
▸ There are three ways that the cerebellum can be
subdivided
▸ anatomical lobes
▸ zones
▸ functional divisions
8. CEREBELLUM
ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE AND DIVISIONS
▸ Like other structures in the central nervous system, the cerebellum
consists of grey matter and white matter:
▸ Grey matter
▸ Located on the surface of the cerebellum
▸ It is tightly folded, forming the cerebellar cortex
▸ White matter
▸ Located underneath the cerebellar cortex
▸ Embedded in the white matter are the four cerebellar nuclei (the
dentate, emboliform, globose, and fastigi nuclei)
9. CEREBELLUM
ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE AND DIVISIONS
Anatomical Lobes
▸ There are three anatomical lobes that can be distinguished in the cerebellum
▸ the anterior lobe
▸ the posterior lobe
▸ the flocculonodular lobe
▸ These lobes are divided by two fissures
▸ primary fissure
▸ posterolateral fissure
11. CEREBELLUM
ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE AND DIVISIONS
Zones
▸ There are three cerebellar zones
▸ In the midline of the cerebellum is the vermis
▸ Either side of the vermis is the intermediate zone
▸ Lateral to the intermediate zone are the lateral hemispheres
▸ There is no difference in gross structure between the lateral
hemispheres and intermediate zones
13. CEREBELLUM
ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE AND DIVISIONS - FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS
▸ The cerebellum can also be divided by function
▸ There are three functional areas of the
cerebellum:
▸ the cerebrocerebellum
▸ the spinocerebellum
▸ the vestibulocerebellum
14. CEREBELLUM
ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE AND DIVISIONS - FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS
Cerebrocerebellum
▸ the largest division, formed by the lateral hemispheres
▸ involved in planning movements and motor learning
▸ receives inputs from the cerebral cortex and pontine
nuclei, and sends outputs to the thalamus and red nucleus
▸ this area also regulates coordination of muscle activation
and is important in visually guided movements
15. CEREBELLUM
ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE AND DIVISIONS - FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS
Spinocerebellum
▸ comprised of the vermis and intermediate
zone of the cerebellar hemispheres
▸ is involved in regulating body movements
by allowing for error correction
▸ also receives proprioceptive information
16. CEREBELLUM
ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE AND DIVISIONS - FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS
Vestibulocerebellum
▸ the functional equivalent to the flocculonodular
lobe
▸ is involved in controlling balance and ocular
reflexes, mainly fixation on a target
▸ receives inputs from the vestibular system, and
sends outputs back to the vestibular nuclei
17. CEREBELLUM
VASCULATURE
▸ The cerebellum receives its blood supply
from three paired arteries:
▸ Superior cerebellar artery (SCA)
▸ Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
▸ Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
18. CEREBELLUM
VASCULATURE
▸ The SCA and AICA are branches of the basilar artery,
which wraps around the anterior aspect of the pons
before reaching the cerebellum
▸ The PICA is a branch of the vertebral artery
▸ Venous drainage of the cerebellum is by the superior
and inferior cerebellar veins
▸ They drain into the superior petrosal, transverse and
straight dural venous sinuses
20. CEREBELLUM
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: CEREBELLAR DYSFUNCTION
▸ Dysfunction of the cerebellum can
produce a wide range of symptoms and
signs
▸ The etiology is varied; causes include
stroke, physical trauma, tumours and
chronic alcohol excess
21. CEREBELLUM
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: CEREBELLAR DYSFUNCTION
▸ The clinical picture is dependent on the
functional area of the cerebellum that is affected
▸ Damage to the cerebrocerebellum and
spinocerebellum presents with problems in
carrying out skilled and planned movements
and in motor learning
▸ A wide variety of manifestations are possible
23. CEREBELLUM
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: CEREBELLAR DYSFUNCTION
▸ These can be remembered using the acronym ‘DANISH‘:
▸ Dysdiadochokinesia (difficulty in carrying out rapid, alternating movements)
▸ Ataxia
▸ Nystagmus (coarse)
▸ Intention tremor
▸ Scanning speech
▸ Hypotonia
▸ Damage to the vestibulocerebellum can manifest with loss of balance, abnormal
gait with a wide stance
24. CEREBELLUM
REVIEW QUESTIONS
▸ From which structure is the cerebellum embryonically derived?
▸ Myelencephalon
▸ Metencephalon
▸ Telencephalon
▸ Diencephalon
26. CEREBELLUM
REVIEW QUESTIONS
▸ What structure separates the cerebellum from
the occipital and temporal lobes?
▸ Tentorium cerebelli
▸ Longitudinal fissure
▸ Falx cerebri
▸ Fourth ventricle
27. CEREBELLUM
REVIEW QUESTIONS
▸ The tentorium cerebelli is a tough layer
of dura mater that separates the
cerebellum from the occipital and
temporal lobes
28. CEREBELLUM
REVIEW QUESTIONS
▸ Which functional division is responsible for
balance?
▸ Cerebrocerebellum
▸ Spinocerebellum
▸ Vestibulocerebellum
▸ None of the above
30. References
▸ These slide reflect a summary of the contents of
TeachMeAnatomy.info and are to be used for
educational purposes only in compliance with the
terms of use policy.
Specific portions referenced in this summary are as
follows:
▸ https://teachmeanatomy.info/neuroanatomy/
structures/cerebellum/
Additional sources are referenced on the slide
containing that specific content.