Diaphragm Anatomy
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The document describes the anatomy and function of the diaphragm. It is divided into three parts: the sternal, costal, and lumbar parts. The sternal part arises from the xiphoid process, the costal part from the lower six ribs, and the lumbar part from the lumbar vertebrae. The diaphragm is innervated by the phrenic nerves and contracts during inspiration to flatten its shape and increase the vertical diameter of the thorax. Relaxation of the diaphragm allows expiration to occur as the thorax decreases in size. The diaphragm plays an important role in respiration and separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
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Anatomy of The Diaphragm
The diaphragm is a dome-shaped musculotendinous sheet that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It has peripheral muscular parts and a central tendinous portion. It arises from the lumbar vertebrae, ribs, sternum and xiphoid process. The diaphragm inserts into its central tendon. It contains openings for structures like the aorta, inferior vena cava and esophagus. The diaphragm is innervated by the phrenic nerves and functions in respiration and exertion. Clinical implications include hernias, hiccups and paralysis.
Pleura
The pleura consists of two layers - the parietal pleura which lines the thoracic wall and diaphragm, and the visceral pleura which covers the lungs. Between these two layers is a potential space called the pleural cavity, which contains pleural fluid that lubricates the pleural surfaces and allows the lungs to slide smoothly against the chest wall during respiration. The pleura has several recesses that allow for full expansion of the lungs during deep inspiration.
Femoral triangle
The femoral triangle is an anatomical area in the upper thigh bounded by the inguinal ligament, sartorius muscle, and adductor longus muscle. It contains major neurovascular structures including the femoral artery, vein, and nerve. Other structures passing through are the femoral canal containing lymph nodes and the genitofemoral nerve. Due to its superficial location and contents, the femoral triangle is clinically important for accessing the femoral artery during procedures and can develop femoral hernias.
Anatomy of Diaphragm
The diaphragm is a thin, dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. It originates from the xiphoid process, lower ribs, and lumbar vertebrae. The diaphragm has openings for the esophagus, inferior vena cava, and aorta. During inhalation, contraction of the diaphragm increases the vertical space in the chest cavity, aiding breathing. In addition to respiration, the diaphragm assists with abdominal straining, lifting weights, and pumping blood and lymph through the thorax.
arch of aorta
The arch of the aorta begins at the level of the sternal angle and arches over the root of the left lung in the superior mediastinum. It begins as the continuation of the ascending aorta and passes up, back, and left before turning backwards and downwards to become the descending aorta at the level of T4. It has anterior relations to the left lung and pleura and posterior relations to the trachea, esophagus, and thoracic duct. Its branches include the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery.
Rectus sheath
rectus sheath, the sheath covering rectus muscle of anterior abdominal wall, formation of the sheath, the muscles involved in ts formation, and the contents the sheath is covering
The pleurae
The document discusses the pleurae, which are thin membranes that cover the lungs and line the thoracic cavity. It describes the two layers - the parietal pleura covering the thoracic wall and the visceral pleura covering the lungs. Between these layers is the pleural cavity, which contains a small amount of fluid and allows the lungs to expand and contract during breathing. The document outlines the structure and supply of the pleurae and conditions like pneumothorax that can occur when air enters the pleural space.
Mediastinum
The mediastinum is the central partition that divides the chest cavity into left and right halves. It contains structures such as the heart, major blood vessels, esophagus, and lymph nodes. The mediastinum is further divided into superior, inferior (which includes middle and anterior/posterior divisions), and each section contains different tissues such as arteries, veins, nerves related to the structures in that region. Conditions like mediastinitis or tumors can develop in the mediastinum and cause complications through compression of nearby structures.
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Anatomy of The Diaphragm
The diaphragm is a dome-shaped musculotendinous sheet that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It has peripheral muscular parts and a central tendinous portion. It arises from the lumbar vertebrae, ribs, sternum and xiphoid process. The diaphragm inserts into its central tendon. It contains openings for structures like the aorta, inferior vena cava and esophagus. The diaphragm is innervated by the phrenic nerves and functions in respiration and exertion. Clinical implications include hernias, hiccups and paralysis.
Pleura
The pleura consists of two layers - the parietal pleura which lines the thoracic wall and diaphragm, and the visceral pleura which covers the lungs. Between these two layers is a potential space called the pleural cavity, which contains pleural fluid that lubricates the pleural surfaces and allows the lungs to slide smoothly against the chest wall during respiration. The pleura has several recesses that allow for full expansion of the lungs during deep inspiration.
Femoral triangle
The femoral triangle is an anatomical area in the upper thigh bounded by the inguinal ligament, sartorius muscle, and adductor longus muscle. It contains major neurovascular structures including the femoral artery, vein, and nerve. Other structures passing through are the femoral canal containing lymph nodes and the genitofemoral nerve. Due to its superficial location and contents, the femoral triangle is clinically important for accessing the femoral artery during procedures and can develop femoral hernias.
Anatomy of Diaphragm
The diaphragm is a thin, dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. It originates from the xiphoid process, lower ribs, and lumbar vertebrae. The diaphragm has openings for the esophagus, inferior vena cava, and aorta. During inhalation, contraction of the diaphragm increases the vertical space in the chest cavity, aiding breathing. In addition to respiration, the diaphragm assists with abdominal straining, lifting weights, and pumping blood and lymph through the thorax.
arch of aorta
The arch of the aorta begins at the level of the sternal angle and arches over the root of the left lung in the superior mediastinum. It begins as the continuation of the ascending aorta and passes up, back, and left before turning backwards and downwards to become the descending aorta at the level of T4. It has anterior relations to the left lung and pleura and posterior relations to the trachea, esophagus, and thoracic duct. Its branches include the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery.
Rectus sheath
rectus sheath, the sheath covering rectus muscle of anterior abdominal wall, formation of the sheath, the muscles involved in ts formation, and the contents the sheath is covering
The pleurae
The document discusses the pleurae, which are thin membranes that cover the lungs and line the thoracic cavity. It describes the two layers - the parietal pleura covering the thoracic wall and the visceral pleura covering the lungs. Between these layers is the pleural cavity, which contains a small amount of fluid and allows the lungs to expand and contract during breathing. The document outlines the structure and supply of the pleurae and conditions like pneumothorax that can occur when air enters the pleural space.
Mediastinum
The mediastinum is the central partition that divides the chest cavity into left and right halves. It contains structures such as the heart, major blood vessels, esophagus, and lymph nodes. The mediastinum is further divided into superior, inferior (which includes middle and anterior/posterior divisions), and each section contains different tissues such as arteries, veins, nerves related to the structures in that region. Conditions like mediastinitis or tumors can develop in the mediastinum and cause complications through compression of nearby structures.
thoracic duct
The thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body. It begins in the abdomen at the lower border of the T12 vertebrae and extends upwards through the posterior and superior mediastinum to the neck. At the C7 vertebral level, it arches laterally and drains into the junction of the left internal jugular and subclavian veins. It drains lymph from the entire body below the diaphragm and left side of the body above the diaphragm, receiving tributaries from lymph nodes and vessels along its course. Injuries or obstructions to the thin-walled thoracic duct can lead to fluid accumulation in the thorax or abdomen.
Intercostal muscles
The intercostal muscles are arranged in three layers between the ribs. The external intercostals elevate the ribs during inspiration. The internal intercostals and innermost intercostals depress the ribs during expiration. The transversus thoracis, subcostalis, and innermost intercostals form the inner transverse thoracic muscle group. These muscles act to change the volume of the thoracic cavity during respiration.
Muscles and nerves in the thoracic wall
The document describes the muscles and nerves of the thoracic wall. It discusses the three layers of intercostal muscles - external, internal, and innermost. It also describes the intercostal nerves, noting the typical arrangement from T3-T6, and variations in other regions. Finally, it discusses the diaphragm muscle, its origins along the ribs and vertebrae, openings, nerve supply, and role in respiration.
Lungs & bronchopulmonary segments
The lungs are a pair of respiratory organs located in the thoracic cavity. Each lung has a cone shape and is divided into lobes and segments. The right lung has three lobes while the left has two. The lobes are further divided into bronchopulmonary segments, which are the basic functional units of the lung, each served by its own segmental bronchus, artery, veins, lymphatics and nerves. There are approximately 10 segments in each lung.
Anatomy of the axilla
The axilla is the pyramid-shaped space between the upper arm and chest. It contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymph nodes passing between the neck and upper limb. The axilla is bound by the chest wall medially, muscles anteriorly and posteriorly, and the humerus laterally. Within the axilla run the axillary artery and vein, as well as the brachial plexus nerves. The axillary artery branches several times within the axilla to supply the surrounding muscles and skin.
Lumbar vertebrae
The lumbar vertebrae have five typical vertebrae (L1-L4) and one atypical fifth lumbar vertebra (L5). They have large bodies and triangular vertebral foramina. The vertebral arch is formed by short, strong pedicles and thick, short laminae connected by a quadrilateral spine. Each vertebra has transverse processes and superior and inferior articular facets. The lumbar vertebrae ossify from primary centers that appear between 9-16 weeks and fuse between ages 1-6 years, with secondary centers appearing at puberty and fusing by age 25. Anomalies can include sacralization of L5 or lumbarization of S1. Applied anatomy discusses conditions like disc prolapse
Gluteal region
The document summarizes the key anatomical structures of the gluteal region and inferior extremity. It describes 5 differences between the human superior and inferior extremities, including that the gluteal region acts as a transitional region between the trunk and lower extremity. It then provides details on the boundaries, skeleton, muscles like the gluteus maximus and medius, ligaments, vessels, nerves, and other structures found in the gluteal region.
Intercostal space
The intercostal space is the space between two adjacent ribs, containing the intercostal muscles, neurovascular bundle, and other structures. There are typically 11 intercostal spaces on each side of the body. The neurovascular bundle within each space typically contains the intercostal vein above the artery and nerve. The intercostal nerves branch off anteriorly and posteriorly to innervate the chest wall. Typical and atypical intercostal spaces differ in their blood and nerve supply patterns.
Slideshow: Femoral Triangle
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The Funky Professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?videoTaxonomy=FUNK
Cubital fossa
The cubital fossa is located on the anterior surface of the elbow joint as a depression. It is bounded medially by the pronator teres muscle and laterally by the brachioradialis muscle. Its contents from medial to lateral include the median nerve, brachial artery, biceps tendon, and superficial radial nerve. The brachial pulse can be felt and blood pressure measured in this region. It is also a common site for venepuncture due to the median cubital vein. Damage to the cubital fossa contents can occur in supracondylar fractures of the humerus.
Lungs
The lungs are a pair of elastic organs located in the chest cavity that are responsible for respiration. Each lung has a conical shape and is divided into lobes separated by fissures. The right lung has three lobes while the left has two. The lungs receive deoxygenated blood from the heart via the pulmonary arteries and return oxygenated blood to the heart via pulmonary veins. They also have a bronchial blood supply from the bronchial arteries. The major functions of the lungs are gas exchange and respiration.
Intercostal space
This document summarizes the anatomy of the intercostal spaces. It describes that the intercostal spaces are located between adjacent ribs, and contain intercostal muscles and neurovascular bundles. The three types of intercostal muscles - external, internal, and innermost - are discussed, along with their actions and nerve/blood supply. The importance of the intercostal spaces in breathing, ECG placement, auscultation, and surgical access is also noted.
Bronchopulmonary segments
The bronchopulmonary segments are the basic structural and functional units of the lungs. Each lung is divided into lobes, which are further divided into segments. The right lung has three lobes (upper, middle, lower) comprising 10 segments. The left lung has two lobes (upper, lower) comprising 10 segments. Each segment is supplied by its own segmental bronchus and has a pyramidal shape with the apex pointing towards the lung root.
Axillary artey ppt
axillary artery is a continuation of subclavian artery and it itself continue as brachial artery
its 6 branches
three devisions
The ribs
The ribs are curved bones that form a protective cage around the thorax. They articulate posteriorly with the vertebrae and terminate anteriorly as cartilage. There are typically 12 pairs of ribs. The first 7 ribs connect directly to the sternum via costal cartilage, while the 8th-10th ribs connect to the cartilage of the rib above. The 11th and 12th ribs are called "floating ribs" as their anterior ends are not attached. The ribs vary in features, with the first, second, tenth, eleventh and twelfth ribs exhibiting unique characteristics compared to the typical third through ninth ribs.
Brachial artery,radial & ulnar artery,plamar arches
The brachial artery is the major blood vessel of the arm. It continues from the axillary artery down the front of the arm, where it divides at the elbow into the radial and ulnar arteries. The brachial artery gives off several branches and can be used to measure blood pressure by feeling the pulse point on the inside of the elbow. It supplies blood to the arm and forearm through its branches before dividing into the arteries of the forearm.
ANATOMICAL SNUFF BOX.pptx
The anatomical snuffbox is a triangular depression on the lateral side of the wrist. It contains important structures like the radial artery and radial nerve branch. The snuffbox has three borders - the ulnar border formed by the extensor pollicis longus tendon, the radial border formed by the extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus tendons, and the proximal border formed by the styloid process of the radius. The floor is formed by the scaphoid and trapezoid carpal bones, while the skin forms the roof. Fractures of the scaphoid bone in the snuffbox from falls on an outstretched hand can disrupt blood flow and
Femoral artery
The femoral artery is the main artery of the lower limb. It enters the femoral triangle behind the inguinal ligament and runs downwards through the femoral triangle and adductor canal before becoming the popliteal artery. It has many branches that supply structures in the thigh like the profunda femoris artery. The femoral artery can be palpated in the femoral triangle and is often used for procedures like angiography due to being superficial in this region.
Thorax Anatomy
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the thorax. It describes the structures that make up the thoracic cage including the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae. It discusses the divisions of the mediastinum and describes the anatomy of structures in the thorax including the lungs, heart, great vessels, diaphragm, and esophagus. Key details are provided about the lobes and fissures of the lungs, chambers and valves of the heart, arterial and venous supply of the heart, and lymphatic drainage of the lungs.
Circle of willis
The circle of Willis is an arterial circle of blood vessels at the base of the brain that connects the left and right internal carotid arteries and the left and right vertebral arteries. It ensures adequate blood flow to the brain when one of the feeding arteries is blocked or narrowed. Strokes can occur if an embolism blocks blood flow within the circle of Willis. Aneurysms, which are weak bulges in artery walls, sometimes form and rupture at junction points in the circle of Willis, causing hemorrhagic strokes. The subclavian steal syndrome occurs when stenosis of the subclavian artery causes blood to be stolen from the vertebral artery, compromising blood flow to the brain.
Cardiopulmonary Arrest on adult health nursing
The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It has three parts - sternal, costal, and lumbar. The sternal part originates from the xiphoid process, the costal part from the lower six ribs, and the lumbar part from the lumbar vertebrae. The diaphragm inserts into a central tendon with three leaflets. It has several openings, including the aortic, esophageal, and vena caval openings that allow passage of structures between the thorax and abdomen. Contraction of the diaphragm constricts the esophageal opening and dilates the vena caval opening.
Diaphragm
The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that forms the partition between the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It is the principal muscle of respiration. During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, increasing the vertical diameter of the thorax and lowering the pressure inside the chest to allow the lungs to inflate. The diaphragm receives motor innervation from the phrenic nerves and sensory innervation from the phrenic nerves and intercostal nerves. It has several openings that allow structures like the esophagus and inferior vena cava to pass through.
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Intercostal muscles
The intercostal muscles are arranged in three layers between the ribs. The external intercostals elevate the ribs during inspiration. The internal intercostals and innermost intercostals depress the ribs during expiration. The transversus thoracis, subcostalis, and innermost intercostals form the inner transverse thoracic muscle group. These muscles act to change the volume of the thoracic cavity during respiration.
Muscles and nerves in the thoracic wall
The document describes the muscles and nerves of the thoracic wall. It discusses the three layers of intercostal muscles - external, internal, and innermost. It also describes the intercostal nerves, noting the typical arrangement from T3-T6, and variations in other regions. Finally, it discusses the diaphragm muscle, its origins along the ribs and vertebrae, openings, nerve supply, and role in respiration.
Lungs & bronchopulmonary segments
The lungs are a pair of respiratory organs located in the thoracic cavity. Each lung has a cone shape and is divided into lobes and segments. The right lung has three lobes while the left has two. The lobes are further divided into bronchopulmonary segments, which are the basic functional units of the lung, each served by its own segmental bronchus, artery, veins, lymphatics and nerves. There are approximately 10 segments in each lung.
Anatomy of the axilla
The axilla is the pyramid-shaped space between the upper arm and chest. It contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymph nodes passing between the neck and upper limb. The axilla is bound by the chest wall medially, muscles anteriorly and posteriorly, and the humerus laterally. Within the axilla run the axillary artery and vein, as well as the brachial plexus nerves. The axillary artery branches several times within the axilla to supply the surrounding muscles and skin.
Lumbar vertebrae
The lumbar vertebrae have five typical vertebrae (L1-L4) and one atypical fifth lumbar vertebra (L5). They have large bodies and triangular vertebral foramina. The vertebral arch is formed by short, strong pedicles and thick, short laminae connected by a quadrilateral spine. Each vertebra has transverse processes and superior and inferior articular facets. The lumbar vertebrae ossify from primary centers that appear between 9-16 weeks and fuse between ages 1-6 years, with secondary centers appearing at puberty and fusing by age 25. Anomalies can include sacralization of L5 or lumbarization of S1. Applied anatomy discusses conditions like disc prolapse
Gluteal region
The document summarizes the key anatomical structures of the gluteal region and inferior extremity. It describes 5 differences between the human superior and inferior extremities, including that the gluteal region acts as a transitional region between the trunk and lower extremity. It then provides details on the boundaries, skeleton, muscles like the gluteus maximus and medius, ligaments, vessels, nerves, and other structures found in the gluteal region.
Intercostal space
The intercostal space is the space between two adjacent ribs, containing the intercostal muscles, neurovascular bundle, and other structures. There are typically 11 intercostal spaces on each side of the body. The neurovascular bundle within each space typically contains the intercostal vein above the artery and nerve. The intercostal nerves branch off anteriorly and posteriorly to innervate the chest wall. Typical and atypical intercostal spaces differ in their blood and nerve supply patterns.
Slideshow: Femoral Triangle
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The Funky Professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?videoTaxonomy=FUNK
Cubital fossa
The cubital fossa is located on the anterior surface of the elbow joint as a depression. It is bounded medially by the pronator teres muscle and laterally by the brachioradialis muscle. Its contents from medial to lateral include the median nerve, brachial artery, biceps tendon, and superficial radial nerve. The brachial pulse can be felt and blood pressure measured in this region. It is also a common site for venepuncture due to the median cubital vein. Damage to the cubital fossa contents can occur in supracondylar fractures of the humerus.
Lungs
The lungs are a pair of elastic organs located in the chest cavity that are responsible for respiration. Each lung has a conical shape and is divided into lobes separated by fissures. The right lung has three lobes while the left has two. The lungs receive deoxygenated blood from the heart via the pulmonary arteries and return oxygenated blood to the heart via pulmonary veins. They also have a bronchial blood supply from the bronchial arteries. The major functions of the lungs are gas exchange and respiration.
Intercostal space
This document summarizes the anatomy of the intercostal spaces. It describes that the intercostal spaces are located between adjacent ribs, and contain intercostal muscles and neurovascular bundles. The three types of intercostal muscles - external, internal, and innermost - are discussed, along with their actions and nerve/blood supply. The importance of the intercostal spaces in breathing, ECG placement, auscultation, and surgical access is also noted.
Bronchopulmonary segments
The bronchopulmonary segments are the basic structural and functional units of the lungs. Each lung is divided into lobes, which are further divided into segments. The right lung has three lobes (upper, middle, lower) comprising 10 segments. The left lung has two lobes (upper, lower) comprising 10 segments. Each segment is supplied by its own segmental bronchus and has a pyramidal shape with the apex pointing towards the lung root.
Axillary artey ppt
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its 6 branches
three devisions
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The ribs are curved bones that form a protective cage around the thorax. They articulate posteriorly with the vertebrae and terminate anteriorly as cartilage. There are typically 12 pairs of ribs. The first 7 ribs connect directly to the sternum via costal cartilage, while the 8th-10th ribs connect to the cartilage of the rib above. The 11th and 12th ribs are called "floating ribs" as their anterior ends are not attached. The ribs vary in features, with the first, second, tenth, eleventh and twelfth ribs exhibiting unique characteristics compared to the typical third through ninth ribs.
Brachial artery,radial & ulnar artery,plamar arches
The brachial artery is the major blood vessel of the arm. It continues from the axillary artery down the front of the arm, where it divides at the elbow into the radial and ulnar arteries. The brachial artery gives off several branches and can be used to measure blood pressure by feeling the pulse point on the inside of the elbow. It supplies blood to the arm and forearm through its branches before dividing into the arteries of the forearm.
ANATOMICAL SNUFF BOX.pptx
The anatomical snuffbox is a triangular depression on the lateral side of the wrist. It contains important structures like the radial artery and radial nerve branch. The snuffbox has three borders - the ulnar border formed by the extensor pollicis longus tendon, the radial border formed by the extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus tendons, and the proximal border formed by the styloid process of the radius. The floor is formed by the scaphoid and trapezoid carpal bones, while the skin forms the roof. Fractures of the scaphoid bone in the snuffbox from falls on an outstretched hand can disrupt blood flow and
Femoral artery
The femoral artery is the main artery of the lower limb. It enters the femoral triangle behind the inguinal ligament and runs downwards through the femoral triangle and adductor canal before becoming the popliteal artery. It has many branches that supply structures in the thigh like the profunda femoris artery. The femoral artery can be palpated in the femoral triangle and is often used for procedures like angiography due to being superficial in this region.
Thorax Anatomy
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the thorax. It describes the structures that make up the thoracic cage including the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae. It discusses the divisions of the mediastinum and describes the anatomy of structures in the thorax including the lungs, heart, great vessels, diaphragm, and esophagus. Key details are provided about the lobes and fissures of the lungs, chambers and valves of the heart, arterial and venous supply of the heart, and lymphatic drainage of the lungs.
Circle of willis
The circle of Willis is an arterial circle of blood vessels at the base of the brain that connects the left and right internal carotid arteries and the left and right vertebral arteries. It ensures adequate blood flow to the brain when one of the feeding arteries is blocked or narrowed. Strokes can occur if an embolism blocks blood flow within the circle of Willis. Aneurysms, which are weak bulges in artery walls, sometimes form and rupture at junction points in the circle of Willis, causing hemorrhagic strokes. The subclavian steal syndrome occurs when stenosis of the subclavian artery causes blood to be stolen from the vertebral artery, compromising blood flow to the brain.
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Diaphragm
The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that forms the partition between the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It is the principal muscle of respiration. During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, increasing the vertical diameter of the thorax and lowering the pressure inside the chest to allow the lungs to inflate. The diaphragm receives motor innervation from the phrenic nerves and sensory innervation from the phrenic nerves and intercostal nerves. It has several openings that allow structures like the esophagus and inferior vena cava to pass through.
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Diaphragm Anatomy
- 1. MARYAM JAMILAH BINTI ABDUL HAMID 082013100002 IMS BANGALORE
- 2. Student should be able to understand:- Origin Insertion Nerve supply Actions of the diaphragm
- 4. Grouped into 3 parts Sternal part Costal part Lumbar part Medial lumbocostal arch Lateral lumbocostal arch Right crus Left crus
- 5. Sternal part Arises by 2 fleshy slips from the back of the xiphoid process.
- 6. Costal part Arises from inner surfaces of the cartilages Adjacent parts of the lower 6th ribs on each side Interdigitating with transversus abdominis
- 7. Lumbar part:- a) Medial lumbocostal arch Tendinous arch in fascia covering psoas major Medially, attach to the side of the body of vertebra L1. Laterally, attach to the front of transverse process of vertebra L1
- 8. b) Lateral lumbocostal arch Tendinous arch in fascia covering upper part of quadratus lumborum. Medially, attach to front of the transverse process of vertebra L1 Laterally, attach to lower border of 12th rib
- 9. c) Right crus Arises from anterolateral surfaces of the bodies of the upper three lumbar vertebrae and the intervening intervertebral disc. d) Left crus Arises from the corresponding parts of the upper two lumbar vertebrae. Medial margin of two crura form tendinous arc across the front of the aorta; median arcuate ligament.
- 10. Insert into central tendon of diaphragm Trilobar in shape; three leaflets ▪ Middle leaflet: ▪ Triangular in shape with its apex directed towards xiphoid process ▪ Right and left leaflets ▪ Tongue shaped, curve laterally and backwards ▪ Left is narrower than right ▪ Central point: ▪ Four well-marked diagonal bands comes out from central point of decussation (intersections); located in front of esophagus opening.
- 11. Motor Phrenic nerves Sensory Phrenic nerves; central part of diaphragm Lower six thoracic nerves; peripheral part of the diaphragm
- 12. Contraction of diaphragm Flatten the diaphragm Vertical diameter for thorax increase Happens in inspiration Quiet breathing: 1.5 cm Deep breathing: 6 to 10 cm Expulsive act: sneezing, coughing, laughing, crying, vomiting, defecation, parturition, micturation, deep inspiration (closure of glottis & powerful contraction of trunk muscle)
- 13. Relaxation of diaphragm Concave of the diaphragm Vertical diameter for thorax decrease Main factors affecting position of diaphragm Elastic recoil of lung tissue Lying down, abdominal viscera pushes diaphragm upwards Standing, muscle in abdominal wall contract
- 14. Lumbocostal triangle or Bochdalek's foramen Diaphragmatic hernia Diaphragmatic paralysis Congenital eventration of diaphragm Hiccup
- 15. Why diaphragm is important to us? Main muscle in respiration (75% in normal inspiration); by contracting Separating thorax and abdomen
- 16. Chaurasia, B. (2013). Human anatomy regional and applied dissection and clinical. (6 ed.,Vol. 2, pp. 331-335). New Delhi, India: CBS Publishers & Distributors. digitallab3d. (n.d.). 3d model of human diaphragm. Retrieved from http://www.exchange3d.com/3D-Model-of-Human- Diaphragm/prod_28281.html
- 17. THANK YOU