The document discusses cement, including its historical background, composition, manufacturing processes (dry and wet), and various classifications. It highlights the importance of cement in construction, transportation, and civil engineering applications, as well as different types of cement such as rapid hardening, high alumina, and waterproof cement. The document concludes by emphasizing cement's role as a crucial binding material developed by Joseph Aspdin in 1824.

3. CONTENTS
1) Introduction
2) History
3) Composition
4) Manufacturing
5) Strength
6) Classifications
7) Test
8) Applications
9) Conclusion

4. INTRODUCTION
 The word cement has invent from the roman
word ‘opus caementicium’.
 Cement is the mixture of calcareous ,
siliceous, argillaceous and other
substances.
 Cement is used as a binding material in
mortar and concrete , etc.

5. HISTORY
 Portland cement invented in 1824.
 Joseph aspdin
(a British stonemason) invented
Portland cement.
 With this invention, Aspdin laid
the foundation of today’s cement industry.

6. RAW MATERIALS (used in manufacturing of cement)
Calcium Oxide (CaO) 60 TO 65 %
Silica (SiO2) 20 TO 25 %
Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) 04 TO 08 %
Ferrous Oxide (Fe2O3) 02 TO 04 %
Magnesium Oxide (MgO) 01 TO 03 %

7. COMPOSITION
Tri-calcium
aluminate
• Fast
• Provide strength after 30 minutes
Tri-calcium
silicate
• Slower
• Provide strength in 3 to 14 days
Di-calcium
silicate
• Slowest
• Provide strength in 14 to 28 days

8. MANUFACTURING
Dry
mixing
Burning
Grinding
Wet
mixing
Burning
Grinding
1: Dry
process
2: Wet
process

9. DRY PROCESS
 In this process all raw materials are ground in
dry state and the resultant material is fed into
kiln for burning process in form of powder.
 Advantages with this process
a) Less fuel consumption.
b) Unit cost of product can be reduced.
 Disadvantages with this process
a) Achieved low quality of product.

10. WET PROCESS
 In this process the kiln feed (mixed material)
enters into the kiln in the form of slurry with a
moisture content of 30-40%.
 Advantages with this process
a) Uniform quality can be produced.
b) Dust emission can be reduced.
 Disadvantages with this process
a) Fuel and power consumptions are very high
level.

11. STRENGTH OF CEMENT
Fresh cement 100 %
After 3 months 80 %
After 6 months 70 %
After 12 months 60 %
After 24 months 50 %

12. CLASSIFICATIONS
Rapid hardening
cement
• Increased tri-calcium
silicate
• Quick hardening quality
Quick setting
cement
• Increased tri-calcium
aluminate
• Quick setting quality

13. Continued . . .
High alumina
cement
• Mixed bauxite
• Increased initial setting time
Low heat
cement
• Decreased tri-calcium silicate
and tri-calcium aluminate
• Increased setting time

14. Continued . . .
Portland
slag cement
• Mixed slag
• Resistance to sulphates of
alkali and acidic properties
White
cement
• Exist Iron Oxide
• For achieve white colour

15. Continued . . .
Water proofing
cement
• Mixed pudlo or impermo
• To used in water proofing structure
Air entraining
cement
• Mixed air entraining material
(resin,oils,fats) etc.
• To make mortar more workable

16. Continued . . .
Coloured
cement
• Mixed pigments (colours)
• To achieve different
colours

17. TEST’S
Fineness
test
To measure the
size of particles
of cement
Sieve’s
Consistency
test
To determine
the percentage
of required
water
VICAT’s
apparatus

18. Continued . . .
Soundness
test
To determine Ability
of cement to
maintain stable
volume after setting
Le chatelier
apparatus
Setting time
test
To determine
the initial and
final setting time
VICAT’s
apparatus

19. COMMON APPLICATIONS OF CEMENT (uses)
 Building
e.g. (floors, roofing, columns, beams, piles,
bricks, mortar and plaster etc.)
 Transport
e.g. (roads, pathways, crossings, bridges,
tunnels, parking, sleepers, and runways
etc.)
 Water
e.g. ( pipes, culverts, drains, canals, dams,
weirs, reservoir, tanks and pools etc.)
 Civil
e.g. (piers, docks, retaining wall and
breast wall etc.)

20. CONCLUSION
It is a binder that can sets and bind other materials together
Invented by Joseph aspdin in 1824 in England
It contains (calcium oxide, silica, aluminum oxide, ferrous
and magnesium oxides)
Manufacturing process consists of dry process and wet
process
Rapid hardening, high alumina, slag, white, coloured, air
entraining, and water proof are important types of cement
Most commonly used in building, irrigation, transportation,
and other civil structures

21. Presented by group five.
Muhammad Hamid
Muhammad Ahmed Asad
Muhammad Imran
Ali Raza Amin
Noman naveed
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
Prepared by : MUHAMMAD HAMID
Available on: WWW.SLIDESHARE.COM