Cement is a building material for binding bricks, stones or aggregates.
Used for making mortar or concrete.
Cements natural and artificial.
Natural cement-burning and crushing of stones and lime.
Artificial cement-burning at high temperature and gypsum is added.
Cement is a building material for binding bricks, stones or aggregates.
Used for making mortar or concrete.
Cements natural and artificial.
Natural cement-burning and crushing of stones and lime.
Artificial cement-burning at high temperature and gypsum is added.
The presentation is descriptive about the basics of cement and cement industry in india and abroad. this was our project in 1st year of B.arch from school of planning and architecture, bhopal, india.
Powerpoint presentation on CEMENT {PPT}Prateek Soni
Cement is a mixture on calcareous, siliceous, argillaceous and other substances.
This presentation is completed by prateek soni and for more detail you can checkout this ppt.
this is a detailed research on ceramic tiles; their raw materials, construction and making, installation, advantages and much more. it explains in details about the process and production of ceramic tiles.
INDUCED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND ADVANCED APPLICATIONS OF NATURAL FIBRE COMP...Sajal Tiwari
Composite materials find their application in our day to day life. with growing climatic changes across our mother earth, it is highly required that we switch our demands towards products made up from natural fibers. Natural fiber though environment friendly have their own challenges i.e. less strength, high wear and tear during usage, reactive with surrounding environment and most important of all they have very weak mechanical properties as compared to synthetic fiber composites.
Thus, in order to counter these challenges, we have to enhance mechanical, chemical and biological properties of natural fibers through inducing mechanical properties, treatment with chemicals and modifying biologically or with nanotechnology.
First, we have properly elaborated about natural fibers their sources, classifications, examples, advantages and applications, then we have efficiently informed about natural fiber composites and their advantages and how they differ from synthetic fiber composites technically, environmentally, economically, physically and chemically.
After informing the basics behind natural fibers and natural fiber composites, we have given enough information on how to induce mechanical properties of natural fiber composites. To understand the method, we have given the chart of mechanical properties of different fibers in advance to understand the process efficiently. Then we have given several processing techniques like compounding and injection molding, modification procedures like physical, biological chemical and nanotechnology modifications and treatment using alkaline, silane, acetyl, benzoyl, acryl, isocynate, coupling agent’s permanganate peroxide and sodium chloride for inducing and enhancing mechanical properties of natural fiber composites.
Then we have informed briefly about the advanced applications of natural fiber composites in automotive and construction industry. Innovations in natural fiber composite industry in fields of electronics, sports and automobiles by different corporates in their own brands.
Then with the given data we have analyzed future scope of natural composite market in next 15 years by various nations and different industries in fields of automobile, construction and electronics for manufacturing various products.
To get precise report on natural fiber composites we have informed about present scenario such as driving motives to keep them in use, challenges faced and factors which affect the natural fiber composite industry.
Cement is a very important material in building construction.
Although the terms cement and concrete often are used interchangeably, cement is actually an ingredient of concrete.
The presentation is descriptive about the basics of cement and cement industry in india and abroad. this was our project in 1st year of B.arch from school of planning and architecture, bhopal, india.
Powerpoint presentation on CEMENT {PPT}Prateek Soni
Cement is a mixture on calcareous, siliceous, argillaceous and other substances.
This presentation is completed by prateek soni and for more detail you can checkout this ppt.
this is a detailed research on ceramic tiles; their raw materials, construction and making, installation, advantages and much more. it explains in details about the process and production of ceramic tiles.
INDUCED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND ADVANCED APPLICATIONS OF NATURAL FIBRE COMP...Sajal Tiwari
Composite materials find their application in our day to day life. with growing climatic changes across our mother earth, it is highly required that we switch our demands towards products made up from natural fibers. Natural fiber though environment friendly have their own challenges i.e. less strength, high wear and tear during usage, reactive with surrounding environment and most important of all they have very weak mechanical properties as compared to synthetic fiber composites.
Thus, in order to counter these challenges, we have to enhance mechanical, chemical and biological properties of natural fibers through inducing mechanical properties, treatment with chemicals and modifying biologically or with nanotechnology.
First, we have properly elaborated about natural fibers their sources, classifications, examples, advantages and applications, then we have efficiently informed about natural fiber composites and their advantages and how they differ from synthetic fiber composites technically, environmentally, economically, physically and chemically.
After informing the basics behind natural fibers and natural fiber composites, we have given enough information on how to induce mechanical properties of natural fiber composites. To understand the method, we have given the chart of mechanical properties of different fibers in advance to understand the process efficiently. Then we have given several processing techniques like compounding and injection molding, modification procedures like physical, biological chemical and nanotechnology modifications and treatment using alkaline, silane, acetyl, benzoyl, acryl, isocynate, coupling agent’s permanganate peroxide and sodium chloride for inducing and enhancing mechanical properties of natural fiber composites.
Then we have informed briefly about the advanced applications of natural fiber composites in automotive and construction industry. Innovations in natural fiber composite industry in fields of electronics, sports and automobiles by different corporates in their own brands.
Then with the given data we have analyzed future scope of natural composite market in next 15 years by various nations and different industries in fields of automobile, construction and electronics for manufacturing various products.
To get precise report on natural fiber composites we have informed about present scenario such as driving motives to keep them in use, challenges faced and factors which affect the natural fiber composite industry.
Cement is a very important material in building construction.
Although the terms cement and concrete often are used interchangeably, cement is actually an ingredient of concrete.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINI CEMENT PLANT...Journal For Research
This research is about analyzing the chemical and physical characteristics of cement and concrete. Cement can be classified based on its chemical properties. The sample taken for this research work is Kamal OPC 53 grade mini cement plant and Ultratech OPC 53 grade major cement plant. The difference can be analyzed by determining the chemical composition of the cement and its effect on physical properties of cement and concrete. Secondly, it is not necessary that in every structural member of a building, the cement used needs to be same. To determine that which cement is more suitable for which structural element this analysis is beneficial. Again, if any new type of admixture needs to be introduced in the concrete, it is important to understand the chemical composition of cement and how the new admixture may react with the cement. Also, this research is about how the changes in chemical composition of cement affect the physical properties of cement and concrete. It is noticed that due to lack in standardization of cement, even the same sample of cement gives different result.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY STUDIES ON CONCRETE WITH DOLOCHAR AS COAR...Journal For Research
Aggregate is one of the main ingredients in producing concrete. It covers major portion of the total for any concrete mix. The strength of the concrete produced is dependent on the properties of aggregates used. However, the construction industry is increasingly making higher demands of this material because of which it may result in scarcity or unavailable in the future. Hence need for an alternative coarse aggregate arises. The aim for this project is to determine the strength and durability characteristics of structural concrete by replacing coarse aggregates with Dolochar (Scrap material obtained from the manufacturing process of sponge iron), which will give a better understanding on the properties of concrete with these aggregates. The scope of this project is to investigate the possibility of using Dolochar material as an alternative material to coarse aggregate in structural concrete. The experimental investigation were carried out using detailed strength and durability related tests such as compressive strength test of cubes, acid resistance test and Permeability tests were conducted by replacing the coarse aggregates in concrete mixes by Dolochar. Tests were also conducted on the concrete testing cubes for 3,7 and 28 Days. From the experimental investigation it was found that Dolochar material can be used as an alternative for coarse aggregate in concrete However further investigations have to be made to study long term effects.
The report is being made on the experience of 3 weeks office training.
briefly describes the quality tests of Fine and Coarse aggregates .
Complete calculation of concrete mix design is included with solved numerical equations.
Cement, water and admixtures quality test is not performed because the contractor purchase it from other chemical and cement manufacturer company.
Globally the idea of sustainability has now taken a centre stage. The environmental concern focuses on overexploitation of natural resources such as limestone, clay, etc and release of harmful gaseous substance into the global environment from the cement industries worldwide.
This internship helped me very much to demonstrate cement manufacturing process. I have learnt a lot of things especially in production department (Crusher Area, VRM Area, Preheater, kiln Area, OK Mill, Cement Mill Packing Area, Blending Silo) and cover other department like quality control, power plant, RO Plant and Waste Recovery.
CEMENT , TYPES OF CEMENTS , PORTLAND CEMENT
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT, GENERAL FEATURES OF THE MAIN TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT, ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT (OPC), RAPID HARDENING PORTLAND CEMENT, SPECIAL TYPES OF RAPID HARDENING PORTLAND CEMENT, MANUFACTURE OF PORTLAND CEMENT, Raw Materials, Crushing & Grinding of Raw Materials,Type of cement processes, Wet Process, Dry process, Burning Process, Grinding, storage, packing, dispatch,CEMENT CHEMISTRY,Chemical Compositions,Bogue’s Equations, Fineness of cement
To Download This Register in http://frontdesk.co.in/forum/Thread-Socio-Economic-base-for-Planning-Study-notes
Lecture notes for Master of Planning Students
Biography of Muni shri Dayasagar ji maharaj and Acharya shri Abhinandansagar ji maharaji Inspiration : Aryika Shri Subhushanmati Mataji
मुनि श्री दयासागर जी महाराज और आचार्य श्री अभिनंदनसागर जी महाराजी की जीवनी
TIME , LIFE, WORKS AND
PHILOSOPIES OF F L WRIGHT
Compiled by : Manish Jain Architect Gr. Floor , Ashoka apartment Bhawani Singh RoadC-scheme , Jaipur -302001 Rajasthan ( INDIA)Ph. 91-0141-2743536 , 91-9829063132Email: fdarchitect @gmail.com Web : www.frontdesk.co.in
Can AI do good? at 'offtheCanvas' India HCI preludeAlan Dix
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https://www.alandix.com/academic/talks/offtheCanvas-IndiaHCI2024/
The world is being changed fundamentally by AI and we are constantly faced with newspaper headlines about its harmful effects. However, there is also the potential to both ameliorate theses harms and use the new abilities of AI to transform society for the good. Can you make the difference?
Book Formatting: Quality Control Checks for DesignersConfidence Ago
This presentation was made to help designers who work in publishing houses or format books for printing ensure quality.
Quality control is vital to every industry. This is why every department in a company need create a method they use in ensuring quality. This, perhaps, will not only improve the quality of products and bring errors to the barest minimum, but take it to a near perfect finish.
It is beyond a moot point that a good book will somewhat be judged by its cover, but the content of the book remains king. No matter how beautiful the cover, if the quality of writing or presentation is off, that will be a reason for readers not to come back to the book or recommend it.
So, this presentation points designers to some important things that may be missed by an editor that they could eventually discover and call the attention of the editor.
Dive into the innovative world of smart garages with our insightful presentation, "Exploring the Future of Smart Garages." This comprehensive guide covers the latest advancements in garage technology, including automated systems, smart security features, energy efficiency solutions, and seamless integration with smart home ecosystems. Learn how these technologies are transforming traditional garages into high-tech, efficient spaces that enhance convenience, safety, and sustainability.
Ideal for homeowners, tech enthusiasts, and industry professionals, this presentation provides valuable insights into the trends, benefits, and future developments in smart garage technology. Stay ahead of the curve with our expert analysis and practical tips on implementing smart garage solutions.
Top Israeli Products and Brands - Plan it israel.pdf
Construction material cement
1. Construction Material
CEMENT
Compiled by : FD Architects Forum
Gr. Floor , Ashoka apartment
Bhawani Singh Road
C-scheme , Jaipur -302001
Rajasthan ( INDIA)
Ph. 91-0141-2743536
Email: architect@frontdesk.co.in
Web : http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
2. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
THE CEMENT
Cement is most important material in building
construction . The name “cement” refer to the
material manufacture from lime stone and clay and
made available in powder form, which mixed with
water can set to hard durable mass even under
water.
FUNCTION OF CEMENT :
to bind the sand and coarse aggregate together to fill
voids in between sand and coarse aggregate particle to
form a compact mass
3. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Classification of Cement
OPC
Ordinary Portland Cement
PPC :
Portland Pozzolzna Cement
Grade 33 –IS 269-1989 designated as C-33
SRPC : Sulpahte Resisting
portland cement
IS 1489 (Part 1)1991 flyash based
IS 1489 (Part 2) 1991 calcined clay-based
BFSC : Portland blast
furnace slag cement
IS 12330-1988
Hydrophobic Cement
IS 455-1989 (PSC)
Blended Cement
Grade 43 –IS 8112-1989 designated as C-43
Grade 53 –IS 12269-1987 designated as C-53
IS 8043-1991
RHPC : Rapid hardening
portland cement
IS 8041-1990
4. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
OPC: Ordinary Portland cement
Chemical composition of Portland Cement:
a) C3S: Tricalcium Silicate = 3CaO.SiO2 (50%)
b) C2S :Dicalcium Silicate = 2CaO.SiO2 ( (25%)
c) C3A :Tricalcium Aluminate = 3CaO.Al2O (10%)
d) C4AF :Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite = 4CaO. Al2O3.Fe2O3 (10%)
e) Gypsum (5%)
5. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Hydrates and hardens rapidly and is
largely responsible for initial set and
early strength.
Early strength of cement is higher with
increased percentages of C3S.
C3S: Tricalcium Silicate
8. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
C3A :Tricalcium Aluminate
Liberates a large amount of heat during the first
few days of hydration and hardening.
Also contributes slightly to early strength
development.
Gypsum added to the cement slows down the
hydration rate of C3A.
Cements with low percentages of C3A are
especially resistant to soils and waters
containing sulfates.
9. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
C4AF :Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite
Assist in the manufacture of Portland Cement
by allowing lower clinkering temperature.
Also act as a filler
Contributes very little strength of concrete
eventhough it hydrates very rapidly.
Also responsible for grey colour of Ordinary
Portland Cement
10. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Hydration of Cement
In the presence of water the cement compounds
chemically combined with water (hydrate) to form
new compounds that are the infrastructure of the
hardened cement paste in concrete.
Both C3S and C2S hydrate to form calcium
hydroxide and calcium silicate hydrate (CSH).
Hydrated cement paste contains 15% to 25%
Calcium hydroxide and about 50% calcium
silicate hydrate by mass. The strength and other
properties of hydrated cement are due primarily
to calcium silicate hydrate.
11. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
C3A reacts with water and calcium hydroxide
to form tetracalcium aluminate hydrate.
C4AF reacts with water and calcium
hydroxide to form calcium aluminoferrite
hydrate.
Hydration of Cement
16. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
THE CEMENT MANUFACTURING
PROCESS
1. BLASTING : The raw materials that are used
to manufacture cement (mainly limestone and
clay) are blasted from the quarry.
Quarry face
3. CRUSHING AND TRANSPORTATION : The raw materials, after crushing, are transported to the plant by conveyor. The plant stores
the materials before they are homogenized.
2. TRANSPORT : The raw materials are loaded
into a dumper.
crushing
conveyor
dumper
storage at
the plant
loader
17. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
THE CEMENT MANUFACTURING
PROCESS
4. RAW GRINDING : The raw materials are very finely ground in order to produce the raw mix.
5. BURNING : The raw mix is preheated before it goes into the kiln, which is heated by a flame that can be as hot as 2000 °C. The raw
mix burns at 1500 °C producing clinker which, when it leaves the kiln, is rapidly cooled with air fans. So, the raw mix is burnt to
produce clinker : the basic material needed to make cement.
conveyor
Raw mix
kiln
cooling
preheating
clinker
storage at
the plant
Raw mill
18. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
THE CEMENT MANUFACTURING
PROCESS
6.GRINDING : The clinker and the gypsum are very finely ground giving a “pure cement”. Other
secondary additives and cementitious materials can also be added to make a blended cement.
7. STORAGE, PACKING, DISPATCH :The cement is stored in silos before being dispatched either in bulk or in bags to
its final destination.
clinker
storage
Gypsum and the secondary additives are added
to the clinker.
silos
dispatch
bags
Finish grinding
20. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)
This type of cement is most common type
available now in market.
This is made by blending 10-25% reactive
pozzolana like flyash or calcined clay with
OPC
Addition of pozzolana makes cement
sensitive to curing and it requires longer
curing than OPC.
21. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
SULPHATE RESISTANT
PORTLAND CEMENT
Sulphate-resisting Portland cement (SRPC) is a
special purpose cement used where sulfates are
present in concentrations that would damage
Normal Portland cement concrete or mortar.
Sulfate resistance is achieved by adjustments to
chemical composition to limit the level of
tricalcium aluminate (C3A) in the SRPC
22. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
SRPC : PROPERTIES
Applied at place where there is exposure to
sulphate such as used in concrete below
ground
Higher content of Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite
& reducing the Tricalcium aluminate to
aluminium
Has darker color than OPC
23. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
SRPC is made by fusing together a precisely
controlled blend of very finely ground
limestone, shale and iron oxide at high
temperatures to form cement clinker.
A small quantity of gypsum is added to this
clinker before grinding to produce the final
fine powder - Sulfate-resisting Portland
cement.
SRPC is manufactured in a modern dry
process works at Castlemungret, Co.
Limerick and is supplied either in bulk or in
bags.
SRPC : PROPERTIES
25. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Long Term Strength Development
A significant characteristic of SRPC is the
ability to continue significant strength
development beyond the normal 28 day
period.
The benefits of this are obvious, considering
that 28 days is a very short period in the life
of most concrete structures
26. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
High Strength Concrete
Studies have shown amazing benefits of the
use of SRPC in high performance concrete.
The lower reactivity of the slag makes it
easier to control slump in the first two hours
that follow mixing,
as well as to reduce the amount of heat
developed during hydration at higher cement
contents.
27. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Heat OF Hydration
Sulphate Resistant Portland Cement have a
much lower heat of hydration than other
cements, making them ideal for mass
concrete work.
The lower heat of hydration results in smaller
temperature gradients within mass concrete
structures, thereby minimising thermal
cracking.
28. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Pure Water and Acid Attack
The use of SRPC is recommended in
applications where concrete is exposed to
pure water and/or acidic conditions.
Examples are water pipes and reservoirs, soft
drink factories and sewage works.
29. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Sulphate Attack
SRPC provides higher resistance to sulphate
attack for applications specifically requiring
sulphate resistance.
Applications include sewage works and
coastal environments.
31. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
BFSC Portland blast furnace slag
cement
This type of cement constitutes about 10% of
cement produced in India.
The slag forms 25-60% of the cement.
Every ton of cast iron produce 0.3 tons of
furnace slag which can be used in cement
industry.
During its setting the Ca(OH)2 liberated by
OPC hydration acts as an activator for the
slag.
32. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
BFSC Portland blast furnace slag
cement
Even though it is equated with OPC it
behaves more like PPC and has lower heat of
hydration and better sulphate resistance.
At present BFSC produced in India is only
Grade-33 and there are proposals to make
Grade-43 cements with 45-70% slag content.
BFSC with more than 50% slag has good
sulphates resistance
33. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Hydrophobic cement
In places of high rainfall and humidity normal
cement tends to set when stored, due to
mositure present in the atmosphere.
By grinding the cement clinker with water
repellent film forming substance like oleic acid,
a water repellent film is formed around cement
particle during manufacturing itself. This
prevent setting of cement during storage.
During mixing with aggregates this film is
broken and cement behave as ordinary
cement
34. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Blended cement
For economy a mixture of portland cement,
blast furnace slag and flyash is allowed to be
used in some countries. This is known as
blended cement.
In India this type of cement is not produced.
35. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Rapid Hardening Portland cement
(RHPC)
Rapid Hardening Portland cement (RHPC) is
a special purpose cement used in concrete to
ensure a higher rate of early age strength
development than that typically achieved
using Normal Portland cement (NPC).
The improved early age strength performance
of RHPC is principally achieved through
increased product fineness.
36. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
RHPC : PROPERTIES
Similar chemical composition as OPC but
different proportion
Causes to the increased rate of early
hardening
Concrete made with RHPC develops in 7
days the same strengths
High early strength is achieved by increasing
the CS & CA content
37. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
RHPC : ADVANTAGES
More finely grounded than OPC
Allows formwork to be struck earlier
Providing savings either the quantity of
formwork required in time
Produce heat earlier than OPC, so it can be
used in cold weather
38. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
RHPC :Qualities
RHPC is produced using carefully selected
raw materials.
Strict quality control throughout each stage
of the manufacturing process ensures that a
consistent final product is achieved.
39. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
RHPC : Strength
Rapid Hardening Portland cement achieves
higher earlier strengths than OPC because it
is more finely ground.
Rapid Hardening Portland cement is
chemically similar to OPC and as such
concrete mixes should be designed with this
in mind.
In particular, optimum ultimate strength of
concrete using RHPC will depend, like OPC,
on careful attention to the water/cement ratio,
consistent with ensuring satisfactory placing
and compaction.
41. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
FINENESS OF CEMENT
Fineness of cement is a measure of size of
particle of cement. It is expressed as specific
surface of cement (in sq. cm /gm).
FINENESS OF
CEMENT
SIZE OF
PARTICLE
SPECIFIC
SURFACE OF
CEMENT
IS MEASURE OF
IS EXPRESSED AS
42. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
PHYSICAL TESTS OF CEMENT
IS 4031 (PART-1 to 11) & I. S. 269 1978.
Test for Fineness
The first requirement is that 90% of cement
should pass IS 90 mircons. Indian standard
also specifies fineness test by blaine’s air
permeability method as described in IS 4031-
1968
95% of cement particles are smaller than 45
micrometer, with the average particle around
15 micrometer.
Fineness of cement affects heat released and
the rate of hydration.
43. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
TESTS FOR FINENESS
(IS 4031 & I. S. 269 1978. )
The principle is based
on relation between
the rate of flow of air
through a cement bed
and surface area of
particles comprising
the cement bed of
given porosity
It should be at least 225
m2
/kg
BLAINE AIR PERMEABILTY
APPARATUS
45. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
TESTS FOR FINENESS
STEP WISE PROCEDURE
1. Calculate the bulk volume of compacted bed of standard cement
V = (WA-WB) / D Where
WA= gms of, mercury required to fill the permeability cell
WB= gms of mercury required to fill the portion of the cell not
occupied by the bed of cement formed by 2.8 gms of standard
cement sample .
D= Density of mercury at temperature of test.
2. Determine the weight of the standard sample ( W) required to
produce a bed having porosity
of 0.500 ± 0.005 (e) as follows:
W = 3.15V(1-e)
Where V = Bulk volume of compacted cement powder
And e = Desired porosity of bed of cement (0.500 ± 0.005)
46. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
TESTS FOR FINENESS
STEP WISE PROCEDURE
3. Determine the time taken by the manometer liquid to fall from
second mark from the top to the third mark on the, manometer
when air is allowed to permeate through the compacted cement
4. Calculate the constant of the apparatus (k) by using the following
formula
Ss = k √ Ts where k = Ss/ √ Ts
Where Ss is the fineness of standard portland cement in Sq.
cm/gm.
5. Using the same quantity (w) of the cement sample find the time
(Ts) in seconds required for the manometer liquid fall from
second mark to third mark
6. Calculate the specific surface of cement in Sq. cm/gm using the
form
S= k √ Ts
47. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
BIS REQUIREMENT FOR
FINENESS
1. As per I. S. 269 the residue of cement sampled on the sieve 90 micron
after sieving should not exceed .following % by weight for different
types of cements.
Ordinary Portland cement 10%
Rapid hardening cement 5%
Low heat cement 5%
2. As per I. S. 269 the specific surface area of cement sample should not
exceed following for different types of cement.
Ordinary Portland cement 2250 sq. cm per gm
Rapid hardening cement 3050 sq. cm per gm
Low heat cement 3250 sq. cm per gm
48. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
TESTS FOR FINENESS
(IS 4031 )
More is the fineness
of cement more will
be the rate of
hydration.
Thus the fineness
accelerates strength
development
principally during the
first seven days
Very large picture of cement
49. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Test of Normal or standard
Consistency (IS 4031)
Consistency refers to the relative mobility of a freshly
mixed cement paste or mortar or its ability to flow.
Normal / standard consistency
Permit vicat’s plunger to penetrate
5 to 7 mm from bottom
Amount of water as % by weight of
dry cement
50. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Test of Normal or standard
Consistency ( IS 4031)
It is the consistency at which
the vicat plunger G of
10mm diameter and
50mm length will
penetrate 33-35 mm
within 3 to 5 minutes of
mixing .
The test procedure is to
carry at least three trial
experiment by mixing the
cement with distilled water
varying from about 24 to
27 % of weight of cement . VICAT APPARATUS
51. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Test of Normal or standard Consistency
STEPWISE PROCEDURE: (as per I.S.4031-1988)
1. Weigh about 400 gm of cement accurately and placed it in
enamel trough .
2. To start with add about 25% of potable water and mix it by
means of spatula. Care should be taken that the gauging time is
not less than three minutes and not more than 5 minutes.
3. Apply thin layer of oil to inner surface of mould. Fill the Vicat's
mould with this paste in the mould resting on non- porous plate.
4. Make the surface of cement paste in level with the top of mould
with the trowel. The mould should be slightly shaken to the expel
air.
5. Place the mould together with the non-porous plate under the
rod bearing the plunger so that it touches the surface of the test
block.
52. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Test of Normal or standard Consistency
STEPWISE PROCEDURE: (as per I.S.4031-1988)
6. Release quickly the plunger allowing it to sink in the cement
paste in the mould. Note down the penetration of the plunger in the
paste ,when the penetration of plunger becomes stable in the
mould.
7. If the penetration of plunger in the paste is less than the 33 to 35
mm from the top of the mould, prepare the trial paste with
increasing percentage of water and repeat the above mentioned
procedure until the plunger penetrate to a depth of 33 to 35 mm
from the top or 5 to 7 mm from the bottom of mould.
8. Expressed this amount of water as a percentage by weight of
dry cement.
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Test for Soundness (IS 4031)
Soundness is the ability of a hardened paste to
retain its volume after setting.
The cement is said to be sound when the
percentage of free lime and magnesia is with in
specified limits .
A cement is said to be unsound (i.e. having lack
of soundness) if it is subjected to delayed
destructive expansion.
These materials expand in the structure and
thus the concrete or mortar also expand,
causing unequal expansion of paste
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Test for Soundness (IS 4031)
The Soundness test is an indication of excess of
lime caused by inadequate burning of cement or
excess of magnesia or sulphates .
1. Le chatelier’s Test
2. Autocalve test
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Le Chatelier Test
STEP WISE PROCEDURE ( AS PER IS : 4031):
1. Prepare a cement paste formed by gauging cement with 0.78 times
water required to give a paste of standard consistency. The
gauging time should not be less than 3 minutes nor greater than 5
minutes.
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Le Chatelier Test
STEPWISE PROCEDURE ( AS PER IS : 4031):
2. Oil the inner surface of the mould. Place the mould on a glass sheet
and fill it with cement paste, taking care to keep the edges of the
mould gently together. Cover the mould with another piece of glass
sheet and peace a small weight on this covering glass sheet and
immediately submerge the whole assembly in water at a
temperature of 27°Cand keep it for 24 hours.
3. Take out the assembly from water after 24 hrs. Measure the
distance between the indicator points and record it (D1)
4. Submerge the mould again in water and bring the water to boiling in
25 to 30 minutes and keep it boiling for three hours.
5. Remove the mould from the water. Allow it to cool and measure the
distance between the indicator points and record it ( D2 ).
6. Three samples should be tested and average of the results should
be reported.
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Le Chatelier Test
This test shows unsoundness due to lime only.
Unaerated cement paste at normal consistency
is first tested for expansion. If the test results
does not satisfy requirement of 10mm
expansion .
Another test shall be made after aeration of
cement by spreading of sample to a depth of
75mm at relative humidity of 50% to 80% for 7
days the expansion in this aerated cement test
should not be more then 5 mm
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Autoclave Test
Autocalve Test is used for both lime and
magnesia excess indication .
All the cement having a magnesia content more
then 3 % is to be tested for soundness by this
test with unaerated cement .
The test consist of heating bar made of cement
paste with water of normal consistency and
measuring its expansion
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Test for Setting Time
The Setting Time is also determined by vicat’s
needle on cement paste of normal
consistency . For this test , we use 1mm
square needle , this time to penetrate 33-
35mm is taken as initial setting time.
For final setting time we use special needle (5mm
dia) and time at which this needle will not
penetrate more then 0.5mm is taken as final
set.
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Compressive Strength
This is most important test. The compressive
strength of cement is determine from cube of
face 50cm2
in area made of cement mortar with
one part cement and three part of standard
sand (conforming to IS 650-1966) by weight
and water corresponding to 25% normal
consistency plus three percent of combined
weight of cement and sand .
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Heat of Hydration (IS 4031-1968)
Hydration of cement is chemical reaction and it
produce heat . In very massive construction this
effect can rise the temperature of concrete as
much as 50°C . In such cases , we should use
low heat cements or adopt cooling method.
The test is carried out by calorimeter. Low heat
cement should satisfy following criteria
1. In 7 days, heat generated should not be more
than 65 calories/gm of cement.
2. In 28 days, heat generated should not be more
than 75 calories/gm of cement.
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Storage of Cement
Cement is moisture-sensitive material; if kept
dry it will retain its quality indefinitely.
When exposed to moisture, cement will set
more slowly and will have less strength
compared to cement that kept dry.
At the time of use cement should be free-
flowing and free of lumps.
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