The document discusses different types of cement and concrete used in construction. It describes cement as the binding agent in concrete which is composed of aggregates, cement, and water. Several types of cement are listed including Portland cement and high alumina cement. The properties and chemical composition of concrete are also summarized. Different types of concrete for pavement construction are defined such as high strength concrete, fiber reinforced concrete, and self-compacting concrete.
Portland cement is the most important ingredient of concrete and is a versatile and relatively high cost material. Large scale production of cement is causing environmental problems on one hand and depletion of natural resources on other hand. This threat to ecology has led to researchers to use industrial by products as supplementary cementations material in making concrete. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the strength parameters of concrete made with partial replacement of cement by silica fume.
Cement and Concrete: Promise of Fly AshDr J.D. Bapat
The presentation made by Dr J D Bapat illustrates the importance of fly ash utilisation. The slides depict how fly ash is used in cement and concrete to improve its strength and durability.
Study of Compressive and Flexural Strength of Fibrous Triple Blended High Str...researchinventy
-Change has been a constant parameter within the concrete industry in view of increasing construction activities and most importantly an increased thrust in high quality yet economic structures. This change has thus, brought along with it, different trends in concrete technology with respect to the way in which it is perceived and more technically, its composition, its handling, mixing etc. . As a result, we have today, different types of concretes such as triple blended concrete, self-compacted concrete, bacterial concrete etc. which have, in their own respective manner, succeeded in enhancing the serviceability of the structure with which they are built, in comparison to ordinary concrete. In this report, we focus and emphasize on Triple Blended Concrete, its meaning, materials involved, process of casting, testing, salient features et al.
Analysis the Effect of Steel Fibre and Marble Dust with Strength of Pavement ...ijtsrd
The thrust nowadays is to produce thinner and green pavement sections of better quality, which can carry the heavy loads. The high strength steel fibre reinforced concrete is a concrete having compressive strength greater than 40MPa, made of hydraulic cements and containing fine and coarse aggregates; and discontinuous, unconnected, randomly distributed steel fibres. The present study aims at, developing pavement quality concrete mixtures incorporating marble dust as partial replacement of cement as well as steel fibres. The aim is to the design of slab thickness of PQC pavement using the achieved flexural strength of the concrete mixtures. In this study, the flexural, compressive and split tensile strength for pavement quality concrete mixtures for different percentage of steel fibres and replacement of cement with marble dust are reported. It is found out the maximum increase in flexure strength, compressive strength and split tensile strength is for 0% Marble Dust and 1% Steel fibre. Also it has been possible to achieve savings in cement by replacing it with marble dust and adding fibres. This study also shows that in view of the high flexural strength, high values of compressive strength and high values of split tensile strength, higher load carrying capacity and higher life expectancy, the combination of 10 to 20% marble dust replacement along with addition of 0.5 to 1% steel fibres is ideal for design of Pavement Quality Concrete (PQC). Krishan Kumar | Sumesh Jain"Analysis the Effect of Steel Fibre and Marble Dust with Strength of Pavement Quality Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd152.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/152/analysis-the-effect-of-steel-fibre-and-marble-dust-with-strength-of-pavement-quality-concrete/krishan-kumar
Introduction
Types Of Fibers
Production Of SCFRC
Fresh Concrete Tests
Concrete Mixing And Casting Of Beams
Influence Of Concrete Type And Coarse Aggregate Characteristics On Shear
Influence Of Shear Span To Depth Ratio On Shear
Influence Of Beam Size On Shear
Advantages
Conclusions
References
Although crystalline waterproofing has been used in Europe and North America for more than 50 years, it is still met with some scepticism. Today, this method of waterproofing concrete has been proven effective through successful use in virtually every country of the world.
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings.
Here includes The Best civil engineering structures ever built by mankind till date.
Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) is a binder course used for roads with more number of heavy commercial vehicles and a close-graded premix material having a voids content of 5-10 per cent.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
2. CEMENT
Cement is the costliest and most
important ingredient of concrete.
Cement has cohesive and adhesive
properties which make him capable of
bonding the materials.
The cements of interest in the making of
concrete have the property of setting
and hardening under water by virtue of
chemical reaction with it are, therefore
called Hydraulic Cement.
Hydraulic cements consist of mainly of
silicate, sand aluminates of lime and can
be classified broadly as natural cements.
For e.g. Portland cement, high alumina
cement, etc.
3. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CEMENT
Cement mainly consists of lime, sand, alumina, and iron oxide. The
major compounds of cement are classified as follows:
Tricalcium Silicate (C₃S) : 50±5%
Dicalcium Silicate (C₂S) : 30±5%
Tricalcium Aluminate (C₃A) : 9±4%
Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite (C₄AF) : 12±3%
Free Lime : 1±.5%
4. Different Types Of CEMENT
Ordinary Portland cement
(i) Ordinary Portland cement 33 Grade- IS 269:1989
(ii) Ordinary Portland Cement 43 Grade- IS 8112:1989
(iii) Ordinary Portland Cement 53 Grade- IS 12269:1987
Rapid Hardening Cement - IS 8041:1990
Sulphate Resisting Cement –IS 12330:1998
Quick setting Cement
Low Heat Cement –IS 12600:1989
Portland Pozzolana Cement – IS 1489 (Part-1) 1991 (Fly ash based)
Air Entraining Cement
Colored Cement - (White Cement IS 8042:1989)
Expansive Cement
High Alumina Cement- IS 6452:1989
5. CONCRETE
Concrete is a composite material composed of
gravels or crushed stones (coarse aggregate),
sand (fine aggregate) and hydrated cement
(binder),and imparts considerable hardness to
the mixture.
The cement reacts chemically with the water
and other ingredients to form a hard matrix
which binds all the materials together into a
durable stone-like material that has many uses.
Sometimes, additives such as pozzolans or super
plasticizers are included in the mixture
Most concrete is poured with reinforcing
materials (such as rebar) embedded to provide
tensile strength, yielding reinforced concrete.
7. Compressive Strength
Compressive strength is defined as the measured maximum resistance
of a concrete or mortar specimen to an axial load, usually expressed
in PSI(pound per square inch) at an age of 28days.
Concrete compressive strength depends upon many factors:-
-Quality & Proportions of the ingredients
-The curing environment
The grades are designated by one letter M (for mix) and a number
from 10 to 80 indicating the characteristic compressive strength (fck)
in N/mm2.
As per IS 456 (Table 2), concrete has three groups as (i) ordinary
concrete (M 10 to M 20), (ii) standard concrete (M 25 to M 55) and (iii)
high strength concrete (M 60 to M 80).
Note: The following grade of concrete are generally used in highway
pavements and are M30 M35 M40 M45.
8. Tensile Strength
Concrete is not normally resist to direct tension, the knowledge of
tensile strength is use to estimate to load under which cracking will
develop.
This is due to its influence on the formation of cracks and its
propagation to the tension side of reinforced concrete flexural
member.
The tensile strength of concrete is relatively low.
The flexural and splitting tensile strengths are obtained as described
in IS 516 and IS 5816, respectively.
However, the following expression gives an estimation of flexural
strength (fcr) of concrete from its characteristic compressive strength.
fcr = 0.7 𝑓ck in N/mm2
9. Elastic
Deformation
It is seen that the initial
tangent modulus is much
higher than Et (tangent modulus
inelastic respectively)
components of strain. The
initial tangent modulus Ec in
N/mm2 is estimated from
Ec = 5000 𝑓ck
The initial tangent modulus Ec
is also known as short term
static modulus of elasticity of
concrete in N/mm2 and is used
to calculate the elastic
deflections.
10. Shrinkage
Shrinkage is the time dependent deformation, generally
compressive in nature.
The constituents of concrete, size of the member and
environmental conditions are the factors on which the
total shrinkage of concrete depends. However, the total
shrinkage is most influenced by the total amount of water
present in the concrete at the time of mixing for a given
humidity and temperature.
The approximate value of the total shrinkage strain for
design is taken as 0.0003
11. Additives & Admixture Admixtures are chemicals which are added to concrete at the mixing stage to
modify some properties of the mix.
The reason of using admixtures in concrete are as follows:
To Improve Durability.
Water Reduction in the Mix without changing workability.
To produce High Strength Concrete.
Accelerate the rate of strength development at early stages.
Strength Enhancement.
Crack Control (shrinkage reduction)
To improve pump ability.
Finish Enhancement.
Early Strength and Reduced Permeability.
Produce a fluid backfill, which flows easily and is self-leveling.
To reduce the total cost of the materials used in concrete.
12. Type of Admixture
Plasticizers (water-reducing agent):When concrete of high
workability without using excess of water is required
then, Plasticizers are used. The main types of plasticizers
are: LignoSulphates based, Melamine Sulphate based, and
Naphthalene Sulphate based.
Super plasticizers (high range water reducers):The use of
plasticizer is practiced for production of flowing, self
levelling, self-compacting and for the production of high
strength concrete and high performance concrete. Super-
plasticizer are chemical compounds such as modified lingo
Sulphates (MLS), sulphonated melamine formaldehyde
(SMF), sulphonated naphthalene formaldehyde (SNF) and
other polycarboxylate based materials.
13. Type of Admixture
(contd)
Retarders: They are used when delay in setting time is
required to ensure sufficient placement, vibration or
compaction. Commonly known retarders calcium
Sulphate, hydroxylated carboxylic acids, sugars, acids or
salts of acids.
Accelerators: Accelerators work by accelerating cement
hydration, which results in shortened setting times and
increased early age strengths, particularly in cooler
temperatures. For e.g.. Calcium chloride
14. Types of concrete used in pavement
construction:
High strength concrete
High performance concrete
Stamped concrete
Fibre reinforced concrete
Self Compacting concrete
15. High strength concrete
High strength concrete has a compressive strength greater than 40
MPa (6800 psi). Recently, this strength has rose to 50 to 60 MPa and its
use has increase in construction of high-rise bldg. and long span
bridges. High strength concrete is made by lowering the w/c ratio to
0.35 or lower.
Often silica fume is added to prevent the formation of free calcium
hydroxide crystals in the cement matrix, which reduce the strength at
the cement-aggregate bond.
Low w/c ratios and use of silica fume make concrete less workable,
which is particularly likely to be perform in high-strength concrete
applications where dense rebar cages are likely to be used.
To compensate for reduced workability, super-plasticizers are
commonly added to high-strength mixtures.
16. High Performance concrete
HPC is being vastly used for highway pavement due to potential
economic benefits that can be derived from early strength gain of
HPC, it reduced permeability, increased water or abrasion resistance
to steel studded tires and improved freeze-thaw durability.
Different types of HPC are being considered for pavement repairs for
early opening of traffic, bridge deck overlays, etc.
A durable concrete called fast track concrete designed to give high
strength at very early stage without using special materials or
techniques has been developed.
Fast track concrete paving (FTCP) technology can be used for
complete pavement reconstruction, partial replacement by an inlay of
atleast one lane, strengthening of existing bituminous or concrete
pavements by a concrete overlay, rapid maintainence and
reconstruction processes, and air-field pavement.
Benefits of applying FTCP is to reduce construction period, early
opening of pavement to traffic, and minimizing the use of expansive
concrete paving plant.
17. Stamped concrete
Stamped concrete is an architectural concrete which has superior
surface finish.
After a concrete floor has been laid, floor hardeners (can be
pigmented) are impregnated on the surface and a mold which may be
textured to replicate a stone/brick or even wood is stamped on to
give an attractive textured surface finish.
After sufficient hardening, the surface is cleaned and generally sealed
to give protection.
The wear resistance of stamped concrete is generally excellent and
hence found in applications like parking lots, pavements, walkways,
etc.
18. Fibre reinforced
concrete
Fibre-reinforced concrete (FRC) is
concrete containing fibrous
material which increases its
structural integrity.
Fibres include steel fibres, glass-
fibres, synthetic-fibres and natural
fibres – each of which lend varying
properties to the concrete.
The amount of fibres added to a
concrete mix is ranging from 0.1
to 3%.
Fibre reinforced concrete is
increasingly used on account of
the advantages of increased static
and dynamic tensile strength,
energy absorbing characteristic
and better fatigue strength.
19. Self Compacting
Concrete
Self-consolidating concrete or self-compacting
concrete(SCC) is characterized by a low yield
stress, high deformability, and moderate viscosity
necessary to ensure uniform suspension of solid
particles during transportation, placement
(without external compaction), and thereafter
until the concrete sets.
Such concrete can be used for casting heavily
reinforced sections, places where there can be no
access to vibrators for compaction and in complex
shapes of formwork which may otherwise be
impossible to cast, giving a far superior surface
than conventional concrete.
It has been demonstrated that a total sand
content of about 50% of total aggregate is
favorable in designing for SCC.
20. Dry Lean Concrete
(For Sub-Base) Dry lean cement concrete (DLC) is
used as a sub- base for concrete
construction.
It is a plain concrete with a large
ratio of aggregate to cement than
conventional concrete.(i.e. 15:1)
The work should not proceed if
the temperature rises above 30c
and in that case ice water may be
applied.
The curing of DLC can be done by
spraying liquid curing compound
or by covering the surface with
wetted jute bags.
21. Conclusion
Concrete is the material which can stand for longer span without any
structural deterioration or wear and tear of surfaces.
There are many types of concrete and further more development in
the mix of concrete will improve the quality of pavements surface at
very low cost rather than asphaltic paved roads.
It provides economical benefits such as low cost, less maintainence,
last long, stand up the seasonal stresses, etc.
It also provides environmental benefits such as use less energy to
build and maintain, reusable and recyclable, requires less aggregate
for road base, make use of industrial by-products thereby reducing
waste, etc.
22. Thank You
Reference :
• Concrete Technology by M.S.Shetty
• FRC-pdf
• The concrete institute, ―Admixture for Concrete‖,
www.theconcreteinstitute.org.za
• Cement Concrete Pavements, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.
Ltd., 1996.