This document provides information on ordinary Portland cement grade 53, including its definition, history, manufacturing process, chemical and physical requirements, and uses. Key points:
- Cement is made from limestone, clay, and other materials that are heated to form clinker and then ground with gypsum.
- The manufacturing process involves quarrying raw materials, crushing, grinding, burning at high temperatures, cooling clinker, and grinding it with gypsum to form cement.
- Cement must meet chemical requirements for composition and physical requirements for things like setting time and strength.
- The main uses of cement are in concrete and mortar for construction of buildings, infrastructure, and more.
Manufaturing Process Of Cement
Contents-
What is CEMENT ?
Introduction
Diff. B/w Cement and Portland Cement
Components Of Portland Cement
History of PORTLAND CEMENT.
Manufacturing of PORTLAND CEMENT.
Components
Processes
Dry Process
Wet Process
Manufaturing Process Of Cement
Contents-
What is CEMENT ?
Introduction
Diff. B/w Cement and Portland Cement
Components Of Portland Cement
History of PORTLAND CEMENT.
Manufacturing of PORTLAND CEMENT.
Components
Processes
Dry Process
Wet Process
CEMENT , TYPES OF CEMENTS , PORTLAND CEMENT
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT, GENERAL FEATURES OF THE MAIN TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT, ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT (OPC), RAPID HARDENING PORTLAND CEMENT, SPECIAL TYPES OF RAPID HARDENING PORTLAND CEMENT, MANUFACTURE OF PORTLAND CEMENT, Raw Materials, Crushing & Grinding of Raw Materials,Type of cement processes, Wet Process, Dry process, Burning Process, Grinding, storage, packing, dispatch,CEMENT CHEMISTRY,Chemical Compositions,Bogue’s Equations, Fineness of cement
Powerpoint presentation on CEMENT {PPT}Prateek Soni
Cement is a mixture on calcareous, siliceous, argillaceous and other substances.
This presentation is completed by prateek soni and for more detail you can checkout this ppt.
Cement is a building material for binding bricks, stones or aggregates.
Used for making mortar or concrete.
Cements natural and artificial.
Natural cement-burning and crushing of stones and lime.
Artificial cement-burning at high temperature and gypsum is added.
Cement is topic;like and give credit for my free work
cement
cement and its types
Manufacturing of cement
uses of cement
wet process
dry process
portland cement
raw materials used in cement
field tests for cement
Cement, Cement manufacturing, Types of cementNaresh Kumar
Cement, in general, adhesive substances of all kinds, but, in a narrower sense, the binding materials used in building and civil engineering construction. Cements of this kind are finely ground powders that, when mixed with water, set to a hard mass. Setting and hardening result from hydration, which is a chemical combination of the cement compounds with water that yields submicroscopic crystals or a gel-like material with a high surface area. Because of their hydrating properties, constructional cements, which will even set and harden under water, are often called hydraulic cements. The most important of these is portland cement.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY STUDIES ON CONCRETE WITH DOLOCHAR AS COAR...Journal For Research
Aggregate is one of the main ingredients in producing concrete. It covers major portion of the total for any concrete mix. The strength of the concrete produced is dependent on the properties of aggregates used. However, the construction industry is increasingly making higher demands of this material because of which it may result in scarcity or unavailable in the future. Hence need for an alternative coarse aggregate arises. The aim for this project is to determine the strength and durability characteristics of structural concrete by replacing coarse aggregates with Dolochar (Scrap material obtained from the manufacturing process of sponge iron), which will give a better understanding on the properties of concrete with these aggregates. The scope of this project is to investigate the possibility of using Dolochar material as an alternative material to coarse aggregate in structural concrete. The experimental investigation were carried out using detailed strength and durability related tests such as compressive strength test of cubes, acid resistance test and Permeability tests were conducted by replacing the coarse aggregates in concrete mixes by Dolochar. Tests were also conducted on the concrete testing cubes for 3,7 and 28 Days. From the experimental investigation it was found that Dolochar material can be used as an alternative for coarse aggregate in concrete However further investigations have to be made to study long term effects.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINI CEMENT PLANT...Journal For Research
This research is about analyzing the chemical and physical characteristics of cement and concrete. Cement can be classified based on its chemical properties. The sample taken for this research work is Kamal OPC 53 grade mini cement plant and Ultratech OPC 53 grade major cement plant. The difference can be analyzed by determining the chemical composition of the cement and its effect on physical properties of cement and concrete. Secondly, it is not necessary that in every structural member of a building, the cement used needs to be same. To determine that which cement is more suitable for which structural element this analysis is beneficial. Again, if any new type of admixture needs to be introduced in the concrete, it is important to understand the chemical composition of cement and how the new admixture may react with the cement. Also, this research is about how the changes in chemical composition of cement affect the physical properties of cement and concrete. It is noticed that due to lack in standardization of cement, even the same sample of cement gives different result.
CEMENT , TYPES OF CEMENTS , PORTLAND CEMENT
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT, GENERAL FEATURES OF THE MAIN TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT, ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT (OPC), RAPID HARDENING PORTLAND CEMENT, SPECIAL TYPES OF RAPID HARDENING PORTLAND CEMENT, MANUFACTURE OF PORTLAND CEMENT, Raw Materials, Crushing & Grinding of Raw Materials,Type of cement processes, Wet Process, Dry process, Burning Process, Grinding, storage, packing, dispatch,CEMENT CHEMISTRY,Chemical Compositions,Bogue’s Equations, Fineness of cement
Powerpoint presentation on CEMENT {PPT}Prateek Soni
Cement is a mixture on calcareous, siliceous, argillaceous and other substances.
This presentation is completed by prateek soni and for more detail you can checkout this ppt.
Cement is a building material for binding bricks, stones or aggregates.
Used for making mortar or concrete.
Cements natural and artificial.
Natural cement-burning and crushing of stones and lime.
Artificial cement-burning at high temperature and gypsum is added.
Cement is topic;like and give credit for my free work
cement
cement and its types
Manufacturing of cement
uses of cement
wet process
dry process
portland cement
raw materials used in cement
field tests for cement
Cement, Cement manufacturing, Types of cementNaresh Kumar
Cement, in general, adhesive substances of all kinds, but, in a narrower sense, the binding materials used in building and civil engineering construction. Cements of this kind are finely ground powders that, when mixed with water, set to a hard mass. Setting and hardening result from hydration, which is a chemical combination of the cement compounds with water that yields submicroscopic crystals or a gel-like material with a high surface area. Because of their hydrating properties, constructional cements, which will even set and harden under water, are often called hydraulic cements. The most important of these is portland cement.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY STUDIES ON CONCRETE WITH DOLOCHAR AS COAR...Journal For Research
Aggregate is one of the main ingredients in producing concrete. It covers major portion of the total for any concrete mix. The strength of the concrete produced is dependent on the properties of aggregates used. However, the construction industry is increasingly making higher demands of this material because of which it may result in scarcity or unavailable in the future. Hence need for an alternative coarse aggregate arises. The aim for this project is to determine the strength and durability characteristics of structural concrete by replacing coarse aggregates with Dolochar (Scrap material obtained from the manufacturing process of sponge iron), which will give a better understanding on the properties of concrete with these aggregates. The scope of this project is to investigate the possibility of using Dolochar material as an alternative material to coarse aggregate in structural concrete. The experimental investigation were carried out using detailed strength and durability related tests such as compressive strength test of cubes, acid resistance test and Permeability tests were conducted by replacing the coarse aggregates in concrete mixes by Dolochar. Tests were also conducted on the concrete testing cubes for 3,7 and 28 Days. From the experimental investigation it was found that Dolochar material can be used as an alternative for coarse aggregate in concrete However further investigations have to be made to study long term effects.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINI CEMENT PLANT...Journal For Research
This research is about analyzing the chemical and physical characteristics of cement and concrete. Cement can be classified based on its chemical properties. The sample taken for this research work is Kamal OPC 53 grade mini cement plant and Ultratech OPC 53 grade major cement plant. The difference can be analyzed by determining the chemical composition of the cement and its effect on physical properties of cement and concrete. Secondly, it is not necessary that in every structural member of a building, the cement used needs to be same. To determine that which cement is more suitable for which structural element this analysis is beneficial. Again, if any new type of admixture needs to be introduced in the concrete, it is important to understand the chemical composition of cement and how the new admixture may react with the cement. Also, this research is about how the changes in chemical composition of cement affect the physical properties of cement and concrete. It is noticed that due to lack in standardization of cement, even the same sample of cement gives different result.
The report is being made on the experience of 3 weeks office training.
briefly describes the quality tests of Fine and Coarse aggregates .
Complete calculation of concrete mix design is included with solved numerical equations.
Cement, water and admixtures quality test is not performed because the contractor purchase it from other chemical and cement manufacturer company.
Portland Cement
Portland cement is extensively used in the construction of nuclear waste facilities and as a matrix for shielding and immobilization of radioactive species. It affords both a physical and chemical potential for immobilization. These potentials are quantified and related to specification, fabrication, and performance. However, performance in the long term depends on the cement formulation as well as the geochemistry of the disposal environment and interactions between cement and its near field environment including inactive waste components and other containment materials. Future performance can be estimated using data from natural analogs,
the experience of the performance of historic structures, and by modeling. A comparison of Portland cement with other non-Portland cement is also made.
Cement, one of the most essential building materials, is a compulsory agent that sets and hardens to hold to building units such as stones, bricks, tiles etc. Cement is a combination of composites consisting mainly of silicates and aluminates of calcium produced out of silica, calcium oxide, aluminum oxide and iron oxide. We can affirm that cement is a hydraulic substance made by finely crushing clinker together with Gypsum and other additives such as slag, and fly ash etc.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. INTRODUCTION
Definition: “Cement is a crystalline compound of
calcium silicates and other calcium compounds
having hydraulic properties” (Macfadyen, 2006).
3. History
Lime and clay have been used as
cementing material on constructions
through many centuries.
Cement was first invented by the
Egyptians. Cement was later
reinvented by the Greeks and the
Babylonians who made their mortar out
of lime. Later, the Romans produced
cement from pozzolana.
Romans are commonly given the
credit for the development of
hydraulic cement, the most
significant incorporation of the
Roman’s was the use of pozzolan-
lime cement by mixing volcanic ash
from the Mt. Vesuvius with lime.
Best know surviving example is the
Pantheon in Rome
In 1824 yoosuph Aspdin from
England invented the Portland
cement
4. Cements are considered hydraulic because of their ability to set and
harden under or with excess water through the hydration of the cement’s
chemical compounds or minerals
There are two types:
1. Those that activate with the addition of water
2. And pozzolanic that develop hydraulic properties when
the interact with hydrated lime Ca(OH)2
Pozzolanic: any siliceous material that develops hydraulic cementitious properties
when interacted with hydrated lime.
HYDRAULIC CEMENTS:
Hydraulic lime: Only used in specialized mortars. Made from calcination
of clay-rich limestones.
Natural cements: Misleadingly called Roman. It is made from
argillaceous limestones or interbedded limestone and clay or shale, with few
raw materials. Because they were found to be inferior to portland, most plants
switched.
Types of Cement
5. Portland cement: Artificial cement. Made by the mixing clinker with
gypsum in a 95:5 ratio.
Portland-limestone cements: Large amounts (6% to 35%) of ground
limestone have been added as a filler to a portland cement base.
Blended cements: Mix of portland cement with one or more SCM
(supplementary cemetitious materials) like pozzolanic additives.
Pozzolan-lime cements: Original Roman cements. Only a small quantity
is manufactured in the U.S. Mix of pozzolans with lime.
Masonry cements: Portland cement where other materials have been
added primarily to impart plasticity.
Aluminous cements: Limestones and bauxite are the main raw materials.
Used for refractory applications (such as cementing furnace bricks) and certain
applications where rapid hardening is required. It is more expensive than
portland. There is only one producing facility in the U.S.
6. TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
Cements of different chemical composition & physical characteristics may
exhibit different properties when hydrated. It should thus be possible to select
mixtures of raw materials for the production of cements with various
properties.
In fact several cement types are available and most of them have been
developed to ensure durability and strength properties to concrete. It should
also be mentioned that obtaining some special properties of cement may lead
to undesirable properties in another respect. For this reason a balance of
requirements may be necessary and economic aspects should be considered.
1) Standard Types: these cements comply with the definition of P.C., and are
produced by adjusting the proportions of four major compounds.
2) Special Types: these do not necessarily couply with the definiton of P.C. & are
produced by using additional raw materials.
7. Standard Cements (ASTM)
Type I: Ordinary Portland Cement
Suitable to be used in general concrete construction when
special properties are not required.
Type II: Modified Portland Cement
Suitable to be used in general concrete construction. Main
difference between Type I&II is the moderate sulfate
resistance of Type II cement.
Type III: High Early Strength P.C.
Strength development is rapid.
Type IV: Low Heat P.C.
Generates less heat during hydration & therefore gain of
strengthis slower.
8. GEOLOGY (RAW MATERIALS)
The fundamental chemical compounds to produce cement clinker are:
Lime (CaO)
Silica (SiO2)
Alumina (Al2O3)
Iron Oxide (Fe2O3)
Fly ash: by-product of burning finely grounded coal either for industrial application or in
the production of electricity
Raw materials used in the production of clinker cement
9. 5 CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS
When tested in accordance with the methods given in IS 4032, ordinary Portland
cement, 53 grade shall comply with the chemical requirements given in Table .
Chemical Requirements for Ordinary Portland Cement, 53 Grade
11. NOTES
1 In the event of cements failing to comply with any one or both the requirements of
soundness specified in the above table, further tests in respect of each failure shall be
made as described in IS 4031 (Part 3), from another portion of the same sample after
aeration. The aeration shall be done by spreading out the sample to a depth of 75 mm
at a relative humidity of 50 to 80 percent for a total period of 7 days. The expansion of
cements so aerated shall be not more than 5 mm and 0.6 percent when tested by Le
Chatelier method and autoclave test respectively. For 53-S grade cement, the
requirement of soundness of unaerated cement shall be maximum expansion of 5 mm
when tested by the Le-Chatelier method.
2 If cement exhibits false set, the ratio of final penetration measured after 5 minutes of
completion of mixing period to the initial penetration measured exactly after 20 seconds
of completion of mixing period, expressed as percent, shall be not less than 50. In the
event of cement exhibiting false set, the initial and final setting time of cement when
tested by the method described in IS 4031(Part 5) after breaking the false set, shall
conform to the value given in the above table.
3 By agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer, transverse strength test
of plastic mortar in accordance with the method described in IS 4031(Part 8) may be
specified. The permissible values of the transverse strength shall be mutually agreed to
between the purchaser and the supplier at the time of placing the order.
4 Notwithstanding the compressive and transverse strength requirements specified as
per the above table, the cement shall show a progressive increase in strength from the
strength at 72 hours.
12. Limestone deposits are mainly extracted by bench mining in which holes are
charged with ammonium nitrate and fuel oil explosive and blasted
The rock is excavated with front end loaders (10 m3
capacity) and loaded into
70 to 90 tons haul trucks and then transported to the primary crusher
Marl and chalk normally do not require blasting.
A trend is to use in pit moveable primary crushers and belt conveyors to
transport the rock to a fixed secondary crusher, thereby reducing the number
of trucks and haulage distance
Underground mining of limestones is not typical, in the U.S one plant obtains
its limestone from underground operation, using room and pillar mining
method.
Clay and shale normally extracted using front end loaders and loaded into
haul trucks.
When they occur as overburden the clays and shales not used are stored and
often reused for reclamation in the mined out areas of the quarry
MINING METHODS
14. THE CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
1. BLASTING : The raw materials that are used to manufacture cement (mainly limestone and clay) are
blasted from the quarry.
Quarry face
1. BLASTING 2. TRANSPORT
3. CRUSHING AND TRANSPORTATION : The raw materials, after crushing, are
transported to the plant by conveyor. The plant stores the materials before they are
homogenized.
Quarry
3. CRUSHING & TRANSPORTATION
2. TRANSPORT : The raw materials are loaded into a dumper.
crushing
conveyor
dumper
storage at
the plant
loader
15. THE CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
1. RAW GRINDING : The raw materials are very finely ground in order to produce the raw mix.
1. RAW GRINDING
Raw grinding and burning
2. BURNING
2. BURNING : The raw mix is preheated before it goes into the kiln, which is heated by a flame that can
be as hot as 2000 °C. The raw mix burns at 1500 °C producing clinker which, when it leaves the kiln, is
rapidly cooled with air fans. So, the raw mix is burnt to produce clinker : the basic material needed to
make cement.
conveyor Raw mix
kiln
cooling
preheating
clinker
storage at
the plant
Raw mill
16. THE CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
1.GRINDING : The clinker and the gypsum are very finely ground giving a “pure cement”. Other secondary
additives and cementitious materials can also be added to make a blended cement.
1. GRINDING
Grinding, storage, packing, dispatch
2. STORAGE, PACKING, DISPATCH
2. STORAGE, PACKING, DISPATCH :The cement is stored in silos before being dispatched either in
bulk or in bags to its final destination.
clinker
storage
Gypsum and the secondary additives are
added to the clinker.
silos
dispatch
bags
Finish grinding
17. TESTS
• The sample or samples of cement for test shall be taken as described in 10 and shall
be tested in the manner described in the relevant clauses.
• Independent Testing
If the purchaser or his representative requires independent tests, the samples shall
be taken before or immediately after delivery at the option of the purchaser or his
representative, and the tests shall be carried out in accordance with this standard on
the written instructions of the purchaser or his representative.
The manufacturer shall supply, free of charge, the cement required for testing.
Unless otherwise specified in the enquiry and order, the cost of the tests shall be
borne as follows:
a) By the manufacturer, if the results show that the cement does not comply with the
requirements of this standard, and
b) By the purchaser, if the results show that the cement complies with the requirement
of this standard.
After a representative sample has been drawn, tests on the sample shall be carried
out as expeditiously as possible.
REJECTION
12.1 Cement may be rejected if it does not comply with any of the requirements of this specification.
12.2 Cement remaining in bulk storage at the factory, prior to shipment, for more than six months, or
cement in bags, in local storage such as, in the hands of a vendor for more than 3 months after
completion of tests, may be retested before use and may be rejected if it fails to conform to any of the
requirements of this specification.
18. Uses
Main use is in the fabrication of concrete and mortars
Modern uses
Building (floors, beams, columns, roofing, piles, bricks, mortar, panels, plaster)
Transport (roads, pathways, crossings, bridges, viaducts, tunnels, parking, etc.)
Water (pipes, drains, canals, dams, tanks, pools, etc.)
Civil (piers, docks, retaining walls, silos, warehousing, poles, pylons, fencing)
Agriculture (buildings, processing, housing, irrigation)
USES
19. Cement used for railway sleepers shall additionally
satisfy the following chemical/mineralogical requirements and shall
be designated as 53-S grade:
• Magnesia, percent by mass, Max 5.0
• Tricalcium aluminate content percent by mass, %, Max 10.0
• Tricalcium silicate, percent by mass, Min 45.0
Note – The tricalcium silicate content (C3S) is calculated by the formula:
C3S = 4.07 CaO - 7.60 Si02 - 6.72 Al203 - 1.43 Fe203 - 2.85 SO3
20. FINENESS OF CEMENT
As hydration takes place at the surface of the cement particles, it is the
surface area of cement particles which provide the material available for
hydration. The rate of hydration is controlled by fineness of cement. For
a rapid rate of hydration a higher fineness is necessary.
However,
• Higher fineness requires higher grinding (cost).
• Finer cements deteriorate faster upon exposure to atmosphere.
• Finer cements are very sensitive to alkali-aggregate reaction.
• Finer cements require more gypsum for proper hydration.
• Finer cements require more water.
Fineness of cement is determined by air permeability methods. For
example, in the Blaine air permeability method a known volume of air is
passed through cement. The time is recorded and the specific surface is
calculated by a formula.
Fineness is expressed in terms of specific surface of the cement (cm2
/gr).
For OPC specific surface is 2600-3000 cm2
/gr.
21. SETTING
Setting refers to a change from liquid state to solid state. Although, during
setting cement paste acquires some strength, setting is different from
hardening.
The water content has a marked effect on the time of setting. In
acceptance tests for cement, the water content is regulated by bringing
the paste to a standard condition of wetness. This is called “normal
consistency”.
Normal consistency of O.P.C. Ranges from 20-30% by weight of cement.
Vicat apparatus is used to determine normal consistency. Normal
consistency is that condition for which the penetration of a standard
weighed plunger into the paste is 10mm in 30sec. By trial & error
determine the w/c ratio.
In practice, the terms initial set&final set are used to describe arbitrary
chosen time of setting. Initial set indicates the beginning of a noticeable
stiffening & final set may be regarded as the start of hardening (or
complete loss of plasticity).
22. Factors Affecting Setting Time
• Temperature & Humidity
• Amount of Water
• Chemical Composition of Cement
• Fineness of Cement (finer cement, faster setting)
Abnormal Settings
False-set
Flash-set
Flash-Set: is the immediate stiffening of cement paste in a few minutes after
mixing with water. It is accompanied by large amount of heat generation
upon reaction of C3A with water.
Gypsum is placed in cement to prevent flash-set. The rigidity can not be
overcome & plasticity may not be regained without addition of water.
Amount of gypsum must be such that it will be used upto almost hardening.
Because expansion caused by ettringite can be distributed to the paste before
hardening. More gypsum will cause undesirable expansion after hardening.
23. False-Set: is a rapid development of rigidity of cement paste without
generation of much heat. This rigidity can be overcome & plasticity can be
regained by further mixing without addition of water. In this way cement
paste restores its plasticity & sets in a normal manner without any loss of
strength.
Probable Causes of False-Set:
1) When gypsum is ground by too hot of a clinker, gypsum may be
dehydrated into hemihydrate (CaSO4.1/2H2O) or anhydrate (CaSO4). These
materials when react with water gypsum is formed, which results in
stiffening of the paste.
2) Alkali oxides in cement may carbonate during storage. Upon mixing such
a cement with water, these alkali carbonates will react with
Ca(OH2) (CH- Calcium Hydroxide) liberated by hydrolysis of C3S
resulting in CaCO3. CaCO3 precipates in the mix & results in false-set.
24. SOUNDNESS OF CEMENT
Soundness is defined as the volume stability of cement paste.
The cement paste should not undergo large changes in volume after it
has set. Free CaO&MgO may result in unsound cement. Upon hydration
C&M will form CH&MH with volume increase thus cracking.
Since unsoundness is not apparent until several months or years, it is
necessary to provide an accelerated method for its determination.
1) Lechatelier Method: Only free CaO can be determined.
2) Autoclave Method: Both free CaO&MgO can be determined.
25. STRENGTH OF CEMENT
Strength tests are not carried out on neat cement pastes, because it
is very difficult to form these pastes due to cohesive property of
cement.
Strength tests are carried out on cement mortar prepared by
standard gradation (1 part cement+3 parts sand+1/2 part water)
PP
1
” 1
”
• σt=P/1in2
• Difficult test procedure
26. 2) Flexural Strength (tensile strength in bending):
• σf=(M*C)/I
• M:maximum moment
• I:moment of inertia
• C:distance to bottom fiber
from C.G.
P
L
4c
m
4c
m
C
27. 3) Compression Test:
i) Cubic Sample ii)Flexural Sample after it
is broken
P
P
σc=P/A
4cm
4cm
4cm
σc=P/A
A=4x4
28. Packing
9.1.1 The cement shall be packed in any of the following bags:
a) jute sacking bag conforming to IS 2580,
b) double hessian bituminized (CRI type),
c) multi-wall paper sacks conforming to IS 11761,
d) polyethylene lined (CRI type) jute,
e) light weight jute conforming to IS 12154,
f) HDPE/ PP woven sacks conforming to IS 11652,
g) jute synthetic union bags conforming to IS 12174, or
h) any other approved composite bag