Cellular adaptation
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This document discusses different types of cellular adaptation in response to environmental changes. It describes four main types of adaptation: hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia. Hypertrophy involves an increase in cell size, hyperplasia is an increase in cell number, atrophy is a decrease in cell size and number, and metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another. Examples of each type of adaptation are provided from both physiological and pathological contexts. The document also discusses different tissue types based on their proliferative capacity.
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This document discusses cell injury, adaptation, and death. It explains that cells can undergo adaptation to physiologic or pathologic stresses to maintain homeostasis. Adaptation allows cells to modify their structure and function to avoid injury. If stresses exceed a cell's adaptive capacity, injury occurs. Adaptations include hypertrophy, where cells increase in size rather than number. Hypertrophy can be physiologic, like uterine enlargement during pregnancy, or pathologic, like cardiac enlargement from hypertension. The document then focuses on hypertrophy in more detail.
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Cellular adaptation
This document defines and describes several types of adaptive cellular responses: atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia. It provides the definitions and examples of each type of response. Atrophy is a decrease in cell size, hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, hyperplasia is an increase in cell number, metaplasia is a change from one adult cell type to another, and dysplasia is disordered cellular development. The document also discusses the causes and mechanisms of these adaptive responses and includes images to illustrate examples.
Disorders of cell growth and differentiation
Cell growth and differentiation are normally controlled processes that maintain tissue structure. Disorders can occur when these processes are deregulated. Key disorders include hypertrophy (enlarged cells), hyperplasia (increased cell number), atrophy (decreased cell size and number), metaplasia (one cell type replaces another), dysplasia (abnormal cell growth), and neoplasia (uncontrolled cell growth, i.e. cancer). These disorders are caused by various stimuli and involve molecular pathways regulating cell growth and protein synthesis. Disorders can progress from early changes like metaplasia and dysplasia to late stage cancers if deregulation persists over time.
Metaplasia
Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue. It can be physiologic, such as during pregnancy, or pathologic, such as with excessive hormone stimulation. Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size within an organ or tissue, often due to increased functional demands. Atrophy is a decrease in cell and organ size due to loss of cell substance from factors like disuse or inadequate nutrition. Metaplasia is a reversible change where one adult cell type replaces another, such as squamous replacing columnar epithelium from chronic irritation. These changes can sometimes progress to cancer if the predisposing stimuli persist long-term.
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The document discusses various cellular responses to stress and injury, including adaptations, reversible injury, and cell death. It describes cellular adaptations like hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and atrophy that allow cells to respond to increased or decreased demands. Reversible injury does not cause permanent damage if the stressor is removed. Irreversible injury and the two types of cell death, necrosis and apoptosis, represent permanent damage. Necrosis is caused by external factors and results in inflammatory cell death, while apoptosis is a regulated mechanism of cell removal. The targets of injury are aerobic respiration, cell membranes, protein synthesis, cytoskeleton and DNA.
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Cellular adaptations can occur through hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, or metaplasia in response to stress or changes in workload or stimulation. Hyperplasia involves an increased number of cells through cell proliferation. Hypertrophy involves cellular enlargement without an increase in cell number. Atrophy is a decrease in cell size. Metaplasia is the replacement of one adult cell type with another. Examples provided include uterine hyperplasia during pregnancy, cardiac hypertrophy in hypertension, muscle fiber atrophy after injury or disuse, and squamous metaplasia in the lungs of smokers. Dysplasia refers to alterations in cell size, shape, and organization and is a pre-cancerous condition.
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Cell growth and differentiation are normally controlled processes that maintain tissue structure. Disorders can occur when these processes are deregulated. Key disorders include hypertrophy (enlarged cells), hyperplasia (increased cell number), atrophy (decreased cell size and number), metaplasia (one cell type replaces another), dysplasia (abnormal cell growth), and neoplasia (uncontrolled cell growth, i.e. cancer). These disorders are caused by various stimuli and involve molecular pathways regulating cell growth and protein synthesis. Disorders can progress from early changes like metaplasia and dysplasia to late stage cancers if deregulation persists over time.
Metaplasia
Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue. It can be physiologic, such as during pregnancy, or pathologic, such as with excessive hormone stimulation. Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size within an organ or tissue, often due to increased functional demands. Atrophy is a decrease in cell and organ size due to loss of cell substance from factors like disuse or inadequate nutrition. Metaplasia is a reversible change where one adult cell type replaces another, such as squamous replacing columnar epithelium from chronic irritation. These changes can sometimes progress to cancer if the predisposing stimuli persist long-term.
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cellular adaptation presentation (2)
Cellular Adaptation
as cells encounter stresses they undergo functional or structural adaptations to maintain viability / homeostasis.
Injury - altered homeostasis
if limits of the adaptive response are exceeded or if adaptation not possible, a sequence of events called cell injury occurs.
Reversible Cell Injury
removal of stress results in complete restoration of structural & functional integrity.
b) Irreversible Cell Injury / Cell Death
if stimulus persists or is severe enough from the start, the cell suffers irreversible cell injury and death.
2 main morphologic patterns: necrosis & apoptosis.
Adaptations are reversible changes in the size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity, or functions of cells in response to changes in their environment.
Physiologic adaptations are responses of cells to normal stimulation by hormones or endogenous chemical mediators
Pathologic adaptations are responses to stress that allow cells to modulate their structure and function and thus escape injury.
Hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of cells, that results in an increase in the size of the affected organ
The hypertrophied organ has no new cells, just larger cells.
Types:
a) physiologic b) pathologic
Causes:
a) increased functional demand b) hormonal stimulation
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This presentation mainly deals with granuloma formation and various factors involved in it. It describes the examples of granulomatous disorders and gives a details on how to seperate them on histopathology.It also describes type 4 hypersensitivty reaction concisely
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Acute inflammation is characterized by five signs: redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. The main events of acute inflammation are vascular events like vasodilation and increased permeability, and cellular events involving leukocyte recruitment and activation. This results in an inflammatory cell-rich exudate. Acute inflammation can resolve, repair through regeneration or fibrosis, lead to suppuration or pus formation, or progress to chronic inflammation. Examples include acute appendicitis, meningitis, and pneumonia.
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Lecture 2 (cellular adaptation)
Cellular adaptations like hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia, and apoptosis allow cells to respond to physiological and pathological stimuli in their environment. These adaptations preserve cell viability by allowing cells to modify their growth patterns or metabolism. Certain adaptations like sustained hyperplasia can increase cancer risk by providing fertile ground for neoplastic changes if the stimuli are persistent. Clinical terminology around cellular adaptations is important for understanding disease processes and responses.
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Lect.2
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Metaplasia (1)
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This document discusses various cellular adaptations including physiological and pathological adaptations. It describes physiological adaptations like hypertrophy and hyperplasia that occur in response to increased needs. Pathological adaptations include atrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia, and cancerous changes. Atrophy is a reduction in cell size and number. Hypertrophy is an increased cell size while hyperplasia is an increased cell number. Metaplasia is the change of one cell type to another. Dysplasia shows disordered cellular development with potentially pre-cancerous changes. Examples and causes of each adaptation are provided along with morphological features.
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Cellular Adaptations
ability of cells to respond to various types of stimuli and adverse environmental changes
Atrophy(decrease in cell size)
Hypertrophy(increase in cell size)
Hyperplasia(increase in cell number)
Metaplasia(change in cell type): Replacement of one differentiated cell type with another mature differentiated cell type that is not normally present in that tissue.
Dysplasia (increase in abnormal cell): Dysplasia is not cancer, but it may sometimes become cancer.
Terminologies used in Disturbances of Cell Growth which are not adaptations
Agenesis refers to the failure of an organ to develop during embryonic growth and development
Hypoplasia is the underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ. It is technically not the opposite of hyperplasia (too many cells). Hypoplasia is a congenital condition, while hyperplasia generally refers to excessive cell growth later in life.
Aplasia is a birth defect where an organ or tissue is wholly or largely absent. It is caused by a defect in a developmental process.
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cellular adaptation presentation (2)
Cellular Adaptation
as cells encounter stresses they undergo functional or structural adaptations to maintain viability / homeostasis.
Injury - altered homeostasis
if limits of the adaptive response are exceeded or if adaptation not possible, a sequence of events called cell injury occurs.
Reversible Cell Injury
removal of stress results in complete restoration of structural & functional integrity.
b) Irreversible Cell Injury / Cell Death
if stimulus persists or is severe enough from the start, the cell suffers irreversible cell injury and death.
2 main morphologic patterns: necrosis & apoptosis.
Adaptations are reversible changes in the size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity, or functions of cells in response to changes in their environment.
Physiologic adaptations are responses of cells to normal stimulation by hormones or endogenous chemical mediators
Pathologic adaptations are responses to stress that allow cells to modulate their structure and function and thus escape injury.
Hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of cells, that results in an increase in the size of the affected organ
The hypertrophied organ has no new cells, just larger cells.
Types:
a) physiologic b) pathologic
Causes:
a) increased functional demand b) hormonal stimulation
Granulomatous inflammation
This presentation mainly deals with granuloma formation and various factors involved in it. It describes the examples of granulomatous disorders and gives a details on how to seperate them on histopathology.It also describes type 4 hypersensitivty reaction concisely
Acute inflammation
Acute inflammation is characterized by five signs: redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. The main events of acute inflammation are vascular events like vasodilation and increased permeability, and cellular events involving leukocyte recruitment and activation. This results in an inflammatory cell-rich exudate. Acute inflammation can resolve, repair through regeneration or fibrosis, lead to suppuration or pus formation, or progress to chronic inflammation. Examples include acute appendicitis, meningitis, and pneumonia.
Cellular adaptations
There are four main types of cellular adaptations: hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia. Hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of cells resulting in an increased organ size without new cells being produced. Cells that can divide may undergo both hypertrophy and hyperplasia in response to stress. Hypertrophy can be physiological, such as muscle growth from exercise or uterine growth in pregnancy, or pathological like heart muscle growth from hypertension. The mechanisms of hypertrophy involve cells enlarging in response to increased functional demands or stimulation by hormones and growth factors.
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This document provides an overview of cell injury and death. It discusses how cells respond to stress through adaptation mechanisms like hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia. If the stress exceeds the cells' adaptive capacity, reversible or irreversible injury can occur. Reversible injury involves swelling and fatty changes, while irreversible injury disrupts mitochondria and membranes. Prolonged irreversible injury leads to necrosis, where the cell loses integrity and contents leak out. Necrotic cells undergo changes like pyknosis and karyorrhexis and may elicit inflammation. Apoptosis is also covered as a form of programmed cell death.
Lecture 2 (cellular adaptation)
Cellular adaptations like hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia, and apoptosis allow cells to respond to physiological and pathological stimuli in their environment. These adaptations preserve cell viability by allowing cells to modify their growth patterns or metabolism. Certain adaptations like sustained hyperplasia can increase cancer risk by providing fertile ground for neoplastic changes if the stimuli are persistent. Clinical terminology around cellular adaptations is important for understanding disease processes and responses.
Cell injury, adaptation, and death fix
This document summarizes key concepts relating to cell injury, adaptation, and death. It discusses how cells respond to stress through reversible or irreversible injury, adaptation, or death. It also describes various types of cellular adaptation like hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia that cells undergo in response to stress. Additionally, it covers the mechanisms and morphological changes associated with different types of cell injury like necrosis and apoptosis.
Chronic granulomatous inflammation
Chronic granulomatous inflammation is a distinctive pattern of chronic inflammation caused by persistent infections, prolonged exposure to toxic agents, or autoimmunity. It functions as a protective response, restricting inflammation and preventing the dissemination of chronic infections or foreign materials. Granulomas are nodular lesions containing giant cells and epithelioid cells that form around the chronic irritant. Common causes that can elicit granulomatous inflammation include tuberculosis, leprosy, schistosomiasis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, berylliosis, and sarcoidosis.
Lect.2
Cellular response to injury can include adaptation, injury, or disease. Adaptation represents a new abnormal state where cells maintain viability and homeostasis in response to stress. Key types of cellular adaptation include hyperplasia (increased cell number), hypertrophy (increased cell size), atrophy (decreased cell size and number), and metaplasia (one cell type replaces another). While adaptation allows cell survival, the underlying stresses that cause adaptation could also promote cancer if persistent over time.
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This document provides an overview of neoplasia (tumors), including definitions, nomenclature used to classify benign and malignant tumors, the biology of tumor growth, epidemiology, molecular basis of cancer and carcinogenesis. It discusses the natural history of malignant tumors from malignant change to growth, invasion and metastasis. Key concepts covered include differentiation, dysplasia, tumor growth rates, features that distinguish benign from malignant tumors, predisposing geographic, environmental and genetic factors for cancer development.
Metaplasia (1)
Metaplasia is a reversible change where one adult cell type replaces another in response to stress. For example, in smokers the ciliated trachea cells are often replaced with squamous cells. This change arises from the reprogramming of stem cells due to signals from cytokines, growth factors and the extracellular matrix. If the stress persists, metaplasia can predispose the tissue to malignant transformation.
Cell injury & Cell death
This document provides an overview of cellular adaptation and injury. It defines four types of cellular adaptation - atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia. It also lists common causes of cell injury and describes the differences between reversible and irreversible injury. Specific changes that characterize necrosis and apoptosis are discussed. Examples of cellular adaptations and morphologies of reversible and irreversible injury are provided.
Spread of tumours
Tumors can spread through direct extension into surrounding tissues, through the lymphatic or vascular systems, or by transcoelomic spread through body cavities. Lymphatic spread is common for carcinomas and follows drainage routes to regional lymph nodes. Vascular spread occurs via blood vessels either as tumor emboli or growing along vessel walls. Certain primary tumors have tendencies to metastasize to specific organs, such as prostate cancer spreading to bone. Transcoelomic spread involves cavities such as the peritoneal, pleural, or pericardial spaces, potentially causing malignant ascites or pleural effusions. Perineural spread grows along nerve bundles.
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This is a presentation on the topic of Adaptations, Cell injury and cell death, prepared by Dr Ashish Jawarkar, he is MD in pathology and a teacher at Parul institute of Medical sciences and research Vadodara.
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This document discusses various cellular adaptations including physiological and pathological adaptations. It describes physiological adaptations like hypertrophy and hyperplasia that occur in response to increased needs. Pathological adaptations include atrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia, and cancerous changes. Atrophy is a reduction in cell size and number. Hypertrophy is an increased cell size while hyperplasia is an increased cell number. Metaplasia is the change of one cell type to another. Dysplasia shows disordered cellular development with potentially pre-cancerous changes. Examples and causes of each adaptation are provided along with morphological features.
Cellular Response to cell Injury and Cellular Adaptations .pptx
Cellular Adaptations
ability of cells to respond to various types of stimuli and adverse environmental changes
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Hypertrophy(increase in cell size)
Hyperplasia(increase in cell number)
Metaplasia(change in cell type): Replacement of one differentiated cell type with another mature differentiated cell type that is not normally present in that tissue.
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Cellular adaptation and tissue response involve reversible changes in cells' size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity and function in response to environmental changes. These adaptations include hypertrophy (enlargement of individual cells), hyperplasia (increase in cell number), atrophy (reduction in size and cell number), metaplasia (transformation from one type of epithelium to another), and dysplasia (disordered growth of cells). Cells must constantly adapt to normal changes in their environment through these processes. Hypertrophy involves increased cell size without new cell generation, while hyperplasia involves both increased cell size and number. Atrophy is the shrinking of cells and reduction in organ or tissue size. Metaplasia and dyspl
Cellular adoption
Cellular adaptation and tissue response involve reversible changes in cells' size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity and function in response to environmental changes. These adaptations include hypertrophy (enlargement of individual cells), hyperplasia (increase in cell number), atrophy (reduction in size and cell number), metaplasia (transformation from one type of epithelium to another), and dysplasia (disordered growth of cells). Cells must constantly adapt to normal changes in their environment through these processes.
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Cellular adaptation
- 1. Cellular Adaptation Dr. Naila Awal MD (Pathology)
- 2. Adaptation in animals Walrus has thick skin to protect against cold condition Duck has webbed feet Nostrils on the top of the snout
- 3. The polar bear has small ears & tail. This adaptation minimizes heat loss. Long & bushy eyelash to keep out the sand & sun Slit like nostrils they are able to open & close to prevent sand Hill like humps – for storing fat, so that they can go without eating long time
- 4. So what happens to our body?
- 5. • In unfavorable environment , cells become Small Large Proliferate Another differentiation
- 6. Types of adaptation Atrophy Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Metaplasia
- 7. Adaptation • Definition- Reversible changes in • size, • number, • phenotype, • metabolic activity or • functions of cell in response to changes in their environment.
- 8. Types of tissue • According to Proliferative capacity Labile/ continuously dividing cell Stable / Quiescent cell Permanent Cell
- 9. Continuously dividing cell Example Stratified squamous epithelia of • skin, • oral cavity, • vagina, and cervix Labile cell
- 10. • Low level of replication • Examples Stable cell Chondrocyte, osteocyte Smooth muscle cell Parenchymal cells of liver, kidneys, and pancreas
- 11. • Non dividing cell, unable to replicate Ex- Permanent Cell Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Adult neuron
- 12. Hypertrophy • Definition: ↑ in cell size, result in an ↑ the size of the affected organ.
- 13. Examples- 1) Physiological- Uterus during pregnancy Lactating breast (↑ synthesis of smooth muscle protein ↑ cell size ) Body builder (Repeated weight, Heavy exercise) (Bulging muscle engaged in pumping ion ↑ size of individual muscle fiber.)
- 14. 2 ) Pathological hypertrophy • LVH (Left ventricular hypertrophy) Left ventricle
- 15. Hyperplasia • Definition: ↑ in number of cells in an organ/ tissue in response to a stimulus.
- 16. Examples: 1) Physiological- A)Hormonal ( functional capacity) Proliferation of glandular epithelium of female breast at puberty & during pregnancy B) Compensatory ( Tissue mass after damage/partial resection) Regeneration of liver after partial hepatectomy Unilateral nephrectomy
- 17. 2) Pathological Hyperplasia • Endometrial Hyperplasia • Benign prostatic Hyperplasia Androgen induced Ques : Which 1 has more chance of malignancy?
- 18. • Skin wart (HPV) CT proliferation in wound healing
- 19. Atrophy • Definition: ↓ in size of an organ/ tissue due to↓ in cell size and number.
- 20. • Examples : 1) Physiological • Notochord , Thyroglossal duct atrophy during fetal development. • Involution of uterus after parturition.
- 21. 2) Pathological- ↓workload (Disuse atrophy) : • Complete bed rest (When fracture bone is immobilized in a plaster cast prolonged disuse Skeletal muscle fiber↓ in number , as well as size.)
- 22. Loss of innervation (Denervation atrophy) - damage to nerve leads to atrophy. ↓ Blood supply- due to arterial occlusion- Senile atrophy Progressive brain atrophy.
- 23. Inadequate nutrition- • PEM (Marasmus) +++ muscle wasting. Loss of endocrine stimulation Hormone responsive tissue (breast, reproductive organ) depends on hormone for normal metabolism & function. After menopause, loss of estrogen atrophy of endometrium, vaginal epithelium & breast.
- 24. Pressure atrophy An enlarging benign tumor can cause atrophy in the surrounding uninvolved tissues. Tumor
- 25. Metaplasia • Definition Reversible change in which 1 differentiated cell ( epithelial /mesenchymal) type is replaced by another cell type.
- 27. Epithelial Metaplasia 1) Squamous metaplasia- Respiratory Tract Ex– Habitual cigarette smoker Vit A deficiency • Pathogenesis- Chronic irritation Normal ciliated columnar epithelium of trachea & bronchi are replaced by stratified squamous epithelium.
- 28. Stones in the ducts of salivary gland, pancreas and bile duct • Chronic irritation Secretory columnar epithelium are replaced by stratified squamous epithelium.
- 29. 2) Columnar metaplasia • Barrett esophagus Reflux gastric acid squamous epithelium is replaced by intestinal like columnar epithelium • Adenocarcinoma may arise.
- 30. Connective Tissue Metaplasia • Formation of cartilage , bone/ adipose tissue ( mesenchymal ) in tissues that do not contain these element. • Example- Myositis ossificans – Bone formation in muscle, occasionally occurs after intramuscular hemorrhage.
- 31. Any Question?