Extremophilic organisms are organisms that can survive exremities that are detrimental for other forms of life. Here is a presentation that discuss such microorganisms in detail
Extremophilic organisms are organisms that can survive exremities that are detrimental for other forms of life. Here is a presentation that discuss such microorganisms in detail
Air is not a natural environment for microorganisms. Microorganisms present in air are liberated from various other sources. These various sources include soil, water, plant and animal surfaces and human beings.
General introduction.
History of methanogens
Ecology and habitat of methanogens.
Morphology of methanogens.
Diversity found in methanogens.
Characterstics of some model methanogens.
Metabolism of methanogens:
Methanogenesis
Cofactors and coenzymes of methanogenesis
Different pathways used during methanogenesis
Energy conservation.
Pros and cons of methanogens.
Application
References.
Halophiles (Introduction, Adaptations, Applications)Jamil Ahmad
Introduction
Halophiles are organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations.
They are a type of extremophile organisms. The name comes from the Greek word for "salt-loving".
While most halophiles are classified into the Archaea domain, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryota, such as the alga Dunaliella salina or fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga
Methanogenesis or biomethanation is the formation of methane by microbes known as methanogens. Organisms capable of producing methane have been identified only from the domain Archaea, a group phylogenetically distinct from both eukaryotes and bacteria, although many live in close association with anaerobic bacteria.
Air is not a natural environment for microorganisms. Microorganisms present in air are liberated from various other sources. These various sources include soil, water, plant and animal surfaces and human beings.
General introduction.
History of methanogens
Ecology and habitat of methanogens.
Morphology of methanogens.
Diversity found in methanogens.
Characterstics of some model methanogens.
Metabolism of methanogens:
Methanogenesis
Cofactors and coenzymes of methanogenesis
Different pathways used during methanogenesis
Energy conservation.
Pros and cons of methanogens.
Application
References.
Halophiles (Introduction, Adaptations, Applications)Jamil Ahmad
Introduction
Halophiles are organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations.
They are a type of extremophile organisms. The name comes from the Greek word for "salt-loving".
While most halophiles are classified into the Archaea domain, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryota, such as the alga Dunaliella salina or fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga
Methanogenesis or biomethanation is the formation of methane by microbes known as methanogens. Organisms capable of producing methane have been identified only from the domain Archaea, a group phylogenetically distinct from both eukaryotes and bacteria, although many live in close association with anaerobic bacteria.
The archaebacteria
group members
Rameen nadeem
Syeda iqra hussain
Hina zamir
Mahnoor khan
Maleeha inayat
Background
Biologists have long organized living things into large groups called kingdoms.
There are six of them:
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Some recent findings…
In 1996, scientists decided to split Monera into two groups of bacteria:
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Because these two groups of bacteria were different in many ways scientists created a new level of classification called a DOMAIN.
Now we have 3 domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
KingdomArchaebacteria
Any of a large group of primitive bacteria having unusual cell walls, membrane lipids, ribosomes, and RNA sequences, and having the ability to produce methane and to live in anaerobic, extremely hot, salty, or acidic conditions
The Domain Archaea
“ancient” bacteria
Some of the first archaebacteria were discovered in Yellowstone National Park’s hot springs
Prokaryotes are structurally simple, but biochemically complex
Basic Facts
They live in extreme environments (like hot springs or salty lakes) and normal environments (like soil and ocean water).
All are unicellular (each individual is only one cell).
No peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
Some have a flagella that aids in their locomotion.
Most don’t need oxygen to survive
They can produce ATP (energy) from sunlight
They can survive enormous temperature extremes
They can survive under rocks and in ocean floor vents deep below the ocean’s surface
They can tolerate huge pressure differences
STRUCTURE
Size
Archaea are slightly less than 1 micron long.
A micron is 1/1,000 of a millimeter.
In order to see their cellular features, scientists use powerful electron microscopes.
Shape
Shapes can be spherical or ball shaped and are called coccus.
Others are rod shaped, long and thin, and labeled bacillus.
Variations of cells have been discovered in square and triangular shapes.
STRUCTURE
Locomotion
Some archaea have flagella, hair-like structures that assist in movement.
There can be one or many attached to the cell's outer membrane. Protein networks can also be found on the cell membrane, which allow cells to attach themselves in groups.
Cell Features
Within the cell membrane, the archaea cell contains cytoplasm and DNA, which are in single-looped forms called plasmids.
Most archaeal cells also have a semi-rigid cell wall that helps it to maintain its shape and chemical balance.
This protects the cytoplasm, which is the semi-liquid gel that fills the cell and enables the various parts to function.
STRUCTURE
Phospholipids
The molecules that make up cell membranes are called phospholipids, which act as building blocks for the cell.
In archaea, these molecules are made of glycerol-ether lipids.
Ether Bonding
The ether bonding makes it possible for archaea to survive in environments that are extremely acidic or al
This is a combined presentation done by me and my friends namely Nidhi Singh, Priyanka Pokharel,Swostina Ranjit and Rubina Khadka. Hope you will like this effort of ours.
P.S. The video might not work.If you want to see the video go to http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PXvpDoGrRGU
M2 Discussion Hyperthermophiles “Like It Hot”33 unread replies.44.pdfbarristeressaseren71
M2 Discussion: Hyperthermophiles “Like It Hot”
33 unread replies.44 replies.
In 1977, scientists discovered a new and unexpected habitat in the Pacific Ocean northeast of the
Galapagos Islands. Hydrothermal vent organisms were discovered in a dark deep-sea
environment, approximately 2600 m below the ocean\'s surface, where earth’s crustal plates were
spreading apart. Among these organisms were a large number of previously unknown animal
species, such as the tube worm Riftia pachyptila. How could life thrive in total darkness?
Researchers looked closely at these hydrothermal vents where columns of dark, cloud mineral-
laden hot water pour through fissures in the sea floor. Cold water seeps downward through
cracks in the earth\'s crust and is heated by molten lava. Later, as the hydrothermal water is
forced upward, it mixes with seawater causing mineral precipitates to form that create the
chimney-like structures called black smokers. In the extreme heat and pressure, deep within
earth’s crust, sulfate is reduced to form the high-energy H-S bond. The water in these
hydrothermal vents is thus rich in hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and teams with a large numbers of
sulfur bacteria. These bacteria oxidize H2S to form H2SO4 and thereby use the energy of the
earth\'s interior (captured by H2S formation) to convert CO2 into organic nutrients.
To benefit from this process, several vent animals have established endosymbiotic relationships
with these sulfur bacteria. One of the best-researched examples is R. pachyptila. This giant
gutless tube worm consists primarily of a long, thin sac attached to a gill plume. H2S, O2, and
some CO2 molecules are absorbed through the gill plume and carried to the tissues through the
blood bound to the transport protein hemoglobin. The trophosome, the site of the redox (energy-
generating) reactions, is the animal\'s most prominent organ. It is colonized by a large number of
sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. In return for a steady supply of H2S, O2, and CO2 provided by the
tube worms\' circulatory system, the sulfur bacteria provide the organic nutrients required for the
worm\'s growth and development.
For additional reading read this article on aspects of life development (Links to an external site.).
Hyperthermophilic organisms thrive in extremely hot conditions. Discuss (in 250-300 words)
any one biochemical property or adaptation that may facilitate the survival of these organisms at
temperatures above 80oC.
Solution
The hyperthermophiles have modified DNA, enzyme and membrane modifications that facilitate
the survival of these organisms above 80 C.
The adaptations include-.
The word Archae came from the Greek word Arkhaion, which means “Ancient”.
Archae is also the Latin name for Prokaryotic Cells. Archaea that growing the hot water of the Hot Spring in Yellowstone National Park produce a bright yellow color.
Archaebacteria are known to be the oldest living organisms on earth. They belong to the kingdom Monera and are classified as bacteria because they resemble bacteria when observed under a microscope. Apart from this, they are completely distinct from prokaryotes. However, they share slightly common characteristics with the eukaryotes.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. IntroductionIntroduction
Latin origin- “Extremus” means ‘Being on theLatin origin- “Extremus” means ‘Being on the
outside’ PLUS “Philos” means ‘Love’outside’ PLUS “Philos” means ‘Love’
== EXTREMOPHILEEXTREMOPHILE
Extremophile- An organism with the ability to thriveExtremophile- An organism with the ability to thrive
in extreme environments.in extreme environments.
Coined byCoined by Bob MacElroyBob MacElroy- was the biochemist in the- was the biochemist in the
Adaptation Branch in NASA Ames.Adaptation Branch in NASA Ames.
3. Extreme environments include…..
Temperature- high, low
pH- high, low
Pressure- high
Salinity- high
Nutrient concentration- low
Water availability- low
Ionizing radiation- high
Harmful heavy metals and toxic compounds- high
4. Phylogenetic tree showing Extremophiles and their resistant characteristicsPhylogenetic tree showing Extremophiles and their resistant characteristics
5.
6. a.) Thermophilea.) Thermophile
Organisms that can thrive in wide range of temperature.
Types-
i. Hyperthermophile: Growth >800
C
ii.Thermophile: Growth 60-800
C
iii.Mesophile: Growth 15-600
C
7.
8. i.i. HyperthermophilesHyperthermophiles
Hyperthermophiles were first discovered by Thomas D. Brock in
1965, in hot springs in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.
At present- about 90 species of hyperthermophilic
archaea and bacteria are known.
Most hyperthermophilic organism –
Archea Pyrolobus fumarii- can thrive upto 1130
C.
Archea Methanopyrus kandleri- can thrive upto 1220
C
Other- Geogemma barosii (Strain 121)
Nanoarchaeum equitans, Thermus aquaticus,
Pyrococcus furiosus.
Pyrolobus fumarii,
lobed coccoid cell.
Ultrathin section.
Transmission
electron
micrograph. Scale
bar, 0.5 μm.
9. First to be identified hyperthermophile- Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, which
is both a hyperthermophile and an acidophile- found in the late 1960s in a
hot, acidic spring in Congress Pool, Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone
National Park, Wyoming – by Tom Brock- Average pH is 3 and Average
Temperature 800
C.
10. Hydrothermal VentsHydrothermal Vents
Discovery in 1977- along the mid-ocean ridge in the eastern Pacific Ocean
A hydrothermal vent forms when seawater meets hot magma
Hydrothermal vents occur at both diverging and converging plate boundaries.
Heat is released as magma rises and cracks the ocean floor and overlying sediments.
Seawater drains into the fractures and becomes superheated, dissolving minerals and
concentrating sulfur and other compounds.
The hot, mineral-rich waters then exit the oceanic crust and mix with the cool
seawater above, the dissolved minerals quickly precipitated out of solution and form
tall towers or chimneys.
11. Two types of Plumes of water stream from these waters, often rising 1,000 ft
above the vent.
i.Black smokers- emit the hottest, darkest plumes, which are high in
sulfur content and form chimneys up to 55 meters (180 feet).
ii.White smokers- lightly colored and rich in barium, calcium, and
silicon.
The temperature of the plume of white smokers is usually lower than that of
black smokers
12. • These chemosynthetic bacteria are the first step in the food chain- exist in symbiotic
relationships with species in the vent fauna- hosted by tubeworms, vent shrimps, vent
clams, and vent mussels.
• The tubeworms- no gut- depends completely on the bacteria living in their tissues.
• Clams- reduced digestive systems- indicates a greater dependence on the
chemosynthetic microbes than mussels, which have fully functional digestive systems.
The giant vent clam (Calyptogena magnica) can reach a length of nearly 8 inch.
• Also free-living chemosynthetic bacteria living at vents- Some as small blobs resembling
marine snow within the rising plume- Others grow as mats or biofilms on hard rock or
animal surfaces and are grazed by copepods, amphipods, and shrimps.
• Top carnivores at vents- the eel-like zoarchid fish and deep sea octopuses, which
apparently feeds on snails, limpets, and amphipods.
13. Hot SpringsHot Springs
Hot springs are springs produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater
that rises from the Earth's crust.
Hot springs can be created in different ways- either be created in a volcanic or non-
volcanic manner.
When created in an area near active volcanic zones, like Yellowstone, water becomes
heated as it comes into contact with magma. This superheated water then rises back up,
creating either a hot spring or geyser depending on the rate it rises.
If it rises back up slowly, it will become a hot spring; if it rises back up quickly, it will
become a geyser.
When created in non-volcanic areas, water becomes heated as it comes into contact with
hot rocks within the earth's crust. Then the water will rise back up to create hot springs.
14. Octopus Spring, an alkaline hotspring (pH 8.3-8.8) in Yellowstone National Park, USA
Water flows from Source at 950
C to an outflow channel, where it cools to a low of 830
C- Pink
filamentous Thermocrinis ruber. At 650
C- microbial mat forms with thermophilic cyanobacterium
Synechococcus on the top overlaying photosynthetic bacterium Chloroflexus.
15. ii. Thermophileii. Thermophile
Few Examples:
a)Bacillus stearothermophilus
b)Bacillus subtilis
c)Red algae Cyanidium
d)Fungus Aspergillus fumigatus
17. Adaptation mechanism of ThermophileAdaptation mechanism of Thermophile
Membrane lipids have ether linkage- more branched, more saturated
and are of high molecular weight. These characters increase melting
temperature of membrane lipids.
• Top layer depicts the Phospholipid layer of
thermophiles- ether linkages- isoprenoid
diether or tetraether structures
• Lower layer depicts the Phospholipid layer
of other eukaryotic organisms and
bacteria- ester linkages
• Lipid bilayer labelled 9– eukaryotes and
bacteria
• Lipid monolayer labelled 10-
Thermophiles
18. Heat shock proteins- more hydrophobic interiors- prevents
unfolding or denaturation at higher temperatures
High GC content than AT content in nucleic acid structure.
Reverse DNA gyrase enzyme- catalyzes positive supercoiling
of closed circular DNA- Positively supercoiled DNA appears to
resist degradation more than negatively supercoiled DNA.
DNA association with DNA binding histone like protein.
Salts like potassium and magnesium are found at higher
levels in thermophilic archaea- protect double-stranded DNA
from phosphodiester bond degradation.
19. Thick pseudo-crystalline proteinaceous surface layer (S-
layer) surrounding cell.
Chemotrophic mode of nutrition- can live without sunlight
or organic carbon as food- instead survive on sulfur, hydrogen,
iron sulfide and other materials that other organisms cannot
metabolize.
20.
21. b.) Psychrophile (Cryophile)b.) Psychrophile (Cryophile)
Capable of survival, growth or reproduction at temperatures of -15 °C
or lower for extended periods.
Earth is primarily a cold marine planet:
90% of the water in the oceans has temperatures of 5 °C and;
20% of the terrestrial region of the Earth is, glaciers and ice sheets,
polar sea ice and snow covered regions.
Desulfofrigus oceanense
22. Few Examples:
i.Psychrobacter aquaticus
ii.Pseudomonas antarctica
iii.Pseudomonas proteolytica
iv.Halomonas variabilis
v.Leifsonia aurea
vi.Kocuria polaris
vii.Sporosarcina mcmurdoensis
viii.Cyanobacteria Oscillatoria, Phormidium and Nostoc
ix.Arthrobacter flavus
•Methanogens, members of Archaea, are the only group known to be
Psychrophiles (Eg. Methanococcoides burtonii)
•A Nematode Panagrolaimus davidi- can withstand freezing of all body
water.
First to reported from Antarctica
23. Adaptation Mechanism of PsychrophileAdaptation Mechanism of Psychrophile
Maintaining membrane fluidity- Unsaturated-cis-Fatty acid, Carotenoids- prevent
freezing.
Cold shock proteins (CSPs) & Cold acclimatization proteins (CAPs) act as cold-
adaptive proteins in psychrophiles- small proteins that bind to RNA to preserve its
single-stranded conformation.
Antifreeze proteins, Ice nucleating protein, and Compatible osmotic solutes- protect
from freezing.
Proteins have a higher content of α-helix relative to the β-sheets- maintain flexibility
even at low temperatures.
Trehalose and exopolysaccharides (EPSs)-role in cryoprotection- also prevent
protein denaturation and aggregation.
26. c.) Halophilec.) Halophile
Organisms that can survive in extremely salty environments.
According to the optimal salt concentration for growth-
classified in three categories:
Extreme halophile—Grows in an environment with 3.4–5.1 M
(20% to 30%) NaCl
Moderate halophile—Grows in an environment with 0.85–3.4
M (3% to 25%) NaCl
Slightly halophile—Grows in an environment with 0.2–0.85M
(1% to 5%) NaCl
28. Adaptation Mechanism of HalophileAdaptation Mechanism of Halophile
If a non halophilic microbe will be
placed in a solution with a high
amount of dissolved salts- cell will
under go plasmolyzation.
There are two strategies:
a) “Salt in” Strategy
b)“Low salt, Organic compatible
solute in” Strategy
29. “High salt in” strategy - Internal environment has a high salt
concentration- by influx of KCl- therefore organism is isotonic to its
outer environment- prevents water from moving in and out of the cell,
which regulates osmosis and maintains the structure and function of the
cell in turn.
“Low-salt, compatible organic-solutes-in” strategy – Organisms store
organic compatible solutes (osmoprotectants) in their cells- these
organic compatible solutes regulate osmosis- are neutral or zwitterionic
include sugar, polyols, amino acids etc.
Modification of their external cell walls- tend to have negatively
charged proteins on the outside of their cell walls that stabilize it by
binding to positively charged sodium ions in their external
environments.
30.
31. d) Barophile (Peizophile)d) Barophile (Peizophile)
Organisms that live in highly pressurized environments, such
as the bottom of the ocean.
Barotolerants (facultative): Grows at pressure from 100-400
Atm.
Barophilic (obligative): Grows at pressure greater than 400
Atm
Extreme Barophilic: Grows at pressures higher than 700 Atm
32.
33. Adaptation Mechanism of BarophileAdaptation Mechanism of Barophile
Lipids contain Unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)- protect from
the pressure.
Proteins coat (omps, Outer membrane proteins) -protects from
the pressure
Proteins/enzymes hold the cellular structure together by
allowing the normal chemical reactions to take place
Pressure controlled gene expression
34.
35. e) Acidophilee) Acidophile
An organism with optimal growth at pH levels of 3 or below.
Highly acidic environments can result naturally from
geochemical activities (such as the production of sulfurous
gases in hydrothermal vents and some hot springs) and from
the metabolic activities of certain acidophiles
themselves. Acidophiles are also found in the debris left over
from coal mining.
37. Adaptation Mechanism of AcidophileAdaptation Mechanism of Acidophile
Interestingly, Acidophiles cannot tolerate great acidity inside
their cells, where it would destroy important molecules as
DNA.
Sugar coating on acidophilic archaea- act as proton barrier-
apart from tetra ether linkage in monolayer lipids, there is also
high content of glycolipids, with one or more sugar units
exposed at the outer surface of the cell- Hydroxyl groups on
the sugar units prevent the protons from penetrating the cell
membrane.
38.
39. f) Alkaliphilef) Alkaliphile
An organism with optimal growth at pH levels of 9 or above.
Few Examples:
1) Halorhodospira halochloris
2)Natronomonas pharaonis
3)Thiohalospira alkaliphila
4)Ectothirorhodospira
5)Bacillus alcalophilus
6)Bacillus subtilis
7)Bacillus pseudofirmus
40. Soda LakeSoda Lake
Saline and alkaline ecosystem.
a)Lonar crater soda lake, Maharashtra, India
b)Mono lake, US
c)Lake Magadi, Kenya
d)Big Soda Lake, US
e)Soap Lake, Central Washington
41.
42. Adaptation Mechanism of AlkaliphileAdaptation Mechanism of Alkaliphile
Homeostasis- Internal pH maintenance is achieved by both
active and passive regulation mechanisms-
a)Passive regulation: Either by having cytoplasm rich in
amino acids with positively charged side groups (lysine,
arginine, and histidine), these cells are able to buffer their
cytoplasm in alkaline environments; or by low membrane
permeability which is another mode of passive regulation as it
ensures that fewer protons move in and out of the cell.
43. b) Active regulation: through
sodium ion channels- when there is a
build-up of Na+
in the cytoplasm, it
will be expelled in exchange for
protons (H+
)
Presence pH stable enzymes in alkaliphilic organisms.
In addition to peptidoglycan, cell wall contain certain acidic
polymers, such as galacturonic acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid,
aspartic acid, and phosphoric acid. The negative charges on these
acidic nonpeptidoglycan components may give the cell surface its
ability to adsorb sodium and hydronium ions and repulse hydroxide
ions and, as a consequence, may assist cells to grow in alkaline
environments.
47. Adaptation Mechanism of World’s toughestAdaptation Mechanism of World’s toughest
BacteriumBacterium (Deinococcus radiodurans)
Deinococcus radiodurans listed as the the world's toughest
bacterium in The Guinness Book of World Records, and is
nicknamed Conan the Bacterium.
The bacterium name means “Strange berry that withstands
radiation”
It has from four to ten DNA molecules compared to only one for
most other bacteria.
DNA repair enzymes-RecA protein- matches the broken pieces of
DNA and splices them back together just in few hours.
48. Some other Types of ExtremophilesSome other Types of Extremophiles
a) Xerophile: Can grow in extremely dry, desiccating conditions.
Examples- Trichosporonoides nigrescens
b) Toxitolerant: Withstand high levels of damaging agents such
as Benzene. Examples- Pseudomonas putida
c) Metallotolerant: can tolerate high levels of dissolved heavy
metals in solution. Examples- Ferroplasma sp., Cupriavidus
metallidurans
d) Osmophile: Can grow in environments with a high sugar
concentration. Examples- Zygosaccharomyces rouxii
49. Boil them, deep-freeze them,
crush them, dry them out or
blast them into space:
tardigrades will survive it all
and come back for more!!
50. Discovered in 1773 by a German pastor named Johann August Ephraim Goeze
Microscopic animals - body size varies from0.05 to 1.2 mm.
Caterpillar like creature with eight legs and it has claws which looks like bear claws.
Therefore it is commonly known as Water BearWater Bear.
Can survive all extreme environments:
a) 120 to 1500
C high temperature
b) 200 to 3000
below 00
C
c) 1000 atm high pressure
d) Vacuum of space
e) Xrays, UV rays
In the active stage (during crawling around, eating and reproducing)-not tougher
than any other animal- But when conditions worsen- dry or
freeze called cryptobiosis (or anabiosis)- look like they are dead - they don't eat,
don't move, and don't breath- "dead but still alive”- water is replaced with
trehalose (a non-reducing sugar) in order to prevent cellular destruction due to water
freezing in their cells.
51. Hyper thermophiles
(sources)
uses
DNA polymerases DNA amplification by PCR
Alkaline phosphatases diagnostics
Proteases and lipases Dairy products
Lipases and proteases Detergents
Proteases Baking, brewing, amino acid production from keratin
Alcohol dehydrogenase Chemical synthesis
Xylanases Paper bleaching
52. Hyper thermophiles uses
S-layer proteins and lipids Molecular sieves
Lenthionin pharmaceutical
Oil degrading microorganisms Surfactants for oil recovery
Sulfur oxidizing microorganisms Bioleaching, coal & waste gas desulfurization
Hyperthermophilic consortia Waste treatment and methane production
53. Psychrophiles (source) Uses
Alkaline phosphatase Molecular biology
Lipases and proteases Cheese manufacture and dairy production
Proteases Contact-lens cleaning solutions, meat tenderizing
Polyunsaturated fatty acids Food additives, dietary supplements
Proteases, lipases, cellulases and amylases Detergents
54. Psychrophiles Uses
Methanogens Methane production
Various enzymes Modifying flavors
b-galactosidase Lactose hydrolysis in milk products
Ice nucleating proteins
Artificial snow, ice cream, other freezing
applications in the food industry
Various enzymes (e.g. dehydrogenases) Biotransformations
Various enzymes (e.g. oxidases)
Bioremediation,environmental
biosensors
55. Halophiles (source) Uses
Bacteriorhodopsin Optical switches and photocurrent
generators in bioelectronics
Polyhydroxyalkanoates Medical plastics
Rheological polymers Oil recovery
Eukaryotic homologues (e.g. myc oncogene
product)
Cancer detection, screening anti-tumor
drugs
Lipids Liposomes for drug delivery and cosmetic
packaging
Compatible solutes Protein and cell protectants in variety of
industrial uses, e.g. freezing, heating
Membranes Surfactants for pharmaceuticals
56. Halophiles Uses
Compatible solutes Protein and cell protectants in variety of
industrial uses, e.g. freezing, heating
nucleases, amylases, proteases Various industrial uses, e.g. flavoring
agents
g-linoleic acid, b-carotene and cell
extracts, e.g. Spirulina and Dunaliella
Health foods, dietary supplements, food
coloring and feedstock
Microorganisms Fermenting fish sauces and modifying food
textures and flavors
Microorganisms Waste transformation and degradation,
e.g. hypersaline waste brines
contaminated with a wide range of
organics
57. Alkaliphiles (source) uses
Proteases Gelatin removal on X-ray film
Proteases, cellulases, xylanases, lipases and
pullulanases
Detergents
Elastases, keritinases Hide dehairing
Cyclodextrins Foodstuffs, chemicals and pharmaceuticals
Xylanases and proteases Pulp bleaching
Pectinases Fine papers, waste treatment and degumming
Alkaliphilic halophiles Oil recovery
58. Acidophiles (source) Uses
Sulfur oxidizing microorganisms
Recovery of metals and desulfurication of
coal
Microorganisms Organic acids and solvents