The document provides information about Science Prof Online, a free science education website that offers various educational resources including virtual science classrooms, PowerPoints, articles, and images. It details the types of materials available on the site such as practice questions, review questions, lecture PowerPoints, video tutorials, and course syllabi. The document provides licensing information and contact details for the creators of the website.
The document discusses cell theory and provides a brief history and overview of key concepts. It states that all living things are made of cells, which are the smallest units of life. Unicellular organisms consist of single cells, while multicellular organisms have specialized cell types. Cells come only from existing cells through division.
The document outlines the key stages of the cell cycle, including interphase (G1, S, G2 phases), mitosis, and cytokinesis. It describes that interphase involves DNA replication and protein synthesis. The four stages of mitosis are then described: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. It is explained that mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells through the duplication and separation of chromosomes. Cell division through mitosis is described as essential for growth, development, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction.
Eukaryotes are organisms with cells that contain membrane-bound nuclei. The document discusses eukaryotic cells, noting that animal and plant cells differ. It includes an electron microscope image of a liver cell and asks the reader to identify structures and calculate the magnification and maximum diameter of the nucleus. It also provides links for more resources and information about making donations to the Biology4Good charity.
Prokaryotes are evolutionary precursors to eukaryotes that lack a nucleus. They include organisms like Escherichia coli (E. coli). Prokaryotic cells have various parts like cell walls, plasma membranes, pili, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. However, these parts are not membrane-bound like organelles in eukaryotes. The prokaryotic DNA exists in a condensed nucleoid region. Prokaryotes reproduce through binary fission, where the cell duplicates its DNA and divides in two.
The document is a presentation on membranes and transport across membranes. It begins with definitions of plasmolysis and methods of membrane transport, including simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. It then discusses specific examples like the sodium-potassium pump and proton pumps. Later sections explain vesicle transport and exocytosis, and provide additional resources and links for further information.
1.1 Cell Theory, Cell Specialization, and Cell Replacementlucascw
All living things are composed of cells, which are the basic units of structure and function. Multicellular organisms develop specialized tissues through cell differentiation, where cells express different genes to take on specialized roles. Stem cells are unique in their ability to differentiate into many cell types, making them promising for regenerative medicine. Their therapeutic use raises ethical issues that must be considered.
IB Biology Core 2.2: Prokaryotic Cells Jason de Nys
The document provides information about the structure and functions of prokaryotic cells, specifically E. coli, including:
- A labeled diagram showing structures like flagella, capsule, nucleoid, plasmids, cell membrane, cell wall, and ribosomes.
- Descriptions of each structure's function.
- Examples of identifying structures in electron micrographs and stating that prokaryotes divide through binary fission.
Biology: First lecture for Cell and Developmental Biology #bs1003 bs1003 Leic...Pat (JS) Heslop-Harrison
Prof Pat Heslop-Harrison's introduction to the 1st year Undergraduate Cell and Developmental Biology Course, BS1003, University of Leicester. See my blog post about what is needed in University teaching 1000 years after the first University on www.AoBBlog.com (That first University Lecture)
The document discusses cell theory and provides a brief history and overview of key concepts. It states that all living things are made of cells, which are the smallest units of life. Unicellular organisms consist of single cells, while multicellular organisms have specialized cell types. Cells come only from existing cells through division.
The document outlines the key stages of the cell cycle, including interphase (G1, S, G2 phases), mitosis, and cytokinesis. It describes that interphase involves DNA replication and protein synthesis. The four stages of mitosis are then described: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. It is explained that mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells through the duplication and separation of chromosomes. Cell division through mitosis is described as essential for growth, development, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction.
Eukaryotes are organisms with cells that contain membrane-bound nuclei. The document discusses eukaryotic cells, noting that animal and plant cells differ. It includes an electron microscope image of a liver cell and asks the reader to identify structures and calculate the magnification and maximum diameter of the nucleus. It also provides links for more resources and information about making donations to the Biology4Good charity.
Prokaryotes are evolutionary precursors to eukaryotes that lack a nucleus. They include organisms like Escherichia coli (E. coli). Prokaryotic cells have various parts like cell walls, plasma membranes, pili, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. However, these parts are not membrane-bound like organelles in eukaryotes. The prokaryotic DNA exists in a condensed nucleoid region. Prokaryotes reproduce through binary fission, where the cell duplicates its DNA and divides in two.
The document is a presentation on membranes and transport across membranes. It begins with definitions of plasmolysis and methods of membrane transport, including simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. It then discusses specific examples like the sodium-potassium pump and proton pumps. Later sections explain vesicle transport and exocytosis, and provide additional resources and links for further information.
1.1 Cell Theory, Cell Specialization, and Cell Replacementlucascw
All living things are composed of cells, which are the basic units of structure and function. Multicellular organisms develop specialized tissues through cell differentiation, where cells express different genes to take on specialized roles. Stem cells are unique in their ability to differentiate into many cell types, making them promising for regenerative medicine. Their therapeutic use raises ethical issues that must be considered.
IB Biology Core 2.2: Prokaryotic Cells Jason de Nys
The document provides information about the structure and functions of prokaryotic cells, specifically E. coli, including:
- A labeled diagram showing structures like flagella, capsule, nucleoid, plasmids, cell membrane, cell wall, and ribosomes.
- Descriptions of each structure's function.
- Examples of identifying structures in electron micrographs and stating that prokaryotes divide through binary fission.
Biology: First lecture for Cell and Developmental Biology #bs1003 bs1003 Leic...Pat (JS) Heslop-Harrison
Prof Pat Heslop-Harrison's introduction to the 1st year Undergraduate Cell and Developmental Biology Course, BS1003, University of Leicester. See my blog post about what is needed in University teaching 1000 years after the first University on www.AoBBlog.com (That first University Lecture)
1.2. Ultrastructure of cells - practise questionsMiltiadis Kitsos
This document contains revision questions about the ultrastructure of cells from an AP Biology class. It begins by defining key terms like prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and electron microscopes. It then presents questions about distinguishing light and electron microscope resolution, identifying structures in prokaryote and eukaryote cell electron micrographs, comparing prokaryote and eukaryote cell structures, and detailing the functions of various eukaryotic organelles. Diagrams of cell ultrastructures are provided, and students are asked to label structures, calculate micrograph magnifications, and describe cellular processes like prokaryotic cell division.
This document provides an overview of the classification of life on Earth. It discusses the eight major categories used in scientific classification (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, etc.). The three Domains - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya are introduced. Key details are provided about the characteristics and impacts of bacteria, archaea, protists, plants, fungi and animals. Examples like photosynthetic algae and disease-causing bacteria are mentioned.
IB Biology Option D.5: Phylogeny and systematicsJason de Nys
This document provides information about phylogeny and systematics in biology. It discusses the value of classifying organisms, including identification, showing evolutionary links, and predicting characteristics. It explains the evidence for common ancestry from universal DNA and protein structures. Variations in specific molecules like cytochrome c can indicate phylogeny. Biochemical variations can be used as an evolutionary clock. Clades are groups of organisms descended from a common ancestor, and cladistics uses clades to classify organisms. The document contrasts homologous and analogous characteristics and outlines constructing and analyzing cladograms to show phylogenetic relationships. Classification systems are related to cladograms and monophyletic groups.
This document provides an overview of cell reproduction and the cell cycle. It begins by introducing cell division and its importance for growth, development, and passing genetic information between cells. It then covers chromosome structure, including that chromosomes are made of DNA coiled around histone proteins.
The document discusses the stages of the cell cycle, including interphase and the phases within it (G1, S, G2). It also covers the two main types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis divides the nucleus and results in two genetically identical daughter cells, while meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half and produces gametes. The stages of each type of cell division are described in detail. Finally, the document touches
The document provides an overview of different cell types, including animal cells, plant cells, and bacterial cells. It describes the key structures and organelles found in each cell type, such as the plasma membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell wall, and flagellum. The document also includes images and references to illustrate the different cellular components.
The document provides an overview of different cell types, including animal cells, plant cells, and bacterial cells. It describes the key structures and organelles found in each cell type, such as the plasma membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell wall, and flagellum. The document also includes images and references to illustrate the different cellular components.
Cloning involves making genetically identical copies of organisms through somatic cell nuclear transfer. John Gurdon first cloned frogs in the 1960s by transferring nuclei from intestinal cells into enucleated eggs. His work established the basis for cloning techniques still used today. Therapeutic cloning uses somatic cell nuclear transfer to generate patient-matched stem cells for research and potential medical treatments without creating human clones. However, technical challenges remain such as immune rejection and ethical issues around embryo use and destruction.
THIS PROJECT IS MADE BY NEHA SAHU.
ALUMNI STUDENT OF NEW ERA PROGESSIVE SCHOOL KORBA OF 2018.
IN THIS PPT FILE YOU CAN STUDY ABOUT VESTIGIAL STRUCTURE ONLY FEW OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ORGANS ARE THERE AND OTHER ARE IN ANOTHER PPT.
The Roslin Technique was used to create Dolly the Sheep, the first mammal cloned from an adult cell. Researchers at the Roslin Institute took a mammary gland cell from an adult sheep and inserted its nucleus into an egg cell from another sheep. After being fused together with electricity, the reprogrammed cell was implanted into a surrogate mother sheep. Dolly was successfully born in 1996 as a healthy, normal lamb and lived until 2003.
This document outlines objectives and topics related to plant and human reproduction. The objectives include recognizing types of asexual and sexual reproduction in plants and humans, understanding alternation of generation in plants, and comprehending processes like fertilization and embryonic development. Main topics covered are double fertilization, formation of sperm and ovules, the menstrual cycle and hormones, and fertilization leading to zygote development. Difficult points include the importance of sexual reproduction and alternation of generation in plants.
This document discusses the history and current state of cloning technology. It begins with early cloning experiments on frogs in 1952 and discovery of DNA structure in 1953. Major milestones include the first IVF baby in 1978, cloning of human embryos in 1993, and Dolly the sheep in 1996. While cloning of animals has potential for preserving endangered species and developing medical treatments, human reproductive cloning raises ethical concerns about genetic harm, altered relationships, and commodification of human life. The document examines debates around therapeutic versus reproductive cloning and regulations in different countries.
This document summarizes a biology investigatory project on human cloning. It discusses the basic steps of cloning through somatic cell nuclear transfer including removing the nucleus from an egg and sperm cell and fusing the cloned cell with the egg cell. It describes Dolly the sheep, the first cloned animal. While human cloning is possible and some attempts have been made, it faces many ethical controversies and technical challenges. Both benefits and problems are discussed regarding this controversial topic.
There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells were the earliest life on Earth and lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells evolved later and have organelles within membranes. Key differences include prokaryotes being smaller, unicellular, and lacking a nucleus, while eukaryotes can be multicellular, have organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts, and contain DNA within the nucleus. Both share some basic components like the cell membrane but eukaryotes have a more complex internal structure adapted for specialized functions.
The document discusses the cell theory and its development over time. It provides a brief timeline of contributions from scientists such as Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Brown, Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow and Pasteur that helped establish the cell theory. It also discusses criteria for evaluating scientific theories and applies these criteria to evaluate whether the Big Bang theory is a true scientific theory. Finally, it discusses trends and discrepancies that exist in scientific theories and provides examples of how organisms like muscle cells and fungi challenge aspects of the traditional view of cells.
Cloning involves creating genetically identical organisms through artificial means. There are two main types of cloning: artificial embryo twinning, which splits an embryo into two, and somatic cell nuclear transfer, where the nucleus of an adult cell is transferred into an egg cell. In 1996, Dolly the sheep was the first mammal cloned from an adult cell using somatic cell nuclear transfer. Cloning may have medical benefits like organ transplants but also risks like developmental failures and depriving clones of individuality.
The document discusses the structure and function of mitochondria. Key points include:
- Mitochondria are known as the "powerhouse of the cell" as they help process nutrients to release energy. They are found in high concentrations in muscle cells requiring more energy.
- Mitochondria are enclosed in two membranes - an outer membrane and inner membrane, with space between called the intermembrane space.
- The inner membrane is more complex and contains electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes. It is selectively permeable.
The document provides a history of discoveries related to DNA and genetics. It describes experiments in the 1940s-1950s that proved DNA is the genetic material responsible for inheritance. It details discoveries such as DNA's double helix structure and base pairing rules. The document also summarizes the mapping of the human genome and benefits of understanding the genome sequence.
The document provides an overview of key biology concepts for an upcoming EOC exam on May 7th. It covers topics such as genetic code, cell organelles like the nucleus and mitochondria, cell transport mechanisms, cell division, DNA structure, and levels of biological organization from cells to ecosystems. It also defines common biology terms and provides examples of cell structures, kingdoms of life, and symbiotic relationships between organisms.
The document provides information about Science Prof Online, a free science education website that offers various educational resources including virtual science classrooms, PowerPoints, articles, and images. It describes the PowerPoint resources available on the site, which can be downloaded in different formats. The document also provides attribution information for images used and explains how to view the PowerPoints, which include hyperlinks to additional learning tools. It is licensed for reuse under a Creative Commons license.
The document summarizes cell division and the cell cycle. It describes the key stages and phases of mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells through prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis produces four unique haploid daughter cells through two rounds of division and involves genetic shuffling through crossing over and independent assortment. The cell cycle and both mitosis and meiosis are essential for asexual and sexual reproduction.
1. The document discusses the processes of cell division, specifically mitosis and meiosis.
2. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells from one parent cell through nuclear division and cytokinesis. Meiosis produces gametes through two cell divisions resulting in four haploid cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.
3. The stages of mitosis are interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Meiosis includes two rounds of division and genetic shuffling through crossing over and independent assortment.
1.2. Ultrastructure of cells - practise questionsMiltiadis Kitsos
This document contains revision questions about the ultrastructure of cells from an AP Biology class. It begins by defining key terms like prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and electron microscopes. It then presents questions about distinguishing light and electron microscope resolution, identifying structures in prokaryote and eukaryote cell electron micrographs, comparing prokaryote and eukaryote cell structures, and detailing the functions of various eukaryotic organelles. Diagrams of cell ultrastructures are provided, and students are asked to label structures, calculate micrograph magnifications, and describe cellular processes like prokaryotic cell division.
This document provides an overview of the classification of life on Earth. It discusses the eight major categories used in scientific classification (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, etc.). The three Domains - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya are introduced. Key details are provided about the characteristics and impacts of bacteria, archaea, protists, plants, fungi and animals. Examples like photosynthetic algae and disease-causing bacteria are mentioned.
IB Biology Option D.5: Phylogeny and systematicsJason de Nys
This document provides information about phylogeny and systematics in biology. It discusses the value of classifying organisms, including identification, showing evolutionary links, and predicting characteristics. It explains the evidence for common ancestry from universal DNA and protein structures. Variations in specific molecules like cytochrome c can indicate phylogeny. Biochemical variations can be used as an evolutionary clock. Clades are groups of organisms descended from a common ancestor, and cladistics uses clades to classify organisms. The document contrasts homologous and analogous characteristics and outlines constructing and analyzing cladograms to show phylogenetic relationships. Classification systems are related to cladograms and monophyletic groups.
This document provides an overview of cell reproduction and the cell cycle. It begins by introducing cell division and its importance for growth, development, and passing genetic information between cells. It then covers chromosome structure, including that chromosomes are made of DNA coiled around histone proteins.
The document discusses the stages of the cell cycle, including interphase and the phases within it (G1, S, G2). It also covers the two main types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis divides the nucleus and results in two genetically identical daughter cells, while meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half and produces gametes. The stages of each type of cell division are described in detail. Finally, the document touches
The document provides an overview of different cell types, including animal cells, plant cells, and bacterial cells. It describes the key structures and organelles found in each cell type, such as the plasma membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell wall, and flagellum. The document also includes images and references to illustrate the different cellular components.
The document provides an overview of different cell types, including animal cells, plant cells, and bacterial cells. It describes the key structures and organelles found in each cell type, such as the plasma membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell wall, and flagellum. The document also includes images and references to illustrate the different cellular components.
Cloning involves making genetically identical copies of organisms through somatic cell nuclear transfer. John Gurdon first cloned frogs in the 1960s by transferring nuclei from intestinal cells into enucleated eggs. His work established the basis for cloning techniques still used today. Therapeutic cloning uses somatic cell nuclear transfer to generate patient-matched stem cells for research and potential medical treatments without creating human clones. However, technical challenges remain such as immune rejection and ethical issues around embryo use and destruction.
THIS PROJECT IS MADE BY NEHA SAHU.
ALUMNI STUDENT OF NEW ERA PROGESSIVE SCHOOL KORBA OF 2018.
IN THIS PPT FILE YOU CAN STUDY ABOUT VESTIGIAL STRUCTURE ONLY FEW OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ORGANS ARE THERE AND OTHER ARE IN ANOTHER PPT.
The Roslin Technique was used to create Dolly the Sheep, the first mammal cloned from an adult cell. Researchers at the Roslin Institute took a mammary gland cell from an adult sheep and inserted its nucleus into an egg cell from another sheep. After being fused together with electricity, the reprogrammed cell was implanted into a surrogate mother sheep. Dolly was successfully born in 1996 as a healthy, normal lamb and lived until 2003.
This document outlines objectives and topics related to plant and human reproduction. The objectives include recognizing types of asexual and sexual reproduction in plants and humans, understanding alternation of generation in plants, and comprehending processes like fertilization and embryonic development. Main topics covered are double fertilization, formation of sperm and ovules, the menstrual cycle and hormones, and fertilization leading to zygote development. Difficult points include the importance of sexual reproduction and alternation of generation in plants.
This document discusses the history and current state of cloning technology. It begins with early cloning experiments on frogs in 1952 and discovery of DNA structure in 1953. Major milestones include the first IVF baby in 1978, cloning of human embryos in 1993, and Dolly the sheep in 1996. While cloning of animals has potential for preserving endangered species and developing medical treatments, human reproductive cloning raises ethical concerns about genetic harm, altered relationships, and commodification of human life. The document examines debates around therapeutic versus reproductive cloning and regulations in different countries.
This document summarizes a biology investigatory project on human cloning. It discusses the basic steps of cloning through somatic cell nuclear transfer including removing the nucleus from an egg and sperm cell and fusing the cloned cell with the egg cell. It describes Dolly the sheep, the first cloned animal. While human cloning is possible and some attempts have been made, it faces many ethical controversies and technical challenges. Both benefits and problems are discussed regarding this controversial topic.
There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells were the earliest life on Earth and lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells evolved later and have organelles within membranes. Key differences include prokaryotes being smaller, unicellular, and lacking a nucleus, while eukaryotes can be multicellular, have organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts, and contain DNA within the nucleus. Both share some basic components like the cell membrane but eukaryotes have a more complex internal structure adapted for specialized functions.
The document discusses the cell theory and its development over time. It provides a brief timeline of contributions from scientists such as Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Brown, Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow and Pasteur that helped establish the cell theory. It also discusses criteria for evaluating scientific theories and applies these criteria to evaluate whether the Big Bang theory is a true scientific theory. Finally, it discusses trends and discrepancies that exist in scientific theories and provides examples of how organisms like muscle cells and fungi challenge aspects of the traditional view of cells.
Cloning involves creating genetically identical organisms through artificial means. There are two main types of cloning: artificial embryo twinning, which splits an embryo into two, and somatic cell nuclear transfer, where the nucleus of an adult cell is transferred into an egg cell. In 1996, Dolly the sheep was the first mammal cloned from an adult cell using somatic cell nuclear transfer. Cloning may have medical benefits like organ transplants but also risks like developmental failures and depriving clones of individuality.
The document discusses the structure and function of mitochondria. Key points include:
- Mitochondria are known as the "powerhouse of the cell" as they help process nutrients to release energy. They are found in high concentrations in muscle cells requiring more energy.
- Mitochondria are enclosed in two membranes - an outer membrane and inner membrane, with space between called the intermembrane space.
- The inner membrane is more complex and contains electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes. It is selectively permeable.
The document provides a history of discoveries related to DNA and genetics. It describes experiments in the 1940s-1950s that proved DNA is the genetic material responsible for inheritance. It details discoveries such as DNA's double helix structure and base pairing rules. The document also summarizes the mapping of the human genome and benefits of understanding the genome sequence.
The document provides an overview of key biology concepts for an upcoming EOC exam on May 7th. It covers topics such as genetic code, cell organelles like the nucleus and mitochondria, cell transport mechanisms, cell division, DNA structure, and levels of biological organization from cells to ecosystems. It also defines common biology terms and provides examples of cell structures, kingdoms of life, and symbiotic relationships between organisms.
The document provides information about Science Prof Online, a free science education website that offers various educational resources including virtual science classrooms, PowerPoints, articles, and images. It describes the PowerPoint resources available on the site, which can be downloaded in different formats. The document also provides attribution information for images used and explains how to view the PowerPoints, which include hyperlinks to additional learning tools. It is licensed for reuse under a Creative Commons license.
The document summarizes cell division and the cell cycle. It describes the key stages and phases of mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells through prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis produces four unique haploid daughter cells through two rounds of division and involves genetic shuffling through crossing over and independent assortment. The cell cycle and both mitosis and meiosis are essential for asexual and sexual reproduction.
1. The document discusses the processes of cell division, specifically mitosis and meiosis.
2. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells from one parent cell through nuclear division and cytokinesis. Meiosis produces gametes through two cell divisions resulting in four haploid cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.
3. The stages of mitosis are interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Meiosis includes two rounds of division and genetic shuffling through crossing over and independent assortment.
1. The document describes the processes of mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces identical daughter cells through nuclear division and cytokinesis, while meiosis produces haploid gametes through two nuclear divisions.
2. It explains the stages of the cell cycle including interphase and mitosis. Interphase involves cell growth and DNA replication while mitosis involves nuclear division and cytokinesis.
3. Meiosis involves two nuclear divisions and produces four haploid daughter cells through independent assortment and crossing over, introducing genetic variation.
1) The eukaryotic cell cycle involves cell growth, DNA replication, and cell division through mitosis to produce two identical daughter cells.
2) The cell cycle consists of interphase and mitosis. Interphase includes gap 1, DNA synthesis, and gap 2 phases. Mitosis is nuclear division followed by cytokinesis.
3) Meiosis produces gametes through two cell divisions resulting in four haploid cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.
This document provides information about the website Science Prof Online (SPO) and its resources for teaching and learning about science. SPO offers fully developed virtual science classrooms with educational materials like PowerPoint presentations, articles, images, practice questions, and video tutorials. Many of the PowerPoint files are available in different formats for various uses. Images and links are properly attributed. The site is meant to be a helpful free resource for students, educators, and anyone interested in science.
The document describes the cell cycle process of mitosis and meiosis. It explains that mitosis produces two identical daughter cells from one parent cell through the phases of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis. Meiosis produces four unique haploid daughter cells from one diploid parent cell through the two divisions of meiosis I and meiosis II, where homologous chromosomes separate then sister chromatids separate, respectively, reducing the chromosome number by half. The accurate transmission of chromosomes is essential for sexual reproduction and genetic variation.
The document discusses the process of mitosis and how it differs between plants and animals. Mitosis is the process where the nucleus divides to form two new nuclei. In animals, mitosis involves the formation of centrioles and spindle fibers that pull sister chromatids apart. In plants, centrioles are not present and cell division involves plant-specific structures. The stages of mitosis - interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis - result in two daughter cells with identical chromosomes to the parent cell.
The document discusses cell growth and reproduction, including asexual and sexual reproduction. It defines key terms like growth, reproduction, asexual reproduction, and sexual reproduction. It provides examples of asexual reproduction through binary fission in prokaryotes like bacteria. It also discusses examples of sexual reproduction through mitosis in eukaryotic cells like plants, animals and humans. The document explains the process of binary fission and mitosis at a high level.
The document discusses how multicellular organisms grow. It states that growth occurs through cell division, not by individual cells increasing in size. It also notes that for binary fission to occur in bacteria, the cell must grow in size and duplicate its DNA so that each new cell has its own copy.
Cell division occurs through mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells for growth and tissue repair. It has four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase, followed by cytokinesis. Meiosis produces four non-identical sex cells and reduces the chromosome number by half. It has two rounds of division followed by cytokinesis. The cell cycle regulates cell division, consisting of interphase and the mitotic phase.
Cell division-mitosis-meiosis-biology-lecture-power point-vcb-cctnyambi james
This document provides information about mitosis and the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells. It discusses that mitosis produces two identical daughter cells from one parent cell through nuclear and cell division. The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of interphase and mitosis. Interphase includes 3 stages of growth, DNA replication, and protein synthesis. Mitosis is then described in detail through its four stages - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase - followed by cytokinesis, which separates the cytoplasmic contents. The key events of each mitotic stage are outlined.
The document discusses the cell cycle and cell division processes of mitosis and meiosis. It defines the main phases of each process and compares the key differences between mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis involves one cell division producing two identical daughter cells, while meiosis involves two cell divisions producing four non-identical haploid daughter cells. The stages of each process including interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase are outlined in detail. Diagrams and animations are provided to illustrate each phase.
The document summarizes the process of cell division or mitosis in animal and plant cells. Mitosis involves five stages - interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase - where the cell replicates its DNA and organelles, aligns and separates its chromosomes, and divides into two identical daughter cells. While animal and plant cells undergo the same stages, plant cells form a cell wall between the two daughter cells during telophase instead of pinching in two like animal cells.
Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with identical copies of DNA as the parent cell. It has four main phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. During prophase the chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle forms. In metaphase the chromosomes align in the center of the cell. Anaphase involves the separation of sister chromatids to opposite poles. Telophase concludes with the formation of two daughter cell membranes pinching the cell in two.
This presentation was created by Ioanna Leontiou and it is intended as a creative and flexible tool for students on Biological sciences who focus on the chromosome segregation. It is created to facilitate students performing research projects in our lab (especially during Covid restrictions), but it is suitable for every student who wants to learn more about chromosomes and the molecular mechanism controlling chromosome segregation. The presentation includes a generic overview of the cell division, illustrates the chromosome structure and provides molecular details of the spindle assembly checkpoint, an important pathway that ensures high fedility of chromosome segregation through mitosis. It also includes an introduction to some of the molecular biology techniques used in a yeast lab and incoporates some fluorescent microscopy images/videos. At the end of the presentantion there is a list of open access scientific publications for further reading on the the molecular mechanism of spindle checkpoint and some links of some very interesting sites, which include a range of videos on laboratory molecular biology techniques, research talks and guided papers. The purpose of this presentantion is to create a piece of work that students could return to when needed. Diagramms and illustrations are also encouranged to be used by scientists, science communicators and educators.
This presentation is licensed under a Creative Common Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-SA 4.0), unless otherwise stated on the specific slide.
This document provides an overview of a course on cytology and cell physiology. It discusses the basic structure and functions of cells, including the evolution of the cell theory and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Theories on the origin of life and cells are presented, including the serial endosymbiosis theory. Characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are described. The document concludes with assessments for the course.
The document provides an overview of cell biology, describing cell theory which states that all living things are composed of cells, cells provide structure and carry out functions to sustain life, and organisms can be single-celled or multi-cellular. It defines key aspects of cells like the nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, and cell membranes, and provides examples of cellular structures and their functions. The document includes interactive questions to test understanding of cell theory.
This document provides an overview of stem cells, including what makes a cell a stem cell, the different types of stem cells, the timeline of stem cell research, how stem cell lines are generated in laboratories, major uses of stem cells, the promises and challenges of stem cell research, and some key ethical and moral issues surrounding stem cells. It discusses topics such as embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, totipotent stem cells, multipotent stem cells, and the use of stem cells in bone marrow transplantation and for neurological disorders.
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
1. About Science Prof Online
PowerPoint Resources
• Science Prof Online (SPO) is a free science education website that provides fully-developed Virtual Science Classrooms,
science-related PowerPoints, articles and images. The site is designed to be a helpful resource for students, educators, and
anyone interested in learning about science.
• The SPO Virtual Classrooms offer many educational resources, including practice test questions, review questions, lecture
PowerPoints, video tutorials, sample assignments and course syllabi. New materials are continually being developed, so check
back frequently, or follow us on Facebook (Science Prof Online) or Twitter (ScienceProfSPO) for updates.
• Many SPO PowerPoints are available in a variety of formats, such as fully editable PowerPoint files, as well as uneditable
versions in smaller file sizes, such as PowerPoint Shows and Portable Document Format (.pdf), for ease of printing.
• Images used on this resource, and on the SPO website are, wherever possible, credited and linked to their source. Any
words underlined and appearing in blue are links that can be clicked on for more information. PowerPoints must be viewed in
slide show mode to use the hyperlinks directly.
• Several helpful links to fun and interactive learning tools are included throughout the PPT and on the Smart Links slide,
near the end of each presentation. You must be in slide show mode to utilize hyperlinks and animations.
•This digital resource is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
Alicia Cepaitis, MS
Chief Creative Nerd
Science Prof Online
Online Education Resources, LLC
alicia@scienceprofonline.com
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Compound microscope objectives, T. Port
Tami Port, MS
Creator of Science Prof Online
Chief Executive Nerd
Science Prof Online
Online Education Resources, LLC
info@scienceprofonline.com
3. Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
– Cell grows.
– DNA is replicated.
- Mitotic cell division produces daughter
cell identical to the parent.
Image: Cell cycle by Richard Wheeler From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Different from prokaryotic
cell cycle, in that…
– Eukaryotic cells have more DNA on many linear chromosomes.
(Q: How many do humans have?).
– The timing of replication and cell division is highly regulated.
Like prokaryotic cell cycle, in that…
4. Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
2 major phases:
• __________ (3 stages)
– DNA uncondensed
• ________ (4 stages + cytokinesis)
- Nuclear division & division of cytoplasm
– DNA condensed
Image: Cell cycle by Richard Wheeler From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
5. Interphase
Non-dividing state
With 3 sub-stages:
___ – cell grows in size
– organelles replicated
___ – replication of DNA
– synthesis of proteins
associated with DNA
___ – synthesis of proteins
associated with mitosis
Image: Cell cycle by Richard Wheeler; Interphase in
Onion Cell Drawing & Photo, Source Unknown From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
6. Division of somatic cells (non-reproductive cells)
in eukaryotic organisms.
A single cell divides into two identical
daughter cells.
Daughter cells have same # of chromosomes
as does parent cell.
Mitosis
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Images: Cell cycle by Richard Wheeler;
Overview of Mitosis, Mysid
7. Packing for the move…
When cell is not dividing…
● DNA molecules in extended,
uncondensed form = chromatin
● Cell can only replicate and transcribe
DNA when in extended state.
When cell is preparing for division…
● DNA molecules condense to form
chromosomes prior to division.
– each chromosome is a single molecule of DNA
– easier to sort and organize the replicated
DNA into daughter cells
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
8. Mitosis
4 sub-phases:
1st – Prophase
2nd – Metaphase
3rd – Anaphase
4th – Telophase
followed by
Cytokinesis
Secret to remembering phases in order…
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.comImage: Mitosis diagram, Marek Kultys
9. 1. Prophase
Images: Prophase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body;
Prophase Onion Cell Drawing & Photo, Source Unknown, Fluoresced cell,
National Institutes of Health
3 Major Events
- chromosomes condense
- spindle fibers form
(spindle fibers are specialized microtubules
radiating out from centrioles)
- chromosomes are
captured by spindle
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Fluoresced eukaryotic cell.
Chromosomes in blue. Mitotic spindle
apparatus in green.
11. • chromosomes align along
equator of the cell, with one
kinetochore facing each pole
centrioles
spindle fibers
chromosomes
2. Metaphase
Images: Metaphase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human
Body; Metaphase Onion Cell Drawing & Photo, Source Unknown
Kinetocores not pictured in this illustration.
12. 3. Anaphase
• sister chromatids separate
• spindle fibers attached to
kinetochores shorten and
pull chromatids towards the
poles.
• free spindle fibers lengthen
and push poles of cell apart
Images: Anaphase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human
Body; Anaphase Onion Cell Drawing & Photo, Source Unknown From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
13. 4. Telophase
• spindle fibers disintegrate
• nuclear envelopes form around both
groups of chromosomes
•chromosomes revert to their
extended state
• cytokinesis occurs, enclosing each
daughter nucleus into a separate cell
Images: Telophase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human
Body; Telophase Onion Cell Drawing & Photo, Source Unknown From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
14. Cytokinesis – Plant vs. Animal Cell
• Plant cells undergo
cytokinesis by forming a
cell plate between the two
daughter nuclei.
• Animal cells undergo
cytokinesis through the
formation of a cleavage
furrow. A ring of
microtubules contract,
pinching the cell in half.
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Images: Telophase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body;
Ciliate dividing, TheAlphaWolf; Telophase Onion Cell Photo, Source Unknown
15. Stages of Mitosis
Image: Onion Cell Drawing & Photo, Source Unknown
REVIEW!
Mitosis Animations
1. Mitosis & Cytokinesis from McGraw-Hill
2. Mitosis Interactive Animation from Cells Alive
16. 1. somatic cells
2. sex cells
(a.k.a. gametes)
SEXually reproducing eukaryotes, have 2 types of body cells…
Image: Superficial human anatomy, Mikael Häggström&
Rainer Zenz; Sperm & egg, Wikipedia
Made
you
look!
Genetics Terminology
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
17. - A single germ cell divides into four unique daughter cells.
- Daughter cells have half the # of chromosomes as parent cell,
so they considered haploid.
Image: Overview of Meiosis,
National Institutes of Health
What is cell division of gametes called?
Meiosis
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
18. Diploid organisms receive one of each type of
chromosome from female parent (maternal chromosomes)
and one of each type of chromosome from male
parent (paternal chromosomes)
Refers to the number of sets of
chromosomes in cells.
● Haploid – one copy of each chromosome
– designated as “n”, the number of
chromosomes in one “set”
- gametes
● Diploid – two sets of chromosomes
- two of each chromosome
– designated as “2n”
- somatic cells
Genetics Terminology: Ploidy
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
19. Genetics Terminology: Homologues
Chromosomes exist in homologous pairs in diploid (2n)
cells.
Exception: Sex chromosomes (X, Y).
Other chromosomes, known as autosomes, they have
homologues.
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
20. Karyotype
• Q: Which, of the top
two karyotypes is
replicated?
• Q: How many
homologous pair in each
karyotype?
• Q: How is the bottom
karyotype different
from the top two?
Image: Karyotype, National Human Genome Research InstituteFrom the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
21. Asexual Reproduction
– Many single-celled
organisms reproduce by
splitting, budding.
– Some multicellular
organisms can reproduce
asexually, produce clones
(offspring genetically identical
to parent).
– Q: What type of cell
division is asexual
reproduction?
Image: Paatrick Star, Nickelodeon;
Hydra budding, Lifetrance;From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
22. Sexual Reproduction
• Fusion of two gametes to
produce a single zygote.
• Introduces greater genetic
variation, allows genetic
recombination.
• With exception of self-
fertilizing organisms, zygote
has gametes from two
different parents.
Peter + Lois = Stewie
Images: Peter, Lois & Stewie, The Family Guy From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
23. Sexual reproduction in humans …
• At fertilization, 23 chromosomes
are donated by each parent.
(total = 46 or 23 pairs).
• Gametes (sperm/ova):
– Contain 22 autosomes and 1 sex
chromosome.
– Are haploid (haploid number
“n” = 23 in humans).
• Fertilization results in diploid zygote.
– Diploid cell; 2n = 46. (n = 23 in humans)
• Q: Most cells in the body are produced through what type of cell division?
• Only gametes are produced through meiosis.
Image: Superficial human anatomy, Mikael
Häggström& Rainer Zenz; Sperm & egg, Wikipedia From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
24. Meiosis - Sex Cell (Gamete) Formation
In meiosis, there
are 2 divisions
of the nucleus:
meiosis I
&
meiosis II
Image: Overview of Meiosis,
National Institutes of Health From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
25. Image: Meiosis diagram, Marek KultysFrom the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
REVIEW!
Meiosis Animations
1. How Meiosis Works from McGraw-Hill
2. Meiosis Interactive Animation from Cells Alive
26. Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction
Life Cycle
Image: Animal Life Cycle, Dr. T’s Bio 328 Genetics
Mitosis * *
*
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
27. Genetic Variation in Diploid Organisms
• Fusion of sperm and egg results in unique
offspring.
• But not only because the young are a product of
two individuals with different genetic makeup.
• Meiosis “shuffles” the genes so that the an
individual’s gametes are genetically different
from one another.
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Meiosis diagram, Marek Kultys
How is this shuffling accomplished?
28. Genetic shuffling of Meiosis I
In addition to a new combination of chromosomes resulting
from fertilization, there are also events in Meiosis I that
shuffle the genes.
1. Crossing over in Prophase I.
2. Independent assortment in Metaphase I.
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
29. Crossing Over
• Homologues break at identical
locations, then rejoin opposite
partners.
• This creates new combinations
of the alleles on each
chromosome.
• Occurs randomly several times
on every chromosome.
• Results in mixing of the genes
you inherited from your
parents.
Image: Meiosis diagram, Marek Kultys ; Crossing over, Thomas
Hunt Morgan, Molecular crossing over, David HallFrom the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
31. Spermatogenesis
Image: Spermatogenesis, WikiFrom the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Males produce sperm
throughout life, after
the onset of puberty,
about 1,500 sperm per
second.
32. Oogenesis
Image: Oogenesis, WikiFrom the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Oogenesis in females is
probably complete
either before or
shortly after birth.
During oogenesis, three
polar bodies develop as
the mature ovum is
generated.
Polar bodies contain
little cytoplasm and
eventually degenerate.
33. Mitosis vs. Meiosis
• 2n
• Clone
• Same genetic
information in
parent cell and
daughter cell.
• Give me another
one just like the
other one!
• 1n
• Daughter cells different from
parent cell and from each other.
• Daughter cells have ½ the
number of chromosomes as
somatic cell.
• Shuffling the genes
(Mix it up!)
• See animation “Unique Features
of Meiosis” from McGraw-Hill
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
REVIEW!
Animations Comparing Mitosis & Meiosis
Quiz 1 and Quiz 2
from McGraw-Hill
34. Image: Mitosis diagram & Meiosis diagram, Marek Kultys From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
35. Drawing and Labeling Chromosomes
Sister
Chromatid
Replicated
Uncondensed
Chromosome
(chromatin)
Sister
Chromatid
Centromere
Unreplicated
Uncondensed
Chromosome
(chromatin)
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
36. Drawing & Labeling Homologous Chromosomes
Unreplicated,
Condensed,
Homologous
Chromosomes
Replicated,
Condensed,
Homologous
Chromosomes
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
37. Meiosis Demo & Practice
• Break up into groups & get kit.
• Each kit should have:
- 6 duplicated chromosomes (3 sets of
homologues).
- 4 pieces of string
- plastic centromere pieces
• Use chromosome kits to work through
the stages of meiosis.
• BEFORE you start writing on your
Meiosis Worksheet, make sure that you
have modeled the stages of Meiosis with
the chromosome kits. (If your group needs
help, raise your hand & I will come over assist.)
• Do not depict cross-over in your
diagrams. You need to be able to track
the journey of each individual
chromosome from start to finish.
See the ScienceProfOnline Virtual Cell
Biology Classroom Genetics: Cell
Division - Meiosis & Sexual
Reproduction for a printable Word .doc of
this assignment.
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
38. Confused?
Here are links to fun resources that further
explain meiosis:
• Meiosis Main Page on the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom of
Science Prof Online.
• “Meiosis: Where the Sex Starts”, video from Crash
Course Biology
• Meiosis animation, step-through and quiz, Sadava, et al., Life: The
Science of Biology, 9th Edition, Sinauer Associates.
• Meiosis step through animation from CellsAlive.com.
• “X & Y” song by Coldplay
• Meiosis animation from McGraw-Hill.
• Independent Assortment animation from Sinauer
Associates.
• “Let’s Talk About Sex” music video by Salt ‘n’ Pepa.
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
39. Are you feeling blinded by science?
Do yourself a favor. Use the…
Virtual Cell Biology
Classroom (VCBC) !
The VCBC is full of resources to help you succeed,
including:• practice test questions
• review questions
• study guides and learning objectives
• PowerPoints on other topics
You can access the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom (VCBC) on the Science Prof Online
website www.ScienceProfOnline.com
Images: Blinded With Science album, Thomas Dolby; Endomembrane system, Mariana Ruiz, Wiki