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Prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells 3
The document compares and contrasts the key structures and features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes like bacteria have no nucleus, organelles or histones. They have a single circular chromosome, peptidoglycan cell walls and divide via binary fission. Eukaryotes like plants and animals cells have a nucleus containing chromosomes, histones and membrane-bound organelles. They have polysaccharide cell walls and divide via mitosis using a spindle apparatus. The document outlines the major internal and external structures of both types of cells.
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Prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells 3
- 1. Functional Anatomy ofProkaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
- 2. • Prokaryote comesfrom the Greek words for prenucleus • Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for true nucleus.
- 3. Prokaryote Eukaryote • One circular • Paired chromosome, chromosomes, not in a in nuclear membrane membrane • No histones • Histones • No organelles • Organelles • Peptidoglycan • Polysaccharide cell walls cell walls • Binary fission • Mitotic spindle
- 4. Prokaryote • One circularchromosome, not in a membrane • No histones • No organelles • Peptidoglycan cell walls • Binary fission
- 5. Eukaryote • Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane • Histones • Organelles • Polysaccharide cell walls • Mitotic spindle
- 6. Prokaryote • Average size:0.2 -1.0 µm 2 - 8 µm • Basic shapes
- 7. Arrangements • Coccus – “ Berry”, round, oval
- 8. 2. Bacilli –Diplobacilli, Streptobacilli, Coccobacilli
- 9. 3. Spirals /Spirochetes – have 1 or more twist
- 10. Structures External tothe Cell wall • 1. Glycocalyx • 2. Flagella • 3. Axial Filaments • 4. Fimbria • 5 Pilus
- 11. Glycocalyx • Outside thecell wall • Usually sticky 2 types: 1. Capsule - neatly organized 2. Slime Layer - unorganized & loose • Extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach • Capsules prevent phagocytosis ( Virulence Factor) •
- 12. Flagella • Outside cellwall, for Locomotion • Made of chains of flagellin • Attached to a protein hook
- 14. Axial Filaments • Endoflagella, For Locomotion • In spirochetes ( Treponema pallidum) • Anchored at one end of a cell • Rotation causes cell to move
- 15. Fimbria & Pilus •Fimbriae - allow attachment (Neisseria gonorrhea) - hairlike, short • Pili - used to transfer DNA from one cell to another ( Sex pili)
- 16. Cell Wall • Complex,Semi-rigid structure 1. Protects the interior of the cell (prevents osmotic lysis) 2. Maintains the shape 3. Point of anchorage of Flagella Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria), Virulence Factor
- 17. Peptidoglycan - Polymer of disaccharide N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) & N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) - Linked by polypeptides
- 19. Gram-Positive cell walls • Thick peptidoglycan • Teichoic acids • In acid-fast cells, contains mycolic acid • May regulate movement of cations • Polysaccharides provide antigenic variation
- 20. Gram-Negative Outer Membrane • Thin peptidoglycan • No teichoic acids • Outer membrane • Lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, phospholipids • Protection from phagocytes, complement, antibiotics
- 21. Gram Stain Mechanism Crystalviolet-iodine crystals form in cell Gram-positive - Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan - CV-I crystals do not leave Gram-negative - Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in peptidoglycan - CV-I washes out
- 22. Structures Internal tothe Cell Wall • 1. Plasma Membrane • 2. Cytoplasm • 3. Nuclear area • 4. Ribosomes • 5. Inclusion bodies • 6. Endospores
- 23. Plasma Membrane /Cytoplasmic Membrane
- 24. • Phospholipid bilayer • Peripheral proteins • Integral proteins • Transmembrane proteins
- 25. • Selective permeabilityallows passage of some molecules Large molecules – inhibited Small molecules – allowed to pass - H+, O, Lipid soluble • Damage to the membrane by alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents) and polymyxin antibiotics causes leakage of cell contents.
- 26. Movement Across Membranes •Simple diffusion – Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. • Facilitative diffusion - Solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane.
- 28. • Osmosis Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water Osmotic pressure The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane.
- 30. Cytoplasm • Cytoplasm isthe substance inside the plasma membrane - 80% water, proteins, CHON, Lipids inorganic ions - where the nuclear area, ribosomes & ribosomes are found.
- 31. Nuclear Area • Storesthe bacterial genetic information. • No nuclear envelope • Attached to plasma membrane • Bacterial Chromosomes - single, long, continuously arranged double stranded DNA. • Plasmid - small, circular double stranded DNA separate from chromosomal DNA capable of replicating
- 32. • Function ofPlasmids: 1. Genes for antibiotic resistance 2. Tolerance to toxic metals 3. Production of toxins 4. Synthesis of enzymes
- 33. Ribosomes • Circular, Siteof protein synthesis • Site for antibiotic attachment
- 34. Inclusions • Metachromatic granules • Polysaccharide granules • Lipid inclusions • Sulfur granules • Magnetosomes
- 35. Endospores • Resting cells,formed when essential nutrients are depleted • Resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals • Bacillus, Clostridium • Sporulation: Endospore formation • Germination: Return to vegetative state
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- 38. Cell Wall • Cellwall Plants, algae, fungi Carbohydrates • Cellulose, chitin, glucan, mannan • Glycocalyx Carbohydrates extending from animal plasma membrane Bonded to proteins and lipids in membrane No Peptidoglycan
- 39. Plasma Membrane • Phospholipid bilayer • Peripheral proteins • Integral proteins • Transmembrane proteins • Sterols • Glycocalyx carbohydrates • Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules • Simple diffusion • Facilitative diffusion • Osmosis • Active transport
- 40. • Endocytosis • Phagocytosis:Pseudopods extend and engulf particles • Pinocytosis: Membrane folds inward bringing in fluid and dissolved substances
- 41. Organelles • Membrane-bound: • Nucleus Contains chromosomes • ER Transport network • Golgi complex Membrane formation and secretion • Lysosome Digestive enzymes • Vacuole Brings food into cells/stores • Mitochondrion Cellular respiration • Chloroplast Photosynthesis • Peroxisome Oxidation of fatty acids; destroys H2O2
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