This document discusses chemolithotrophs, which are organisms that obtain energy from oxidizing inorganic or organic compounds. It notes that chemolithotrophs, also called chemolithoautotrophs, were first studied by Sergei Winogradsky in sulfur bacteria. Chemolithotrophs face challenges due to the lower energy availability from oxidizing inorganic compounds compared to organics, and solutions include oxidizing more substrate and using reverse electron flow. The document categorizes chemolithotrophs as aerobic, using oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor, or anaerobic, using other compounds besides oxygen.
This document discusses the nutritional requirements of microbes. It explains that microbes require a variety of essential elements for growth and development, including carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Nutrients can be classified as macro or micronutrients. Macro nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus make up 95% of a microbial cell's dry weight. Carbon is particularly important as the main constituent of organic materials. Microbes also require trace elements and growth factors. The document describes different types of microbes based on their carbon, energy, and electron sources, including photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, heterotrophs, and more. Saprophytic, symbiotic, and
Nutritional requirement by microorganismsSuchittaU
Nutrients are required for microbial growth and act as building blocks and energy sources. The main nutrient requirements for microorganisms include carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, hydrogen, oxygen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and trace elements. Microorganisms can be classified based on their carbon, energy and electron sources as photolithotrophs, photoorganoheterotrophs, chemolithoautotrophs, chemolithoheterotrophs or chemoorganoheterotrophs. Culture media are used to grow microorganisms and include defined, complex, liquid, solid, supportive, enriched, selective and differential media depending on their composition and purpose.
Microorganisms require nutrients for growth and metabolism. There are two categories of essential nutrients: macro-nutrients which are needed in large amounts to maintain cell structure and metabolism, and micro-nutrients which are needed in trace amounts to help enzyme function and maintain protein structure. Microorganisms obtain carbon, nitrogen, and other macro-nutrients from both inorganic and organic sources, while micro-nutrients like metals serve as catalysts in enzymes. Microorganisms are also classified based on their energy and electron sources as phototrophs or chemotrophs, and lithotrophs or organotrophs.
Microorganisms require specific physical and chemical conditions to grow, including appropriate temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and nutrient availability. Culture media aim to provide these requirements and allow isolation and differentiation of microbes. General purpose media support growth of many microbes while selective and differential media inhibit some microbes and reveal differences in microbial reactions. Strict anaerobes require specialized reducing media and techniques to cultivate them without oxygen exposure.
This powerpoint describes the classification of bacteria based on their nutritional requirements. This gives basic ideas to the readers in this particular topic.
This document discusses chemolithotrophs, which are organisms that obtain energy from oxidizing inorganic or organic compounds. It notes that chemolithotrophs, also called chemolithoautotrophs, were first studied by Sergei Winogradsky in sulfur bacteria. Chemolithotrophs face challenges due to the lower energy availability from oxidizing inorganic compounds compared to organics, and solutions include oxidizing more substrate and using reverse electron flow. The document categorizes chemolithotrophs as aerobic, using oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor, or anaerobic, using other compounds besides oxygen.
This document discusses the nutritional requirements of microbes. It explains that microbes require a variety of essential elements for growth and development, including carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Nutrients can be classified as macro or micronutrients. Macro nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus make up 95% of a microbial cell's dry weight. Carbon is particularly important as the main constituent of organic materials. Microbes also require trace elements and growth factors. The document describes different types of microbes based on their carbon, energy, and electron sources, including photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, heterotrophs, and more. Saprophytic, symbiotic, and
Nutritional requirement by microorganismsSuchittaU
Nutrients are required for microbial growth and act as building blocks and energy sources. The main nutrient requirements for microorganisms include carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, hydrogen, oxygen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and trace elements. Microorganisms can be classified based on their carbon, energy and electron sources as photolithotrophs, photoorganoheterotrophs, chemolithoautotrophs, chemolithoheterotrophs or chemoorganoheterotrophs. Culture media are used to grow microorganisms and include defined, complex, liquid, solid, supportive, enriched, selective and differential media depending on their composition and purpose.
Microorganisms require nutrients for growth and metabolism. There are two categories of essential nutrients: macro-nutrients which are needed in large amounts to maintain cell structure and metabolism, and micro-nutrients which are needed in trace amounts to help enzyme function and maintain protein structure. Microorganisms obtain carbon, nitrogen, and other macro-nutrients from both inorganic and organic sources, while micro-nutrients like metals serve as catalysts in enzymes. Microorganisms are also classified based on their energy and electron sources as phototrophs or chemotrophs, and lithotrophs or organotrophs.
Microorganisms require specific physical and chemical conditions to grow, including appropriate temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and nutrient availability. Culture media aim to provide these requirements and allow isolation and differentiation of microbes. General purpose media support growth of many microbes while selective and differential media inhibit some microbes and reveal differences in microbial reactions. Strict anaerobes require specialized reducing media and techniques to cultivate them without oxygen exposure.
This powerpoint describes the classification of bacteria based on their nutritional requirements. This gives basic ideas to the readers in this particular topic.
This document discusses various environmental factors that affect microbial growth, including temperature, pH, oxygen levels, osmotic pressure, and nutritional requirements. It classifies microorganisms based on their optimal and maximum temperature ranges, pH preferences, oxygen utilization, and responses to osmotic pressure and available nutrients. Various culture techniques are also described that allow isolation and study of microbes in different environmental conditions.
This document discusses sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and their chemolithotrophic metabolism. It provides details on various sulfur-oxidizing bacteria such as Beggiatoa, Thiobacillus, Sulfolobus, and Thiomicrospira. It explains that these bacteria are able to use reduced inorganic sulfur compounds like hydrogen sulfide as electron donors to generate energy through electron transport phosphorylation. The oxidation of these compounds produces sulfuric acid. It also notes that while most sulfur oxidation is aerobic, some bacteria can perform this process anaerobically using nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor.
Bacteria require nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace elements for growth and reproduction. These nutrients are used to build carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Bacteria need macronutrients like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in large amounts, as well as micronutrients like iron and zinc in very small amounts. Environmental factors like temperature, pH, and oxygen levels also influence bacterial growth. Proper nutrition and growth conditions are necessary for bacteria to successfully multiply.
Microorganisms come in many forms and play a variety of roles. They can decompose waste, perform photosynthesis, and produce useful products like ethanol and medicines. Microbes also include disease-causing pathogens. There is great diversity among microbes including viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Carl Woese's three domain system classifies life based on cellular organization into Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya which includes protists, fungi, plants and animals. Microbes vary in size and shape and inhabit diverse environments.
Sodium chloride affects microbial growth in different ways depending on the organism. Obligate halophiles require salt to survive and will lyse without it, while halotolerant organisms do not need salt but can tolerate some salinity. Halophiles are categorized based on their preferred salt concentrations: slight halophiles tolerate 1-6% salt, moderate 6-15%, and extreme 15-30%. Scientists control salt levels in culture media to selectively grow halophiles or inhibit non-halophilic microbes. Halophiles are found in briny and coastal environments and employ mechanisms like compatible solutes and potassium control to regulate osmotic pressure in high salinity conditions.
A broad module on industrial microbiology is summarized with pictures .It includes the production of vitamins,vaccine ,alcohol,vinegar,steroids,amino acids ,antibiotics .it also includes the general idea on history ,media,equipment,fermentation,procedure ,uses of industrial microbiology .The production of wine,beer and vinegar are mine core interest .Hope may help ....Thank you .
This document discusses various types of extremophiles and their adaptations to extreme environments. It describes acidophiles, alkaliphiles, thermophiles, psychrophiles and their ability to thrive in highly acidic, alkaline, hot, and cold conditions respectively. Acidophiles maintain a neutral pH inside their cells while alkaliphiles actively pump out hydroxide ions. Thermophiles have heat-stable membranes and proteins while psychrophiles can grow in temperatures as low as -15°C through various metabolic pathways. The document provides examples of extremophile organisms from all domains of life that have adapted to survive in these extreme conditions through specialized cellular mechanisms.
Single cell protein (SCP) refers to edible microorganisms or their extracts used as a protein supplement. SCP can be produced using bacteria, yeast, fungi or algae through fermentation. It has high nutritional value but also has some limitations. Research is focused on improving production methods and addressing issues like high nucleic acid content and digestibility. SCP shows potential as a sustainable protein source but more work is needed before it will be widely accepted as human food.
Nutritional requirements of bacteria and nutrient media (2) copyvinaya warad
To understand nutritional requirements of bacteria
To study nutritional classification of bacteria
To study constituents of nutrient media
To understand types of nutrient media.
To understand uses of different nutrient media
This document discusses microbial identification methods. It begins by outlining the objectives and topics to be covered, including identification of bacteria, fungi, algae, and viruses. For bacteria, it describes phenotypic methods like morphology, physiology/biochemistry, and genotypic techniques using genetic markers. Morphological identification of bacteria involves shape, staining, and colony appearance. Physiological/biochemical tests examine enzyme production and nutrient metabolism. Genotypic methods like nucleic acid sequencing and PCR are also discussed. The document continues by addressing identification of fungi, algae, and viruses through their distinguishing characteristics and laboratory techniques.
This document summarizes microbiology topics related to food and water. It discusses how gastrointestinal infections are usually transmitted through contaminated food or water. It describes various sources of food contamination including soil, water, food utensils, food handlers, and animals. Common foodborne pathogens are mentioned. Methods for controlling bacteria in food to prevent spoilage and disease transmission are outlined. Microbiology issues pertaining to water are also summarized, including waterborne diseases and methods for water sanitation.
This document discusses microbial nutrition, including macronutrients, micronutrients, growth factors, and environmental factors that influence microbial growth. It explains that microbes require carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other minerals as macronutrients, and trace amounts of metals like iron and zinc as micronutrients. The document also classifies microbes based on their carbon, energy, and electron sources, and lists examples like phototrophs, chemotrophs, lithotrophs, and organotrophs. Finally, it describes various mechanisms that microbes use to transport nutrients into cells, such as passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, group translocation, and
This document discusses raw materials used in fermentation processes. It covers various carbon sources like molasses, fruit juices, cheese whey, starches from cereals and tubers. It also discusses cellulosic materials like sulfite waste liquor, wood hydrolysates, and rice straw. Vegetable oils and hydrocarbons can also serve as carbon sources. Ideal fermentation media should satisfy the nutritional needs of microorganisms, support high product yields, use cheap and available raw materials, and not interfere with downstream processing. The type of raw material used depends on factors like cost, availability, and product being fermented.
The major nutritional requirements of bacteria like E. coli are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, magnesium, iron, and trace amounts of other elements. These elements are obtained from the environment in the form of water, ions, small molecules and macromolecules. They serve structural and functional roles within the cell. Bacteria also require an energy source and carbon source for growth, which can include light, organic compounds, or inorganic compounds depending on whether they are photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, or chemoheterotrophs.
The document discusses inoculum development and production media for industrial fermentation. It defines inoculum as a culture of microbes used to inoculate production-scale fermentations. Successful fermentations require developing inoculum to an active, healthy state in appropriate density. The document outlines factors that affect fermentation and discusses various media components like carbon sources, nitrogen sources, and trace elements. It also covers inoculum development methods for bacterial and mycelial cultures, preservation techniques, examples of media used for specific inocula, and criteria for a good inoculum.
This document provides information about yeast. It defines yeast as a microscopic fungi that can convert sugar into alcohol and carbohydrates. Yeast is used to produce various foods through fermentation like bread, beer, wine, vinegar and cheese. The document describes the morphology of yeast cells as single-celled fungi ranging from 1-5um wide and 5-30um long without flagella. It reproduces asexually through budding or fission and sexually through various life cycles. Physiologically, yeast grows best with moisture and sugars as an energy source.
Lect. 3 (microbial nutrition and cultivation)Osama Rifat
Microbial growth conditions depend on various nutrients and environmental factors. Microorganisms require macronutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and micronutrients in small amounts. They also need growth factors like vitamins and amino acids. Temperature, pH, and oxygen levels influence microbial growth. Pure cultures can be isolated using techniques like streak plating that allow single microbial cells to grow into separate colonies.
This document discusses various environmental factors that affect microbial growth, including temperature, pH, oxygen levels, osmotic pressure, and nutritional requirements. It classifies microorganisms based on their optimal and maximum temperature ranges, pH preferences, oxygen utilization, and responses to osmotic pressure and available nutrients. Various culture techniques are also described that allow isolation and study of microbes in different environmental conditions.
This document discusses sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and their chemolithotrophic metabolism. It provides details on various sulfur-oxidizing bacteria such as Beggiatoa, Thiobacillus, Sulfolobus, and Thiomicrospira. It explains that these bacteria are able to use reduced inorganic sulfur compounds like hydrogen sulfide as electron donors to generate energy through electron transport phosphorylation. The oxidation of these compounds produces sulfuric acid. It also notes that while most sulfur oxidation is aerobic, some bacteria can perform this process anaerobically using nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor.
Bacteria require nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace elements for growth and reproduction. These nutrients are used to build carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Bacteria need macronutrients like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in large amounts, as well as micronutrients like iron and zinc in very small amounts. Environmental factors like temperature, pH, and oxygen levels also influence bacterial growth. Proper nutrition and growth conditions are necessary for bacteria to successfully multiply.
Microorganisms come in many forms and play a variety of roles. They can decompose waste, perform photosynthesis, and produce useful products like ethanol and medicines. Microbes also include disease-causing pathogens. There is great diversity among microbes including viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Carl Woese's three domain system classifies life based on cellular organization into Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya which includes protists, fungi, plants and animals. Microbes vary in size and shape and inhabit diverse environments.
Sodium chloride affects microbial growth in different ways depending on the organism. Obligate halophiles require salt to survive and will lyse without it, while halotolerant organisms do not need salt but can tolerate some salinity. Halophiles are categorized based on their preferred salt concentrations: slight halophiles tolerate 1-6% salt, moderate 6-15%, and extreme 15-30%. Scientists control salt levels in culture media to selectively grow halophiles or inhibit non-halophilic microbes. Halophiles are found in briny and coastal environments and employ mechanisms like compatible solutes and potassium control to regulate osmotic pressure in high salinity conditions.
A broad module on industrial microbiology is summarized with pictures .It includes the production of vitamins,vaccine ,alcohol,vinegar,steroids,amino acids ,antibiotics .it also includes the general idea on history ,media,equipment,fermentation,procedure ,uses of industrial microbiology .The production of wine,beer and vinegar are mine core interest .Hope may help ....Thank you .
This document discusses various types of extremophiles and their adaptations to extreme environments. It describes acidophiles, alkaliphiles, thermophiles, psychrophiles and their ability to thrive in highly acidic, alkaline, hot, and cold conditions respectively. Acidophiles maintain a neutral pH inside their cells while alkaliphiles actively pump out hydroxide ions. Thermophiles have heat-stable membranes and proteins while psychrophiles can grow in temperatures as low as -15°C through various metabolic pathways. The document provides examples of extremophile organisms from all domains of life that have adapted to survive in these extreme conditions through specialized cellular mechanisms.
Single cell protein (SCP) refers to edible microorganisms or their extracts used as a protein supplement. SCP can be produced using bacteria, yeast, fungi or algae through fermentation. It has high nutritional value but also has some limitations. Research is focused on improving production methods and addressing issues like high nucleic acid content and digestibility. SCP shows potential as a sustainable protein source but more work is needed before it will be widely accepted as human food.
Nutritional requirements of bacteria and nutrient media (2) copyvinaya warad
To understand nutritional requirements of bacteria
To study nutritional classification of bacteria
To study constituents of nutrient media
To understand types of nutrient media.
To understand uses of different nutrient media
This document discusses microbial identification methods. It begins by outlining the objectives and topics to be covered, including identification of bacteria, fungi, algae, and viruses. For bacteria, it describes phenotypic methods like morphology, physiology/biochemistry, and genotypic techniques using genetic markers. Morphological identification of bacteria involves shape, staining, and colony appearance. Physiological/biochemical tests examine enzyme production and nutrient metabolism. Genotypic methods like nucleic acid sequencing and PCR are also discussed. The document continues by addressing identification of fungi, algae, and viruses through their distinguishing characteristics and laboratory techniques.
This document summarizes microbiology topics related to food and water. It discusses how gastrointestinal infections are usually transmitted through contaminated food or water. It describes various sources of food contamination including soil, water, food utensils, food handlers, and animals. Common foodborne pathogens are mentioned. Methods for controlling bacteria in food to prevent spoilage and disease transmission are outlined. Microbiology issues pertaining to water are also summarized, including waterborne diseases and methods for water sanitation.
This document discusses microbial nutrition, including macronutrients, micronutrients, growth factors, and environmental factors that influence microbial growth. It explains that microbes require carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other minerals as macronutrients, and trace amounts of metals like iron and zinc as micronutrients. The document also classifies microbes based on their carbon, energy, and electron sources, and lists examples like phototrophs, chemotrophs, lithotrophs, and organotrophs. Finally, it describes various mechanisms that microbes use to transport nutrients into cells, such as passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, group translocation, and
This document discusses raw materials used in fermentation processes. It covers various carbon sources like molasses, fruit juices, cheese whey, starches from cereals and tubers. It also discusses cellulosic materials like sulfite waste liquor, wood hydrolysates, and rice straw. Vegetable oils and hydrocarbons can also serve as carbon sources. Ideal fermentation media should satisfy the nutritional needs of microorganisms, support high product yields, use cheap and available raw materials, and not interfere with downstream processing. The type of raw material used depends on factors like cost, availability, and product being fermented.
The major nutritional requirements of bacteria like E. coli are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, magnesium, iron, and trace amounts of other elements. These elements are obtained from the environment in the form of water, ions, small molecules and macromolecules. They serve structural and functional roles within the cell. Bacteria also require an energy source and carbon source for growth, which can include light, organic compounds, or inorganic compounds depending on whether they are photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, or chemoheterotrophs.
The document discusses inoculum development and production media for industrial fermentation. It defines inoculum as a culture of microbes used to inoculate production-scale fermentations. Successful fermentations require developing inoculum to an active, healthy state in appropriate density. The document outlines factors that affect fermentation and discusses various media components like carbon sources, nitrogen sources, and trace elements. It also covers inoculum development methods for bacterial and mycelial cultures, preservation techniques, examples of media used for specific inocula, and criteria for a good inoculum.
This document provides information about yeast. It defines yeast as a microscopic fungi that can convert sugar into alcohol and carbohydrates. Yeast is used to produce various foods through fermentation like bread, beer, wine, vinegar and cheese. The document describes the morphology of yeast cells as single-celled fungi ranging from 1-5um wide and 5-30um long without flagella. It reproduces asexually through budding or fission and sexually through various life cycles. Physiologically, yeast grows best with moisture and sugars as an energy source.
Lect. 3 (microbial nutrition and cultivation)Osama Rifat
Microbial growth conditions depend on various nutrients and environmental factors. Microorganisms require macronutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and micronutrients in small amounts. They also need growth factors like vitamins and amino acids. Temperature, pH, and oxygen levels influence microbial growth. Pure cultures can be isolated using techniques like streak plating that allow single microbial cells to grow into separate colonies.
The document discusses nutrition in bacteria. It explains that bacteria require carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, metals, and water for their biochemical processes. Bacteria are classified as autotrophs or heterotrophs based on their ability to produce or require organic carbon compounds. Autotrophs can produce organic compounds from inorganic sources like carbon dioxide, while heterotrophs require organic carbon sources. The document further describes different types of autotrophs and heterotrophs based on their energy and carbon sources. These include photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs. Parasitic, saprophytic, and symbiotic bacteria are also discussed
This document discusses bacterial nutrition and modes of nutrition in bacteria. It explains that bacteria require carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and other molecules as nutrients. Bacteria can be classified based on their energy source as phototrophs which use light, or chemotrophs which use chemical compounds. They can also be classified based on their electron source as lithotrophs which use inorganic compounds or organotrophs which use organic compounds. The document then discusses autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria and their carbon sources, as well as their physical requirements for growth such as temperature, oxygen, pH, water activity, and other conditions.
Bacteria require nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace elements to build cellular components like proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. They are classified based on their nutrient requirements - autotrophs can use inorganic compounds while heterotrophs require organic compounds. Growth depends on adequate nutrients, pH, oxygen, and temperature. Culture media are used to grow bacteria in the lab and include base, enriched, selective, and differential media. Environmental factors like oxidation-reduction potential, carbon dioxide levels, temperature, and pH also influence bacterial growth.
Sources of the growth of micro organimsAnuKiruthika
The document summarizes the main sources and requirements for the growth of microorganisms. It discusses that microorganisms require nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace elements. It also requires an energy source, typically carbon compounds, and environmental factors like temperature, pH, oxygen levels to be within a permissible range. The major nutritional elements needed are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, iron, calcium, and manganese. Trace elements like zinc, cobalt, copper and molybdenum are also required but in very small amounts. The carbon and energy sources can be organic compounds that heterotrophs can break down or carbon dioxide for autotrophs.
Sources of the growth of micro organimsAnuKiruthika
The document summarizes the main sources and requirements for the growth of microorganisms. It discusses that microorganisms require nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace elements. It also requires an energy source, typically carbon compounds, and environmental factors like temperature, pH, oxygen levels to be within a permissible range. The major nutrients required are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, iron, calcium, and manganese. Trace elements like zinc, cobalt, copper and molybdenum are also needed in small amounts. Carbon is required either from organic compounds through heterotrophs or from carbon dioxide through autotrophs.
Nutrition of Bacteria: Bacteria primarily rely on autotrophic and heterotrophic nourishment. Heterotrophic bacteria rely on the food produced by other species, whereas phototrophic bacteria synthesize their own food using a variety of colors. The host cell provides the nutrients and other necessities for parasitic microorganisms. To learn more about bacterial nutrition and the specific form of bacterial feeding, see this article.
B sc micro i btm u 4 nutritional requirementsRai University
This document discusses the nutritional requirements of microorganisms and various culture media used to grow them. It outlines the macro and micronutrients required, as well as the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus needs of autotrophs and heterotrophs. Different culture media types are described including enriched, selective, indicator and differential media. Specific media like blood agar and triple sugar iron agar are also explained. Methods for culturing microbes including streak, pour, stab and anaerobic techniques are summarized.
Nutritional classification of microorganismsDr. Bhagwan R
This document discusses the nutritional classification of microorganisms. It begins by outlining two specific learning objectives: 1) to understand the nutrition requirements of microorganisms and 2) to differentiate between microorganisms based on their nutrition requirements. The document then explains that microorganisms can be classified into nutritional types based on their sources of carbon, energy, and electrons, including phototrophs, chemotrophs, lithotrophs, organotrophs, autotrophs, and heterotrophs. The four major nutritional types are described as photolithoautotrophy, photoorganoheterotrophy, chemolithoautotrophy, and chemoorganoheterotrophy. The document also discusses
This document discusses the nutritional requirements of bacteria, including their need for sources of energy, electrons, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, metals, vitamins, and water. Bacteria can utilize chemical compounds or light as an energy source, and inorganic or organic compounds as electron donors and carbon sources. They also require nitrogen, usually sourced from the atmosphere, inorganic compounds, or organic compounds. Additionally, bacteria need small amounts of various other elements like oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, and metals to carry out metabolic functions and build cell components. Some bacteria can synthesize required vitamins while others require them to be supplied. All bacteria ultimately require water for nutrient uptake and metabolic reactions.
Ppt on microbial nutrition. what are different nutrient required by microorganism, with a special focus on yeast for those who are dealing with alcoholic fermentation. nutritional classification of microorganism also given
Bacteria have various nutritional requirements that can be classified in several ways. They require a source of energy, usually from chemical reactions or light. They also require electrons, which can come from inorganic or organic compounds. Bacteria are categorized based on their carbon source, whether they can produce their own carbon through photosynthesis or must obtain it from organic matter. They need nitrogen, usually from ammonia, nitrates or nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Minerals like sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen and trace elements are required. Vitamins may be synthesized or obtained from the environment. Water is also essential, making up most of the bacterial cell volume.
This document discusses the nutrient requirements of microbes. It notes that carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen requirements are often satisfied together through organic molecules that serve as carbon sources. These molecules can also serve as energy sources if they are reduced. Nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur are also important nutrient sources for microbes. Some microbes can use inorganic sources like carbon dioxide, nitrates, sulfates and phosphates while others require organic sources or growth factors obtained from other organisms. The document outlines the various roles of these elements in microbial metabolism and biochemistry.
classification of microorganism on the basis of their mode of nutrition.pptxkreety1
This document discusses the classification of microorganisms based on their mode of nutrition. It describes three main criteria for classification: carbon source, energy source, and electron source. Based on carbon source, microorganisms are either autotrophs, which produce their own organic carbon from inorganic carbon dioxide, or heterotrophs, which rely on other organisms for organic carbon. Based on energy source, they are either phototrophs, which use light as an energy source, or chemotrophs, which use chemical compounds. Based on electron source, they are either lithotrophs, which use inorganic electron donors, or organotrophs, which use organic electron donors. The document also lists the five main nutritional types
This document discusses the nutritional requirements of microorganisms. It states that microbes require 10 main elements in large quantities to construct cellular components, including carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron. It also notes that microbes need several micronutrients and vitamins in smaller amounts. The document then classifies microbes based on their nutritional sources, including carbon, energy, and electrons, into groups like phototrophs, chemotrophs, lithotrophs, organotrophs, autotrophs, and heterotrophs. It concludes by discussing the specific needs of microbes for nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and growth factors.
Bacteria have certain basic nutrition requirements for growth, including a source of carbon, nitrogen, water, inorganic salts, and sometimes growth factors. The carbon source can be organic compounds or carbon dioxide, while the nitrogen source is typically ammonium ions. Most bacteria also require sources of phosphorus, sulfur, and various minerals. Physical factors like temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and osmotic conditions also influence bacterial growth. Under ideal conditions, bacteria will follow a defined growth curve with lag, log/exponential, stationary, and death phases as the population increases over time through binary fission.
Similar to Nutrient requirements in Microorganisms (20)
B lymphocytes, Receptors, Maturation and ActivationBhanu Krishan
There are two types of lymphocytes namely B-cells and T-cells, which are critical for the immune system.
In addition, several accessory cells and effector cells also participate.
The site of development and maturation of B-cells occurs in bursa fabricius in birds, and bone marrow in mammals. During the course of immune response. B-cells mature into plasma cells and secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins).
The B-cells possess the capability to specifically recognize each antigen and produce antibodies (i.e. immunoglobulins) against it.
This document discusses next generation DNA sequencing technologies. It describes several second generation sequencing technologies including ABI/SOLiD sequencing, Ion Torrent sequencing, and Oxford Nanopore sequencing. ABI/SOLiD sequencing uses DNA ligase and fluorescent labels to sequence DNA in a cyclic ligation process. Ion Torrent sequencing detects hydrogen ions released during DNA polymerization to determine sequences. Oxford Nanopore sequencing analyzes variations in ionic current as single-stranded DNA passes through a nanopore to sequence DNA. These next generation techniques enable massively parallel sequencing and longer reads compared to first generation methods.
Water has a chemical formula of H2O and is made up of oxygen bonded with two hydrogen atoms. It has several unique physical properties including having a higher boiling point than other hydrides, expanding when freezing, and high surface tension and heat capacity. Water is also a universal solvent due to its polarity and ability to form hydrogen bonds. It can dissolve many ionic compounds by disrupting the bonds between ions. Water molecules also undergo self-ionization through the dissociation of H2O into hydronium and hydroxide ions, which gives water its ability to act as an acid or base.
Cell cycle and regulation in eukaryotesBhanu Krishan
The document summarizes key aspects of the cell cycle and its regulation in human cells. It describes the main phases of the cell cycle - interphase (which includes G1, S, and G2 phases) and mitotic phase. It also discusses the roles of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) in controlling progression through the cell cycle. CDK-cyclin complexes form to phosphorylate target proteins and drive progression between phases. Different CDK-cyclin pairs function to regulate DNA replication and chromosome segregation during cell division.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
2. Nutrients
I. Types of nutrients
Requirement for carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Nutritional types of microorganisms
Requirement for nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorous
Growth factors
Topics to be discussed
3. To obtain energy and construct new cellular
components, organisms, must have a supply of raw
materials or nutrients. Nutrients – are substances
used in biosynthesis and energy production.
What are nutrients?
5. Macronutrients
Macronutrients are those
nutrients which are required by
the organisms in larger quantity
as their control the major rate
for development and growth of
that particular organism. Some
of the macronutrients are
oxygen, carbon, nitrogen,
sulphur, sodium, chlorine and
phosphorous.
Micronutrients
Micronutrients are the
nutrients which are required in
lesser quantity but are
required for specific function.
They are generally zinc,
copper, manganese,
molybdenum, nickel and
cobalt.
Besides macro and micro nutrients, some microorganisms may have
particular requirements that reflect the special nature of their
morphology or environment.
Diatoms need silicic acid to construct their beautiful cell walls of silica.
Bacteria growing in saline lakes and oceans depend on the presence of
high concentrations of sodium ion.
Microorganisms require a balanced mixture of all the above nutrients for
proper growth.
6. Carbon is needed for the skeleton or backbone of all
organic molecules and molecules serving as carbon
sources normally also contribute both oxygen and
hydrogen atoms. One important carbon source that does
not supply hydrogen or energy is CO2 . Autotrophs – can
use CO2 as their sole or principal source of carbon. Many
microorganisms are autotrophic, and most of these carry
out photosynthesis and use light as their energy source.
Some autotrophs oxidize inorganic molecules and derive
energy from electron transfer. Heterotrophs – are
organisms that use reduced pre-formed organic molecules
as carbon sources.
Requirement for carbon, hydrogen
and Oxygen.
7. In addition to Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen all organisms require sources
of energy and electrons for growth.
Carbon sources:
Autotrophs - CO2 sole or principal biosynthetic carbon source
Heterotrophs – reduced, preformed organic molecules from other organisms.
Energy sources:
Phototrophs – use light as their energy source.
Chemotrophs – obtain energy from the oxidation of chemical compounds
(either organic or in organic)
Electron sources:
Lithotrophs – use reduced inorganic substances as their electron source.
Organotrophs – extract electrons from organic compounds.
Nutritional types of microorganisms
8. Photoorganotrophic heterotrophy or photoorganoheterotrophy:
Source of energy – light energy
Source of electrons – organic hydrogen/ electron
Carbon source – organic carbon sources (CO2 may also be used)
Example: Purple and green nonsulfur bacteria (common inhabitants of lakes and streams)
Chemolithotrophic autotrophs or chemolithoautotrophy:
Source of energy – Chemical energy source (inorganic)
Source of electrons – Inorganic hydrogen/ electron donor
Carbon source - CO2
Example: Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, hydrogen bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, iron-oxidizing bacteria.
Chemoorganotrophic heterotrophs or chemoorganoheterotrophy:
Source of energy – Chemical energy source (organic)
Source of electrons – Inorganic hydrogen/ electron donor
Carbon source – organic carbon source
Example: Protozoan, fungi, most non-photosynthetic bacteria (including most pathogens)
Nutritional types:
10. Nitrogen is needed for the synthesis of amino acids, purines, pyramidines, some
carbohydrates and lipids, enzyme cofactors and other substances. Most
phototrophs and many nonphotosynthetic microorganisms reduce nitrate to
ammonia and incorporate the ammonia in assimilatory nitrate reduction. A variety
of bacteria like many Cyanobacteria and Rhizobiium can reduce and assimilate
atmospheric nitrogen using the nitrogenase systems. Phosphorous is present in
nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP, several cofactors, some proteins and other cell
components. All microorganisms use inorganic phosphate as their phosphorous
source and incorporate it directly. E.coli can use both organic and inorganic
phosphate. Sulfur is needed for the synthesis of substances like the amino acids
cysteine and methionine, some carbohydrates biotin and thiamine. Most of them
use sulfate as a source of sulfur and reduce it by assimilatory sulfate reduction;
a few require a reduced form of sulfur such as cysteine.
Requirements for nitrogen,
phosphorous and sulfur:
11. All living organisms contain certain vitamins. These functions
either as coenzyme for several enzymes or as building block for
certain coenzymes. Some bacteria are capable of synthesizing
their entire requirement for vitamins from other compounds in
the culture medium, but others cannot do so and will not grow
unless the required vitamins are supplied.
Requirement for Vitamins and Water
12. All living organism require water and in the case of bacteria all
nutrients must be in aqueous solution before they can enter the
cells. Water is highly polar compound and has ability to dissolve
cellular components. There it can be said, water provides the
suitable condition for providing required nutrients to the
microorganisms
Requirement for Water
13. Many microorganisms have the enzymes and pathways
necessary to synthesize all cell components. Many lack one
or more enzymes and hence require organic compounds
because they are essential cell components or precursors
of such components and cannot be synthesized by the
organisms are called – growth factors. There are three
major classes of growth factors:
Amino acids – needed for protein synthesis.
Purines and Pyramidines – for nucleic acid synthesis
Vitamins – small organic molecules that usually make up all or
part of enzyme cofactors, and only very small amounts sustain
growth.
Growth factors
14. Text Books:
1. Jeffery C. Pommerville. Alcamo's Fundamentals of
Microbiology (Tenth Edition). Jones and Bartlett Student
edition.
2. Gerard J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funke, Christine L. Case.
Pearson - Microbiology: An Introduction. Benjamin
Cummings.
Reference Books:
1. Lansing M. Prescott, John P. Harley and Donald A. Klein.
Microbiology. Mc Graw Hill companies.
References