The epidermis is the outermost cellular layer which covers the whole plant structure, i.e. it covers roots, stem, leaves.
It is composed of a single layer of living cells, although there are exceptions.
Epidermis is usually closely packed, without intercellular spaces or chloroplasts. Instead, the epidermis is like a clear spray coating whose sole purpose is to protect the plant from the elements, while still letting the sun shine in. That's particularly important for a leaf because their main job is to photosynthesize.
Composition of Epidermis:
Epidermal Proper Cells
Specialized cells
Stomatal Guard Cells
Trichomes
Epidermal Proper Cells:
These cells vary in thickness and shape
The outer walls, which are exposed to the atmosphere and usually thickened, and may be covered by a waxy, waterproof cuticle which are made up of cutin. Apart from the normal epidermal cells there are also stomata in the epidermis of leaves and stem.
Wax in the form of granules or rods may be deposited on the surface of cuticle as continuous.
Specialized Epidermal Cells:
In certain species of pteridophytes and gymnosperm, many species of Graminae and certain dicots, fiber-like epidermal cells are formed.
In Graminae and many other monocots ,bubble-like cells are formed called Bulliforms cells, these cells are larger then normal epidermal cells and are thin walled.
Function:
These cells are concerned with opening of rolled leaf as enclosed in bud.
Rolling and unrolling of mature leaves as a result of loss and uptake of water.
Stomatal cells:
A stoma is an opening (pore) which is bounded by two bean shaped cells called guard cells and two to four subsidiary cells that lack chloroplasts.
The guard cells differ from normal epidermal cells in that they have chloroplasts and the cell walls are thickening unevenly; the outer wall is thin and the inner wall (nearest the opening) is thick.
The leaf and stem epidermis is covered with pores called stomata (sing., stoma), part of a stoma complex consisting of a pore surrounded on each side by chloroplast-containing guard cells.
The epidermal cells protect the underlying cells.
The waxy cuticle prevents the loss of moisture from the leaves and stems.
The transparent epidermal cells allow sunlight (for photosynthesis) to pass through to the chloroplasts in the mesophyll tissue.
The stomata of leaves and stems allow gaseous exchange to take place which is necessary for photosynthesis and respiration.
Water vapour may be given off through the stomata during transpiration.
The root-hairs absorb water and dissolved ions from the soil.
In this power point presentation Viewer will be able to know about the Plant Cell Constituents. How plants cells Composed with different organelles. What are the functions they have during the growth of particular plant. Plant cells are primary unit of the plant body and from here only we get medicinal value chemical constituents.
Portion Covered:
1. Plant Cells
2. Plant Cell Diagram
3. Plant cell Structure
4. Plant cell type
5. Plant cell Functions
The Umbelliferae family is named after the shape of its flowers, which are called umbels.
The umbels are unique in their floral uniformity
These distinctive umbrella shaped blooms are attractive in arrangements and loved by numerous beneficial insects.
They pollinate freely which allow it to increase its natural distribution.
Seed dispersal occurs through wind.
CONIUM
CARUM
FENNEL
CORRIANDER
ASAFOETIDA
Cultivation of medicinal plants requires intensive care and management.
The conditions and duration of cultivation required vary depending on the quality of medicinal plant materials required.
Colchicum - Anti Rheumatic agent | Cultivation | Description | Chemical Const...Chetan Prakash
This presentation provides knowledge about Colchicum, its description, collection& cultivation, Morphological characters, microscopical characters, powder characters, chemical constituents, chemical tests and its uses. This is an assignment in the subject Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, IIIrd B.Pharm
In this ppt the students will be able to know about different inclusions of plant cells and correlate their constituents. There are different types of metabolites produce in the plant which are not useful for them but are having great medicinal property for human being.
Portion covered:
1. Cell Inclusions
2. Reserve food of plants
3. Inorganic Materials
4. Secretory Products
5. Excretory Products.
The epidermis is the outermost cellular layer which covers the whole plant structure, i.e. it covers roots, stem, leaves.
It is composed of a single layer of living cells, although there are exceptions.
Epidermis is usually closely packed, without intercellular spaces or chloroplasts. Instead, the epidermis is like a clear spray coating whose sole purpose is to protect the plant from the elements, while still letting the sun shine in. That's particularly important for a leaf because their main job is to photosynthesize.
Composition of Epidermis:
Epidermal Proper Cells
Specialized cells
Stomatal Guard Cells
Trichomes
Epidermal Proper Cells:
These cells vary in thickness and shape
The outer walls, which are exposed to the atmosphere and usually thickened, and may be covered by a waxy, waterproof cuticle which are made up of cutin. Apart from the normal epidermal cells there are also stomata in the epidermis of leaves and stem.
Wax in the form of granules or rods may be deposited on the surface of cuticle as continuous.
Specialized Epidermal Cells:
In certain species of pteridophytes and gymnosperm, many species of Graminae and certain dicots, fiber-like epidermal cells are formed.
In Graminae and many other monocots ,bubble-like cells are formed called Bulliforms cells, these cells are larger then normal epidermal cells and are thin walled.
Function:
These cells are concerned with opening of rolled leaf as enclosed in bud.
Rolling and unrolling of mature leaves as a result of loss and uptake of water.
Stomatal cells:
A stoma is an opening (pore) which is bounded by two bean shaped cells called guard cells and two to four subsidiary cells that lack chloroplasts.
The guard cells differ from normal epidermal cells in that they have chloroplasts and the cell walls are thickening unevenly; the outer wall is thin and the inner wall (nearest the opening) is thick.
The leaf and stem epidermis is covered with pores called stomata (sing., stoma), part of a stoma complex consisting of a pore surrounded on each side by chloroplast-containing guard cells.
The epidermal cells protect the underlying cells.
The waxy cuticle prevents the loss of moisture from the leaves and stems.
The transparent epidermal cells allow sunlight (for photosynthesis) to pass through to the chloroplasts in the mesophyll tissue.
The stomata of leaves and stems allow gaseous exchange to take place which is necessary for photosynthesis and respiration.
Water vapour may be given off through the stomata during transpiration.
The root-hairs absorb water and dissolved ions from the soil.
In this power point presentation Viewer will be able to know about the Plant Cell Constituents. How plants cells Composed with different organelles. What are the functions they have during the growth of particular plant. Plant cells are primary unit of the plant body and from here only we get medicinal value chemical constituents.
Portion Covered:
1. Plant Cells
2. Plant Cell Diagram
3. Plant cell Structure
4. Plant cell type
5. Plant cell Functions
The Umbelliferae family is named after the shape of its flowers, which are called umbels.
The umbels are unique in their floral uniformity
These distinctive umbrella shaped blooms are attractive in arrangements and loved by numerous beneficial insects.
They pollinate freely which allow it to increase its natural distribution.
Seed dispersal occurs through wind.
CONIUM
CARUM
FENNEL
CORRIANDER
ASAFOETIDA
Cultivation of medicinal plants requires intensive care and management.
The conditions and duration of cultivation required vary depending on the quality of medicinal plant materials required.
Colchicum - Anti Rheumatic agent | Cultivation | Description | Chemical Const...Chetan Prakash
This presentation provides knowledge about Colchicum, its description, collection& cultivation, Morphological characters, microscopical characters, powder characters, chemical constituents, chemical tests and its uses. This is an assignment in the subject Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, IIIrd B.Pharm
In this ppt the students will be able to know about different inclusions of plant cells and correlate their constituents. There are different types of metabolites produce in the plant which are not useful for them but are having great medicinal property for human being.
Portion covered:
1. Cell Inclusions
2. Reserve food of plants
3. Inorganic Materials
4. Secretory Products
5. Excretory Products.
Compare and contrast the physical characteristic of protozoans, yeas.pdfRITU1ARORA
Compare and contrast the physical characteristic of protozoans, yeast, and algae.
Solution
Protozoans
Most of the protozoans possess the size range of 10 to 52 micrometers. They can also grow as
large as 1mm and are visible through the microscope. They were previously included in the
Protista family. Protozoans live in the aqueous environments and soil that range widely in the
trophic levels. They move with flagella, cilia or pseudopodia. Protozoans absorb food through
cell membranes. Sporozoans are non-motile forms. Amoeba is the protozoan which does not
have structural components in its cell membrane. Protozoans are eukaryotic and possess
developed organelles. Their cells do not possess cell walls.
Yeast
Some of the dry yeasts that are utilized in the alcoholic fermentation and baking are the
agglomerates of dehydrated cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The powders prepared from the
different yeasts vary in terms of the genetic strain and their specificity in the industrial
application. The physical characteristics of these yeast powders differ. The powders of wine
yeasts and dry baker’s yeast exposed to different levels of relative humidity are identified with
the help of electron microscopy and mechanical analysis. The physical characteristics of the
yeasts that were used to differentiate them include loose bulk density, compressibility, cohesion,
recoverable work in compression, angle of internal friction, and residual asymptotic modulus
after stress relaxation.
Algae
Algae are plants that do not have clear distinction in true roots, stem and leaves. They bear
unicellular or multicellular sex organs that are visible outside. Algae live in aquatic, fresh water
and marine water habitats. Algae that are terrestrial live in the soil, rocks, tree trunks and so on.
Halophytic algae live in saline waters, epizoic algae grow on snails and fish. Endozoic algae live
inside the animals and symbiotic algae live in association with the fungi, bryophytes,
pteridophytes and gymnosperms. There are unicellular or colonial forms of algae or thallus. They
exist as filaments, siphons, and parenchymatous forms. The various pigments present in the algae
include chlorophyll, carotenoids and phycobilins. The reserved food materials of different algae
include cyonophycean starch, starch, floridean starch, laminarin and mannitol. Size of unicellular
alga is about 3micrometers. Multicellular algae vary in their size from 50micrometers to 1mm..
Tissues definition and classification, function & location of of epithelium tissues, connective tissues, muscular tissues, nervous tissue etc.. it is usefull for the diploma in pharmacy students , bachelor of pharmacy students and doctor of pharmacy students
it involves the general principles of poisoning treatment and various basic principles of management of poisoning IT IS USEFULL FOR THE IV.PHARM D STUDENTS AND MEDICAL STUDENTS
general principles of poisoning ang introduction to clinical toxicology it is useful for the doctor of pharmacy students and pharmacology students master of pharmacy students and bachelor of pharmacy students
structure and functions of heart and different stages of cardiac cycle, Electrocardiograph and its significance it is useful for the diploma in pharmacy students and bachelor off pharmacy and Doctor of Pharmacy Students an also Basic physiology students
IT IS USEFUL FOR THE STUDENTS OF DIPLAMO IN PHARMCY AND BACHELOR OF PHARMACY SRUDENTS IT IS ALSO USEFULL FOR THE SECOND YEAR DOCTOR OF PHARMCSY STUDENTS
IT SI USEFULL FOR THE STUDENTS OF DIPLOMA IN PHARMCY AND BACHELOR OF PHARMACY AND DOCTOR OF PHARMACY STUDENTS
IT IS VERY USEFULL FORTHE II.B.PHARM SECOND SEMESTER STRUDENTSSOURCE OF CRUDE DRUGS
IT IS USEFULL FOR THE PHARMCY STUDENTS FOR BACHELOR OF PHARMCY AND DOCTOR OF PHARMCY STUDENTS FOR B.PHARM SECOND YEAR STUDENTS AND SECOND YEAR DOCTOR OF PHARMACY STUDENTS
it is usefull for the students of diploma in pharmacy, II.B.PHARM FIRST SEMESTER AND DOCTOR OF PHARMACY SECOND YEAR STUDENTS AND ALSO BASIC KNOWLEDGE FOR IDENTIFICATION OF CRUDE DRUGS
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Cell inclusions 2020 final ergastic substances or cell inclusions
1. Mr.Suresh Babu Emandi
Department of Pharmacognosy,
Vikas Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Near Airport, Rajahmundry,
East Godavari Dist.
Andhrapradesh-533102.
Ergastic substances or cell inclusions
2. Ergastic substances or cell inclusions are the products of cell metabolism,
appearing and disappearing at various stages of cell’s life-cycle.
In majority of cases they are waste products of simple chemical nature
compared to protoplasmic components which are more complex.
3. These ergastic substances may be present in
the cell walls or vacuoles or in the organelles
of protoplasm. They may be present in
soluble or insoluble state and may be organic
or inorganic in nature.
6. Starch is the most important storage food. It is
insoluble in water. Starch grains are found in all
parts of the plant although in storage organs,
e.g., seeds, fruits, rhizome etc., these are found
in larger amount.
It is of two types:
(a) Temporary starch and
(b) Permanent starch.
7. The temporary starch, which is also known as
assimilatory starch, is formed in the process
of photosynthetic during day and converted
to sugar during night
8. The permanent starch, which is also known as
reserve starch, is found mostly in rhizome,
seeds and fruits. Sugar above a certain level
is converted to permanent starch.
9. Starch grains contain a polymer of C6H10O5.
Starch grains are of different shapes and form.
Each starch grain has a central proteinaceous
area called helium.
Starch is deposited around it in the form of
eccentric or concentric layers.
The starch grains are oval eccentric in potato;
oval and concentric in gram or pea; rounded,
flat and concentric in wheat and polyhedral with
radiating lines in maize.
10. They are minute granules of storage
carbohydrates which occur in animal cells.
The granules are flattened, circular or oval
bodies which may form rosette-shaped
aggregates.
11. They occur in both plant and animal cells. In
plants fat droplets or globules occur
abundantly inside the seeds either in
endosperm (e.g., castor, coconut) or
cotyledons [e.g., groundnut, mustard].
12. They are insoluble storage proteins occur
inside special leucoplasts called aleuroplasts.
They occur in the outer endosperm cells of
cereals, such as wheat, rice, maize grains.
13. The accumulation of inorganic materials within the
plant and their cells mostly takes place in the form of
calcium salts or anhydrous silicate salts.
One very important type of deposit is that of calcium
oxalate which is common in plants of many families.
Their crystalline particles are of various shapes such
as prismatic, needle-shaped, rhomboidal (diamond-
shaped) etc.
Very often the crystals occur as compound
aggregates called druses, sphaerites etc.
Elongated crystals are called styloids and raphides.
Raphides occur in the form of bundles.
Some crystals occur in special type of cells such as in
case of idioblast cells.
14. crystals of calcium carbonate are also found
in some plants. One very well known example
is the cystolith found in some plants [e.g.,
Ficus leaves), which are found on an
outgrowth of cell wall towards the interior of
cell and this outgrowth bears CaC03
depositions. Leaves of Ficus species have
cystoliths in their epidermal cells
15. Many substances secreted by special glands and organs, are found in plants, such as:
(i) Colouring matter:
Plants possess green colouring matter because of the presence of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll
b. They also contain orange and yellow pigments, carotene and xanthophyll. The flowers and
fruits become differently coloured because of the presence of carotene and xanthophyll. Blue,
purple and pink colours are due to anthocyanin pigments which are found in vacuolar sap of
fruits and petals of flowers and young leaves of some plants.
(ii) Enzymes:
Enzymatic proteins occur in colloidal state in the protoplasm. These enzymes convert complex
organic food into simple compounds. For instance, enzyme diastase converts starch into
glucose.
(iii) Nectar:
Nectar, secreted by nectaries in plants, attracts insects for pollination because it is sweet and
contains sucrose, glucose and fructose.
16. Several chemical substances which are of no use
to plants are produced during metabolic
reactions. These waste products are called
excretory products, but the plants do not have
any special mechanism to remove these
substances. However, some of these are thrown
away by way of dropping of old leaves, bark and
flowers. These excretory products are found as
cell inclusions.
Some of the excretory products are:
17. These are nitrogenous compounds, made up
of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
They are found in storage organs of plants
such as seeds, bark and leaves. They are
insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol. They
have sour taste and some are poisonous.
However, a large number of alkaloids, such as
quinine, reserpine, nicotine, caffeine, thein,
strychnine, morphine, atropine, are used as
medicines.
18. These are degradation products of
carbohydrates. Some, such as digitoxin used
in heart diseases, are used as medicine.
19. They are sour in taste and related to
glucosides. They occur {n vacuolar sap, cell
wall, bark and leaves of some plants. They
are found mostly in unripe fruits. They are
used on a large scale for hardening of
leather, a process called tanning of leather.
20. It is a milky substance secreted by latex
glands. Robber secreted by the rubber tree
Hevea brasiliensis is an important example.
21. These are volatile oils produced by special
glint’s and cells. Aromain flowers, leaves and
bark are due to essential oils.
22. Produced by the oxidation of essential oils.
These are found in some special glands or
canals either alone or in combination with
essential oils. These are insoluble in water
but soluble in ether and alcohol. These are
used in the manufacture of paints and
varnishes.
23. Produced by the disintegration of cellulose
cell wall. They are soluble in water. Used for
sticking purposes, and also as medicine
24. These are found in leaves and fruits. Tartaric
acid is found in fruits of Tamarindus, oxalic
acid in Oxalis and citric acid in Citrus fruits.