Wall ingrowths are specialized structures that increase the surface area of plant cell membranes. They are formed through localized deposition of cell wall material which causes invaginations of the plasma membrane. There are three main types of wall ingrowths - flange, reticulate, and papillate. Flange ingrowths resemble secondary cell walls while reticulate ingrowths branch and fuse to form fenestrations. Papillate ingrowths are initially disorganized cellulose deposits that become surrounded by callose and cell wall proteins. Transfer cells are specialized plant cells that facilitate nutrient transport through extensive wall ingrowths that amplify the plasma membrane surface area.
The document discusses nodal anatomy in plants. It defines a leaf gap as the area along the stem where phloem and xylem diverge from the vascular cylinder and enter the base of a leaf. It also mentions that leaves can be trilacunar, with stipules, or multilacunar, with a leaf sheath. The document examines the anatomy above, at, and below the node.
Embyrology in relation to Taxonomy. It is one of the concepts in Modern Taxonomy.in which embryological data is used to strengthen existing classification system.
The document discusses different types of secretory tissues in plants, specifically laticifers. Laticifers are specialized parenchyma cells that transport latex, a suspension containing various substances like resins, proteins, oils, alkaloids and sugars. Laticifers can be non-articulate or articulate. Non-articulate laticifers are long multinucleated cells that branch extensively through tissues. Articulate laticifers form longitudinal chains of cells joined end to end, resembling xylem vessels. Articulate laticifers can be non-anastomosing or anastomosing, where the latter form net-like reticula through lateral connections. Specific plant families and examples of
This document discusses cell inclusions and sclerenchyma cells. It describes how cell inclusions are non-living substances present in cells that can be organic or inorganic reserves, excretions, or minerals. Common reserves include starch, glycogen, fat droplets, and aleurone grains. Sclerenchyma cells have thick, lignified secondary cell walls that provide structure and support. There are two types: fibers which are long and needle-shaped, and sclereids which are irregularly shaped and found in fruits and seeds. Both fiber and sclereid cell walls strengthen plant tissues.
Wall ingrowths are specialized structures that increase the surface area of plant cell membranes. They are formed through localized deposition of cell wall material which causes invaginations of the plasma membrane. There are three main types of wall ingrowths - flange, reticulate, and papillate. Flange ingrowths resemble secondary cell walls while reticulate ingrowths branch and fuse to form fenestrations. Papillate ingrowths are initially disorganized cellulose deposits that become surrounded by callose and cell wall proteins. Transfer cells are specialized plant cells that facilitate nutrient transport through extensive wall ingrowths that amplify the plasma membrane surface area.
The document discusses nodal anatomy in plants. It defines a leaf gap as the area along the stem where phloem and xylem diverge from the vascular cylinder and enter the base of a leaf. It also mentions that leaves can be trilacunar, with stipules, or multilacunar, with a leaf sheath. The document examines the anatomy above, at, and below the node.
Embyrology in relation to Taxonomy. It is one of the concepts in Modern Taxonomy.in which embryological data is used to strengthen existing classification system.
The document discusses different types of secretory tissues in plants, specifically laticifers. Laticifers are specialized parenchyma cells that transport latex, a suspension containing various substances like resins, proteins, oils, alkaloids and sugars. Laticifers can be non-articulate or articulate. Non-articulate laticifers are long multinucleated cells that branch extensively through tissues. Articulate laticifers form longitudinal chains of cells joined end to end, resembling xylem vessels. Articulate laticifers can be non-anastomosing or anastomosing, where the latter form net-like reticula through lateral connections. Specific plant families and examples of
This document discusses cell inclusions and sclerenchyma cells. It describes how cell inclusions are non-living substances present in cells that can be organic or inorganic reserves, excretions, or minerals. Common reserves include starch, glycogen, fat droplets, and aleurone grains. Sclerenchyma cells have thick, lignified secondary cell walls that provide structure and support. There are two types: fibers which are long and needle-shaped, and sclereids which are irregularly shaped and found in fruits and seeds. Both fiber and sclereid cell walls strengthen plant tissues.
Reaction wood forms in trees in response to gravitational stimuli that cause stems or branches to bend or lean. There are two types of reaction wood - tension wood in angiosperms and compression wood in gymnosperms. Tension wood forms on the upper side of leaning branches and stems and has high cellulose content, helping pull the branch upwards. Compression wood forms on the lower side and has high lignin, helping straighten and compress the leaning area. The formation of reaction wood helps maintain the angle of bent or leaning parts of trees through its differing mechanical properties compared to normal wood.
- Ginkgo biloba is an ancient tree species known as a living fossil. It is one of the oldest seed plant species still in existence today.
- The tree has distinctive fan-shaped leaves and produces seeds and cones. It is dioecious, with separate male and female trees.
- Ginkgo biloba has been used in traditional Chinese medicine and its extracts may help with conditions like vertigo and cerebral insufficiency. It is also considered a sacred tree in some Asian cultures.
Trichomes are elongated tubular outgrowths of epidermal cells that serve several functions for plants. These include ion exchange, protection, secretion of essential oils, and absorption of water. There are two main types of trichomes - covering or non-glandular trichomes which come in various shapes like lignified, short and pointed, large and conical, or short and warty; and glandular trichomes which can be unicellular or multicellular and help secrete compounds.
The document summarizes the structure and development of dicot and monocot embryos. It states that in dicots, the embryo typically has two cotyledons, an embryonic shoot apex (plumule), and an embryonic root apex (radicle). It describes the asymmetrical cell divisions that form a proembryo and later a globular proembryo in dicots. In monocots, the embryo has a single large cotyledon called a scutellum with lateral plumule and radicle protected by coleoptile and coleorhiza. It notes the first oblique cell division in monocots also forms a proembryo that develops organs through further cell divisions
Specialized tissue or secretary tissue produce and secrete a variety of substances. There are two main types of secretory tissues: laticiferous tissues and glandular tissues. Laticiferous tissues consist of elongated ducts that contain latex, a milky substance rich in proteins, carbohydrates, and other compounds. Glandular tissues contain glands that secrete oils, resins, enzymes and other substances. Secretions may remain within the cells or be released and have various functions in the plant or commercial value.
This PPT contains the application of Plant Anatomy in the field of Pharmacognosy & Plant systemics with number of examples to explore the beauty of this subject .
Stomata are small openings on plant leaves and young stems that allow for gas exchange with the atmosphere. Each stoma is surrounded by a pair of kidney-shaped guard cells that control the opening and closing of the pore. There are several types of stomata defined by the number and arrangement of neighboring subsidiary cells. The document discusses the definition, distribution, size, positioning and six main types (anomocytic, anisocytic, paracytic, diacytic, gramineous, and coniferous) of stomata found across plant species.
This document summarizes secondary growth in dicot roots. It begins by explaining the importance of secondary growth in increasing a plant's ability to absorb and transport water and minerals. It then describes the anatomy of a dicot root, including the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular strands, and pith. The document notes that secondary growth in roots occurs through the formation of a cambial ring, unlike in dicot stems. It also provides brief definitions of xylem and phloem tissue and explains that roots can form periderm through a similar process of secondary growth.
Taxus baccata commonly known as ‘Yew’, is an evergreen tree attaining a height of 9-20 metres with a massive trunk. Taxus is usually dioecious, but occasionally monoecious trees are also reported.
The reproductive structures become prominent on the plant in February-March. The male and female plants do not show any distinction in their vegetative organization. The differentiation between them can be made only when the plants are in the flowering or fruiting stage. Vegetative reproduction in Taxus is not known.
Derived from the word latex meaning juice in latin. sometimes called lactiferous cells or vessels from the latin word for milk, lac
According to origin simple laticifer derived from a single cell or union of cells.
Laticifers can be defined as a specialized cell or a row of such cells that secrete the milky fluid termed latex. The word laticifer is used as a general term to denote the various latex-secreting structures latex cell, latex vessel, latex duct, latex tube and laticiferous duct. The laticiferous duct is a cavity into which latex is secreted.
This document provides information about the Araceae plant family. It lists examples of plants from different habitats and growth forms, including terrestrial, aquatic, shrub, vine and herb. It then describes characteristics of the roots, stems, leaves, inflorescence, flowers, perianth, stamens, gynoecium, fruit, and seeds that are common among members of this plant family. It also divides the family Araceae into several subfamilies including Lemnaceae/Lemnoideae, Calloideae, and Pothoideae, providing one example genus for each.
Lenticels are raised spots on tree bark through which gas exchange occurs. They form under stomata and their number depends on stomata. Lenticels develop as parenchyma cells near stomata divide irregularly, forming loose colorless cells called complementary cells. Complementary cells increase in number, pushing against the epidermis and causing it to rupture. There are three types of lenticels distinguished by their filling tissue composition and structure. Lenticels allow for gas exchange at night or when stomata are closed and permit a small amount of transpiration.
This document summarizes the order Pentoxylales, which were fossil plants that existed in the Jurassic period. Some key points:
1. Pentoxylales were first discovered and named in 1948 by Indian paleobotanist Birbal Sahni from fossils found in India.
2. They were possibly small shrubs or trees with long and short shoots, spirally arranged leaves, and reproductive organs on short shoots.
3. Stem genera included Pentoxylon and Nipanioxylon, leaves were named Nipaniophyllum, and seed-bearing organs were called Carnoconites.
4. Distinguishing features included polystelic wood, sess
The document discusses endosperm, which is a nutritive tissue stored in seeds to provide nutrients for the embryo. There are three main types of endosperm based on development - nuclear, cellular, and helobial. Nuclear endosperm is the most common type and involves repeated nuclear division without cell wall formation initially. Cellular endosperm involves cell wall formation after each nuclear division. Helobial endosperm involves initial division into two cells like cellular endosperm, but further divisions are like nuclear endosperm. Endosperm can also have haustorial variations and can be ruminate, with an irregularly folded surface. Endosperm plays an important role in seed nutrition and development.
This document summarizes the different types of meristematic tissue in plants. Meristematic tissue consists of actively dividing cells that allow plants to grow and develop different cell types. There are three main types of meristematic tissue based on origin: promeristem, primary meristem, and secondary meristem. Additionally, meristematic tissue can be categorized based on position as apical, intercalary, or lateral meristems. Finally, meristematic tissue types can be distinguished based on their function in forming epidermal, vascular, or ground tissues systems or based on their plane of cell division as rib, plate, or mass meristems.
The Tunica-Corpus theory describes the structure of shoot apices. It states that the apical meristem is divided into two regions: the tunica and corpus. The tunica forms the outer one to several layers with anticlinal cell divisions, while the corpus forms the inner central region with more random cell divisions. This theory best describes the zonation pattern observed in apical meristems and is widely used to understand the development of vegetative and floral structures.
Structure, Development & Function of PeridermFatima Ramay
A group of secondary tissues forming a protective layer which replaces the epidermis of many plant stems, roots, and other parts.
Although periderm may develop in leaves and fruits, its main function is to protects stems and roots.
The periderm consists of three different layers:
Phelloderm
Phellogen (cork cambium)
Phellem (cork)
Its main function is to protect the underlying tissues from:
Desiccation
Freezing
Heat injury
Mechanical destruction
Disease
Loss of epidermis.
Bounding tissue restricting the pathogen & insects.
Allowing gaseous exchange through lenticels.
1. Secondary growth in dicot stems occurs through the formation of secondary tissues from lateral meristems. This increases the stem diameter.
2. Two types of lateral meristems are involved - the vascular cambium, which produces secondary vascular tissues, and the cork cambium or phellogen, which forms periderm.
3. Secondary growth results in the formation of secondary xylem (wood) on the inner side and secondary phloem (bast) on the outer side of the vascular cambium. Distinct growth rings are formed in areas with seasonal variations.
This document provides information on various carbohydrate containing drugs including honey, acacia, agar, and tragacanth. It discusses the biological sources, geographical sources, methods of collection and preparation, chemical constituents, identification tests, standards and uses of these drugs. The key drugs discussed are honey obtained from bees, acacia gum obtained from the acacia tree, and agar obtained from red algae. It provides details on the morphology, chemistry and applications of these carbohydrate drugs.
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that are found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. They exist as both unicellular and multicellular forms and can range in size from microscopic to several feet in length. Algae play an important role as primary producers in many ecosystems and also have significant commercial uses. Some key economic products derived from algae include agar, alginates, carrageenan, and diatomaceous earth. Algae are also used as food sources in some parts of the world and can potentially be grown on waste materials as a sustainable food source. Taxonomically, algae are divided into groups based on their pigments, food reserves, life cycles, and other characteristics
Reaction wood forms in trees in response to gravitational stimuli that cause stems or branches to bend or lean. There are two types of reaction wood - tension wood in angiosperms and compression wood in gymnosperms. Tension wood forms on the upper side of leaning branches and stems and has high cellulose content, helping pull the branch upwards. Compression wood forms on the lower side and has high lignin, helping straighten and compress the leaning area. The formation of reaction wood helps maintain the angle of bent or leaning parts of trees through its differing mechanical properties compared to normal wood.
- Ginkgo biloba is an ancient tree species known as a living fossil. It is one of the oldest seed plant species still in existence today.
- The tree has distinctive fan-shaped leaves and produces seeds and cones. It is dioecious, with separate male and female trees.
- Ginkgo biloba has been used in traditional Chinese medicine and its extracts may help with conditions like vertigo and cerebral insufficiency. It is also considered a sacred tree in some Asian cultures.
Trichomes are elongated tubular outgrowths of epidermal cells that serve several functions for plants. These include ion exchange, protection, secretion of essential oils, and absorption of water. There are two main types of trichomes - covering or non-glandular trichomes which come in various shapes like lignified, short and pointed, large and conical, or short and warty; and glandular trichomes which can be unicellular or multicellular and help secrete compounds.
The document summarizes the structure and development of dicot and monocot embryos. It states that in dicots, the embryo typically has two cotyledons, an embryonic shoot apex (plumule), and an embryonic root apex (radicle). It describes the asymmetrical cell divisions that form a proembryo and later a globular proembryo in dicots. In monocots, the embryo has a single large cotyledon called a scutellum with lateral plumule and radicle protected by coleoptile and coleorhiza. It notes the first oblique cell division in monocots also forms a proembryo that develops organs through further cell divisions
Specialized tissue or secretary tissue produce and secrete a variety of substances. There are two main types of secretory tissues: laticiferous tissues and glandular tissues. Laticiferous tissues consist of elongated ducts that contain latex, a milky substance rich in proteins, carbohydrates, and other compounds. Glandular tissues contain glands that secrete oils, resins, enzymes and other substances. Secretions may remain within the cells or be released and have various functions in the plant or commercial value.
This PPT contains the application of Plant Anatomy in the field of Pharmacognosy & Plant systemics with number of examples to explore the beauty of this subject .
Stomata are small openings on plant leaves and young stems that allow for gas exchange with the atmosphere. Each stoma is surrounded by a pair of kidney-shaped guard cells that control the opening and closing of the pore. There are several types of stomata defined by the number and arrangement of neighboring subsidiary cells. The document discusses the definition, distribution, size, positioning and six main types (anomocytic, anisocytic, paracytic, diacytic, gramineous, and coniferous) of stomata found across plant species.
This document summarizes secondary growth in dicot roots. It begins by explaining the importance of secondary growth in increasing a plant's ability to absorb and transport water and minerals. It then describes the anatomy of a dicot root, including the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular strands, and pith. The document notes that secondary growth in roots occurs through the formation of a cambial ring, unlike in dicot stems. It also provides brief definitions of xylem and phloem tissue and explains that roots can form periderm through a similar process of secondary growth.
Taxus baccata commonly known as ‘Yew’, is an evergreen tree attaining a height of 9-20 metres with a massive trunk. Taxus is usually dioecious, but occasionally monoecious trees are also reported.
The reproductive structures become prominent on the plant in February-March. The male and female plants do not show any distinction in their vegetative organization. The differentiation between them can be made only when the plants are in the flowering or fruiting stage. Vegetative reproduction in Taxus is not known.
Derived from the word latex meaning juice in latin. sometimes called lactiferous cells or vessels from the latin word for milk, lac
According to origin simple laticifer derived from a single cell or union of cells.
Laticifers can be defined as a specialized cell or a row of such cells that secrete the milky fluid termed latex. The word laticifer is used as a general term to denote the various latex-secreting structures latex cell, latex vessel, latex duct, latex tube and laticiferous duct. The laticiferous duct is a cavity into which latex is secreted.
This document provides information about the Araceae plant family. It lists examples of plants from different habitats and growth forms, including terrestrial, aquatic, shrub, vine and herb. It then describes characteristics of the roots, stems, leaves, inflorescence, flowers, perianth, stamens, gynoecium, fruit, and seeds that are common among members of this plant family. It also divides the family Araceae into several subfamilies including Lemnaceae/Lemnoideae, Calloideae, and Pothoideae, providing one example genus for each.
Lenticels are raised spots on tree bark through which gas exchange occurs. They form under stomata and their number depends on stomata. Lenticels develop as parenchyma cells near stomata divide irregularly, forming loose colorless cells called complementary cells. Complementary cells increase in number, pushing against the epidermis and causing it to rupture. There are three types of lenticels distinguished by their filling tissue composition and structure. Lenticels allow for gas exchange at night or when stomata are closed and permit a small amount of transpiration.
This document summarizes the order Pentoxylales, which were fossil plants that existed in the Jurassic period. Some key points:
1. Pentoxylales were first discovered and named in 1948 by Indian paleobotanist Birbal Sahni from fossils found in India.
2. They were possibly small shrubs or trees with long and short shoots, spirally arranged leaves, and reproductive organs on short shoots.
3. Stem genera included Pentoxylon and Nipanioxylon, leaves were named Nipaniophyllum, and seed-bearing organs were called Carnoconites.
4. Distinguishing features included polystelic wood, sess
The document discusses endosperm, which is a nutritive tissue stored in seeds to provide nutrients for the embryo. There are three main types of endosperm based on development - nuclear, cellular, and helobial. Nuclear endosperm is the most common type and involves repeated nuclear division without cell wall formation initially. Cellular endosperm involves cell wall formation after each nuclear division. Helobial endosperm involves initial division into two cells like cellular endosperm, but further divisions are like nuclear endosperm. Endosperm can also have haustorial variations and can be ruminate, with an irregularly folded surface. Endosperm plays an important role in seed nutrition and development.
This document summarizes the different types of meristematic tissue in plants. Meristematic tissue consists of actively dividing cells that allow plants to grow and develop different cell types. There are three main types of meristematic tissue based on origin: promeristem, primary meristem, and secondary meristem. Additionally, meristematic tissue can be categorized based on position as apical, intercalary, or lateral meristems. Finally, meristematic tissue types can be distinguished based on their function in forming epidermal, vascular, or ground tissues systems or based on their plane of cell division as rib, plate, or mass meristems.
The Tunica-Corpus theory describes the structure of shoot apices. It states that the apical meristem is divided into two regions: the tunica and corpus. The tunica forms the outer one to several layers with anticlinal cell divisions, while the corpus forms the inner central region with more random cell divisions. This theory best describes the zonation pattern observed in apical meristems and is widely used to understand the development of vegetative and floral structures.
Structure, Development & Function of PeridermFatima Ramay
A group of secondary tissues forming a protective layer which replaces the epidermis of many plant stems, roots, and other parts.
Although periderm may develop in leaves and fruits, its main function is to protects stems and roots.
The periderm consists of three different layers:
Phelloderm
Phellogen (cork cambium)
Phellem (cork)
Its main function is to protect the underlying tissues from:
Desiccation
Freezing
Heat injury
Mechanical destruction
Disease
Loss of epidermis.
Bounding tissue restricting the pathogen & insects.
Allowing gaseous exchange through lenticels.
1. Secondary growth in dicot stems occurs through the formation of secondary tissues from lateral meristems. This increases the stem diameter.
2. Two types of lateral meristems are involved - the vascular cambium, which produces secondary vascular tissues, and the cork cambium or phellogen, which forms periderm.
3. Secondary growth results in the formation of secondary xylem (wood) on the inner side and secondary phloem (bast) on the outer side of the vascular cambium. Distinct growth rings are formed in areas with seasonal variations.
This document provides information on various carbohydrate containing drugs including honey, acacia, agar, and tragacanth. It discusses the biological sources, geographical sources, methods of collection and preparation, chemical constituents, identification tests, standards and uses of these drugs. The key drugs discussed are honey obtained from bees, acacia gum obtained from the acacia tree, and agar obtained from red algae. It provides details on the morphology, chemistry and applications of these carbohydrate drugs.
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that are found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. They exist as both unicellular and multicellular forms and can range in size from microscopic to several feet in length. Algae play an important role as primary producers in many ecosystems and also have significant commercial uses. Some key economic products derived from algae include agar, alginates, carrageenan, and diatomaceous earth. Algae are also used as food sources in some parts of the world and can potentially be grown on waste materials as a sustainable food source. Taxonomically, algae are divided into groups based on their pigments, food reserves, life cycles, and other characteristics
Ergastic substances are byproducts of cell metabolism that appear and disappear during the cell's lifecycle. They include reserve foods like starch, inorganic materials, secretory products, and excretory waste. Starch is the most important storage carbohydrate and occurs in two forms: temporary starch formed during photosynthesis and permanent starch stored in seeds, rhizomes, and fruits. Fats, proteins, and minerals also serve as reserves. Secretions include pigments, enzymes, and nectar. Excretory products comprise alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, latex, essential oils, resins, mucilage, and organic acids.
In this ppt the students will be able to know about different inclusions of plant cells and correlate their constituents. There are different types of metabolites produce in the plant which are not useful for them but are having great medicinal property for human being.
Portion covered:
1. Cell Inclusions
2. Reserve food of plants
3. Inorganic Materials
4. Secretory Products
5. Excretory Products.
This document summarizes the botanical and chemical properties of liquorice. It describes liquorice as coming from the Glycyrrhiza glabra plant, native to India and China. Microscopically, it contains structures like cork, fibers, and starch. Chemically, it is known to contain saponins like glycyrrhetinic acid. It has various traditional medical uses as an expectorant and treatment for peptic ulcers. It is also used as a flavoring agent in foods and beverages.
This document discusses the four main phyla of multicellular primary producers: seaweeds (Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta), seagrasses, salt marsh plants, and mangroves. It describes their key structures, reproduction methods, ecological roles, and representative species found in Florida. The main environmental factors that influence seaweeds are light, temperature, tidal exposure, salinity, and nutrient availability.
Liquorice is obtained from the dried roots and stolons of Glycyrrhiza glabra. It contains glycyrrhizin as the main active constituent, which is about 50 times sweeter than sucrose. Microscopic examination shows the presence of starch grains, crystal fibers, cork cells, and border pitted vessels. Liquorice has demulcent, expectorant and anti-inflammatory properties and is used to mask bitter tastes in medicines and for flavoring purposes.
Plants store reserve food materials in underground stems, roots, seeds, and other storage organs. These reserves include carbohydrates like starch, sugars, cellulose and hemicellulose; proteins like those found in aleurone grains; and lipids like oils and fats. Starch is the main carbohydrate reserve and is composed of amylose and amylopectin polymers that form starch grains with distinctive shapes depending on the plant species. Proteins are stored in protein bodies within aleurone grains. Lipids are stored as oil and fat droplets. These reserve foods provide energy and nutrients to support plant growth, maintenance and reproduction.
Morphological and histological characteristics of crude drugsNilesh Thorat
This document discusses the microscopic characteristics of ergastic cell contents and calcium oxalate crystals found in crude drugs. It provides details on the formation, types, shapes, sizes, and diagnostic significance of calcium oxalate crystals. The document also discusses starch grains and aleurone grains, including their occurrence in plants, microscopic characteristics, chemical constituents, identification tests, and uses. Microscopic examination of ergastic cell contents and structures like calcium oxalate crystals, starch grains, and aleurone grains provides important information for identifying crude drugs.
The document discusses different types of crude drugs including organized drugs, unorganized drugs, dried latex, dried juice, extracts, gums, mucilage, resins, oleo-resins, and oleo-gum-resins. Organized drugs contain definite cellular structures, while unorganized drugs lack cells. Dried latex and juice are obtained through incisions and drying of plant materials. Extracts are prepared by solvent extraction of plant parts. Gums and mucilage are high molecular weight compounds that form viscous solutions, but mucilage does not precipitate with alcohol. Resins, oleo-resins, and oleo-gum-resins are mixtures that contain volatile oils, gums, and
Algae are simple aquatic plants that can be unicellular or multicellular. They are classified in the kingdom Protista and are divided into five main groups. Algae can be found in both marine and freshwater environments. They use photosynthesis to produce food and oxygen. Some key points about algae include:
- They come in many forms including unicellular, colonial, filamentous, and multicellular bodies
- Reproduction can occur sexually through gametes or asexually through fragmentation, spores, or binary fission
- Algae range in size from microscopic to large seaweeds and serve important ecological roles as primary producers
- Some species of algae have economic uses including
Seaweeds come in many shapes, sizes, colors and have unique structures depending on their phylum. The three main phyla of seaweeds are green algae (Chlorophyta), red algae (Rhodophyta), and brown algae (Phaeophyta). Salt marsh plants, sea grasses, and mangroves are flowering plants found in estuaries and coastal areas that play important ecological roles through primary production, habitat provision, and sediment stabilization.
This document provides an overview of the general characteristics of four divisions of algae - Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta. It describes their cellular organization, thallus structure, pigments, reproduction methods, and other distinguishing features. References are provided for additional information on the classification and characteristics of these algal groups.
- Euglenophytes are a group of protists that include the genus Euglena. They are unicellular organisms that can live as photosynthetic autotrophs or heterotrophic consumers. They have two flagella of different lengths and other structures like a chloroplast, eyespot, pellicle, nucleus, and contractile vacuole.
- Euglenophytes are found in nutrient-rich freshwater and some saltwater habitats. They can reproduce asexually through mitosis or sexually through meiosis to form haploid spores. Some species like Euglena gracilis are harmless to humans while others may indicate polluted water conditions.
The document discusses several poisonous plants and their toxic effects, including castor, abrus precatorius, croton tiglium, calotropis, plumbago rosea, semecarpus anacardium, capsicum, and ergot. For each one, it describes identifying features, active toxic principles, signs and symptoms of poisoning, treatment, and potential medicolegal importance as accidental or intentional poisons.
This document discusses plant secondary metabolites. It explains that secondary metabolites are compounds produced through secondary plant metabolism that are not essential for plant growth and development. Some examples provided include morphine, caffeine, and rubber. Secondary metabolites serve ecological roles like attracting pollinators with pigments or protecting the plant from herbivores with toxic compounds. They are grouped into classes like alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolics. The document also discusses the history of ethnobotany, the study of how humans interact with and use plants.
It's a Beautiful Topic Called ERGASTIC CELL CONTENT & METABOLITES, gives you information about metabolites, plant constituents, crystal system, crystal forms & a detail information abut primary & secondary metabolites.
This document provides information on several carbohydrate-containing drugs, including their biological sources, chemical constituents, chemical tests, and uses. Isapgol is obtained from Plantago ovata seeds and contains mucilage. Linseed comes from Linum usitatissimum seeds and contains mucilage and fixed oils. Agar is extracted from red algae and contains agarose and agaropectin polysaccharides. Honey is a sugar secretion from bees and contains sugars, acids, enzymes, and vitamins. Acacia gum exudes from Acacia senegal and contains arabin glycoproteins. Tragacanth exudes from Astragalus plants and contains tragacanthin and bassorin polysaccharides. Each
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
This presentation intends to explore the communication of the cell within and others for sustainability along the regulation mechanisms by the cellular neural networks and others to sing the song of the life.
Bioenergetics is an important domain in biology. This presentation has explored ATP production and its optimum utilization in biological systems along with certain theories and experiments to give a bird's eye view of this important issue.
This presentation offers the bird's eye view of the cell as the basic structural and functional unit of life. It also addresses the origin of eukaryotic cells from the prokaryotic cell by the endosymbiotic theory.
This presentation has been intended to offer a bird's eye view about the phylogenetic classification of the plant kingdom in general and the Engler and Prantl system in particular with merits and demerits.
This PPT has been made to explore the plant classification in general and the classification as made by Bentham & Hooker for the classification of the flowering plants. It also offers the history of plant classification along with the merits and demerits of this aforesaid classification.
Energy and the biological systems are joined together and no biological world is almost impossible without ATP. This study material intends to explore the beauty of ATP to drive different biological processes.
This PPT offers a bird's eye view of ICBN and its different rules along with regulations for the naming of plants. It also highlights the history of IBC and its contribution to plant taxonomy.
This presentation intends to offer the basic features of plant metabolism along with the different types of mechanisms to regulate and control the metabolic pathways.
This presentation has been designed to give the foundation of taxonomy in general and Plant Taxonomy in particular as a matter of pleasure to explore the diversity of the plant world.
Sex and sexuality are very common words in biology but para-sexuality is a little bit uncommon, several organisms in general and fungi in particular have the pleasure of sexuality to bring variations by beside sex. This PPT explores the beauty of para-sexuality for the academic fraternity.
Sex life in fungi is not less fascinating than in other organisms. Heterosexuality is a matter of pleasure to explore the diversity of sex in fungi along with its cause and consequences. You can find a pleasure to go through the content.
This PowerPoint wants to explore the bird's eye view of the reproduction of bacteria in general and the genetic recombination of bacteria in particular.
The document discusses nutrition in bacteria. It explains that bacteria require carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, metals, and water for their biochemical processes. Bacteria are classified as autotrophs or heterotrophs based on their ability to produce or require organic carbon compounds. Autotrophs can produce organic compounds from inorganic sources like carbon dioxide, while heterotrophs require organic carbon sources. The document further describes different types of autotrophs and heterotrophs based on their energy and carbon sources. These include photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs. Parasitic, saprophytic, and symbiotic bacteria are also discussed
This presentation explores the food value of mushrooms along with the long-term and short-term storage procedures. It also offers a detailed account of the nutrients that remain present in the edible mushrooms.
Cyanobacteria and their role in nitrogen fixation and rice cultivation are discussed. Cyanobacteria can live in many environments and colonize barren areas due to their photosynthetic abilities. They exist as unicellular, colonial, or filamentous forms. Some cyanobacteria can fix nitrogen symbiotically through associations with plants like Azolla. The Azolla-Anabaena association is an example of biological nitrogen fixation. Application of Azolla mats in rice fields can provide nitrogen and improve soil fertility and rice growth. Other factors like temperature, soil pH and nutrients also impact nitrogen fixation.
The document discusses the isolation and mass multiplication of Azospirillum bacteria for use as a biofertilizer. It describes the isolation process from plant roots using selective media. Mass multiplication is done by growing the bacteria in large fermenters with controlled temperature and agitation. The cultured bacteria are then mixed with an inert carrier like peat soil or lignite to produce packaged biofertilizer products containing approximately 109 cells/g. The document also outlines the benefits of using Azospirillum and other biofertilizers like Azotobacter for improving soil fertility and sustainability.
More from Nistarini College, Purulia (W.B) India (20)
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)eitps1506
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
1. Welcome to
Plant Cell Inclusions: Ergastic substances, Hydathodes,
Cavities, Lithocysts & Laticifers
By
N.Sannigrahi, Associate Professor, Department of Botany,
Nistarini College, Purulia, 723101(W.B) India
The non-living cell inclusions produced as a result
of the metabolic activity of the cell are known as
ergastic substances or cell inclusions. These are
found in cytoplasm, vacuoles and cell walls and are
grouped into three broad categories-Reserve
materials, Secondary materials and Excretory
materials.
3. PROPERITIES OF CELL INCLUSIONS
• Cell inclusions are non-living substances present in
the plant cells
• They are called ergastic substances or ergastic bodies
• They may be present in soluble or insoluble state
either organic or inorganic in nature as told earlier
• They are present in components or sub-components
of cell
• They are the raw materials or products of cellular
metabolism
• They may be exported or expelled from the cell.
4. CLASSIFICATION
• Ergastic substances-either organic or inorganic in nature
present in cytoplasm or vacuole have wide importance like 1.
food products-starch & Aleuronic grains, 2. Waste products
like crystals, 3. other substances like rubber, mucilage, tannins,
latex, alkaloids etc are broadly classified under three
categories-
• A. Reserve materials-Carbohydrates, Nitrogenous materials ,
Fats & oils
• B. Secretory materials-Present in sacs or glands being
Enzymes, Nectar, coloring matter, vitamin, Hormones.
• C. Excretory materials-Metabolic by-products like alkaloids,
tannins, latex, mineral crystals including raphides, styloides,
prismatic crystals etc.
5. METABOLITES-TYPES
• PRIMARY METABOLITES
• Chlorophyll, Amino acids, Nucleotides, Simple-CHOs,
Membrane lipids
• Found throughout the plant kingdom
• Important roles in growth & development like
photosynthesis, respiration, solute transport, translocation,
nutrient assimilation, differentiation
• SECONDARY METABOLITES
• restricted distribution in plants particularly either in one
species or taxonomically related species extend
ecological, protective, pollination or agent for plant-plant
competition by giving color, pungencies & odors
6. RESERVE MATERIALS
• To make new protoplasm and cellular activities, autotrophs
stored reserve materials as Carbohydrates, Proteins, Oils &
fats
• CARBOHYDRATES:
• Monosaccharide-glucose(Grapes) or fructose(Homey0
• Oligosaccharides- Sucrose(Cane sugar) or Raffinose on
hydrolysis produce sugar
• Polysaccharides- Inulin ( Tuber of Dahlia, Helianthus)
• Starch-Insoluble polysaccharides in storage organs like
rhizomes, endosperm, corns, tubers, cotyledons like oryza,
Ipomoea, Avena
• Cellulose-Insoluble as in Spinach and leafy vegetables
• Pectin- Rich in galacturonic acid, rhamnose, arabinose and
galactose
7. PROTEINS & FATS
• PROTEINS
• Storage Proteins in aleurone grains, either amorphous
(Wheat endosperm)or crystalline (fruit of Capsicum),
bounded by protenaceous membranes, seeds , embryo,
endosperms.
• Protein matrix containing a crystalloid (outer layer of
endosperm of wheat)
• Protein matrix with globoid
• Protein matrix with crystalloid or globoid.
• OILS & FATS: Abundant in endosperm and perisperm of
plant parts produced by elaioplast or spherosomes,
volatile oil in Rose, wax, cutin & suberin as protective
layers.
8. SECRETORY MATERIALS
• Produced during plant metabolism & perform
specific role .Includes coloring matter, enzymes &
nectar
• Coloring matter- Xanthophylls imparts orange to
yellow color while anthocynin imparts red, blue,
violet or pink color , brings pollination , fruit
dispersal and others
• Enzymes- Catalyse, Lipase, protease, invertase &
Diastase
• Nectar- Nectaries consisting of glucose, fructose
& sucrose affect pollination by entomogenous
flowers
10. EXCRETORY MATERIALS
• By-products of plant metabolism stored in dead cells,
disposed off via leaves, fruits, seeds, barks etc.They are-
• Alkaloids-Quinine in cinchona barks, morphine in Poppy
seeds,, atropine in Atropa belladona,
• Crystals-Crystal contains cells are called idioblasts
originate within vacuoles-
• Calcium oxalate crystal in Citrus, Vicia, Begonia ; sphere
crystal called sphaeraphide in Datura, Nerium etc
• Raphides-Needle shaped with pointed tips found in
Impatiens, Colocasia
• Styloides-elongated prismatic crystals in members of
Liliaceae & Agavaceae
• Rosette crystals-In the members of Apiaceae
• Hydathodes-Specialized pores present in the leaf margin
to exude drops of water( guttation) in some angiosperm
herbs like mustard. Grasses and members of
Saxifragraceae.
13. PLANTS SOURCE: TAXONOMICALLY
• Crystals of Calcium carbonate –Cystolith found in parenchyma
, epidermal cells ( Lithocysts) in Ficus leaves, trichomes or
hairs( Humulus lupulus) leaves of Acanthaceae, Cucurbitaceae
& Urticaceae.The leaves of Mormordica contains double
cystolith, Calcium carbonate containing crystals appear grape
like clusters with a stalk attached to the cell wall from where it
hangs into the cell lumen, having large nucleus and dense
cytoplasm.
• Crystal Sand: Small prismatic crystals found in Atropa
belladona of Solanaceae.
• Essential oils-The odoriferous glands in flowers, leaves, fruits
as found in oil of Peppermint from Mentha piperita, clove oil
from Eugenia caryophylla, Eucalyptus oil from Eucalyptus
globoulus, attract vectors to bring pollination and dispersal of
seeds & fruits.
16. Glycosides, Gum, Latex-Source
• Glycosides-Composed of glucose and other substances like
sinigrin- sulpher containing glycoside in Brassica nigra,
digitogenin as in Digitalis purpurea.
• Gum-exudes from the barks of Acacia arabica, A.modesta,
cellulose of cell wall undergoes decomposition forms gum,
naturally but response to injuries to heal up the wounds, used
in medicine, confectionary, sizing and finishing materials in
industry(Sing & Jain, 1996)
• Latex- Special group of cells –laticifers present in the families
of Asclepiadaceae, Apocynaceae, Moraceae & Euphorbiaceae,
colorless, milky white-yellow or orange consists of
carbohydrates, alkaloids, organic acids, oils, resins, rubber,
styarch etc. Papain, an enzyme present in Carica papaya, latex
of opium rich in alkaloid, natural rubber from Hevea
brasiliensis
18. ORGANIC ACIDS, RESINS, SILICA BODIES------
• Organic acids-during metabolism, leaves and fruits produced
different organic acids like tartaric acid in tamarind, malic acid
in apple, citric acid in citrus etc
• Resin-Solid or liquid, brittle in nature with complex chemical
composition, produced from secretory cells surrounding the
resin ducts; coniferous trees rich in resin, Canada balsam
obtained from conifer Abies balsama.
• Silica bodies-Composed of silicon dioxide found in the
epidermal cells of Poaceae & Cyperaceae
• Tannins-Non-nitrogenous phenol derivatives present in the cell
sap; yellow , red or brown in color appear granules in cell;
found in seed coats, in unripe fruits, leaves of the infected
tissues; present in the periderm & heart wood making hard and
impervious; used in medicine, leather, dye and other
industries.
19. CONCLUSION
• Thus, several chemical compounds occur as non-living
inclusions in the cytoplasm and these inclusions remain
dispersed either cell-sap or in cytoplasm. Apparently, the
ergastic substances seems to be appeared as not so important
as far as the structural attributes of the plants but they play also
vey important role for the welfare of the human civilization.
The different industrial products are derived using the ergastic
materials as the raw materials. A number of life saving drugs
are derived using this components as the welfare of the human
beings. This, the ergastic substances are very important to
plants for its morphological and physiological attributes and it
plays a very important role in the welfare of human
civilization.