Ephedra is an evergreen shrub native to central Asia and parts of North America. It has woody stems that resemble Equisetum and perform photosynthesis. Ephedra contains ephedrine, an alkaloid used to treat asthma, bronchitis, and other respiratory illnesses. It has a taproot system and scale-like leaves arranged in opposite pairs. Ephedra is distributed in dry regions and exhibits xerophytic adaptations like thick cuticles and sunken stomata.
Taxus -Morphological ,anatomical and reproductive features &Economic importanceJasmine Mariya
Taxus is a representative of conifers which is a prominent member in that group.It shows so many remarkable features in its morphology , Anatomy ,Reproduction and life cycle. It's economically importance is also great. This presentation is a overall description about Taxus.
Taxus baccata commonly known as ‘Yew’, is an evergreen tree attaining a height of 9-20 metres with a massive trunk. Taxus is usually dioecious, but occasionally monoecious trees are also reported.
The reproductive structures become prominent on the plant in February-March. The male and female plants do not show any distinction in their vegetative organization. The differentiation between them can be made only when the plants are in the flowering or fruiting stage. Vegetative reproduction in Taxus is not known.
Taxus -Morphological ,anatomical and reproductive features &Economic importanceJasmine Mariya
Taxus is a representative of conifers which is a prominent member in that group.It shows so many remarkable features in its morphology , Anatomy ,Reproduction and life cycle. It's economically importance is also great. This presentation is a overall description about Taxus.
Taxus baccata commonly known as ‘Yew’, is an evergreen tree attaining a height of 9-20 metres with a massive trunk. Taxus is usually dioecious, but occasionally monoecious trees are also reported.
The reproductive structures become prominent on the plant in February-March. The male and female plants do not show any distinction in their vegetative organization. The differentiation between them can be made only when the plants are in the flowering or fruiting stage. Vegetative reproduction in Taxus is not known.
Family Leguminosae (Fabaceae) is generally characterized by typical legume fruit and the ability to symbiotically fix nitrogen. Among the three subfamilies, Papilionoideae is the largest and possesses the lion’s share of economically important legumes including pulses and forages. Although monophyletic origin is generally considered, traces of polyphyly and paraphyly are evidenced in the subfamilies Mimosoideae and Caesalpinioideae by molecular phylogenetic studies. Development of robust cytogenetic stocks (aneuploids, polyploids, chromosomal aberrations, somaclonal variants, transformants, etc.) and novel functional genomic tools (mutants, molecular markers, DNA libraries, barcode sequences, etc.) have paved the way to legume classical and molecular breeding for high-yield, nutritional quality, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and enhancement of its bioactive natural antioxidants.
This is a detailed presentation on Morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Marchantia spp. with high quality pics and eye capturing transitions and animations
* The members of this family are mainly distributed in the tropical parts of the world. The plants occur mostly in dry regions.
* Several shrubby species of Capparis occur in the Mediterranean region.
* Reference - Taxonomy of Angiosperms - Dr. B. P. Pandey
Malvaceae, or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include okra, cotton, cacao and durian. There are also some genera containing familiar ornamentals, such as Alcea, Malva and Lavatera, as well as Tilia
Systematic position:
Kingdom Plantae
Subkingdom Tracheobionta (Vascular plants)
Superdivision Spermatophyta (Seed plants)
Division Gnetophyta (Mormon tea and other gnetophytes)
Class Gnetopsida
Order Ephedrales
Family Ephedraceae (tea family)
Genus Ephedra L.
Common name Jointfir
There are 35 to 40 species in the world. These are wide spread in both in eastern and western
hemispheres
Morphology:
A. Root : Branched root, tap root are present these are characteristic xerophytes, no report of
mycorrhize.
B. Stem: Woody green branched distinctly joined apparently nodes and inter nodes, branches are
photosynthetic. Inter nodes are elongated by the activity of basal meristem.
C. Leaves: Small scaly leaves are present, scale leaves are joined to form sheath, Brown leaves
are non photosynthetic leaves.
Anatomy:
A. Root : It shows usually Gymnosperm structure. Cortex, endoderm, inner periderm, vascular
camblum, primary and secondary xylem was present.
B. Stem:
1. Primary structure: Transverse structure shows ridges and grooves. cortex clorenchyma
elongated, endoderm is present in single layer.
2. Secondary structure: Parenchymalous cells present between the vascular bundles to form a
ring of cambium, ray initials and fusiform initial are present.
C. Leaves: Transverse structure of leaves shows epidermis, cuticle, xylem, phloem, air space,
spongy parenchyma tissues. The vascular bundles are collateral closed and primary phloem and
primary xylem are also present.
Adaptations:
Mostly xerophytes scrubs or woody climbers Ephedra Pedunculata. Most species of ephedra are
branched scrubs, commonly climbing over vegetation many species spread by rhizomes Ephedra
Trifura. Under favorable condition it grows tree like habitat.
Ephedra Foliata - scrambling scrub, Ephedra Compacta - Branching type, Ephedra
Camphylophoda - Spendulus branches, Ephedra Intermedia - Shoot, Ephedra Saxatilis - scrub.
Values and functions:
In pharmaceutical industries it works as to access Ephedra drug materials.
Traditionally it is used by indigenous people for medicinal treatments of asthma, hay fever and
cold.
Alkaloids obtained from the species of Ephedra is used in herbal medicine.
Solution
Systematic position:
Kingdom Plantae
Subkingdom Tracheobionta (Vascular plants)
Superdivision Spermatophyta (Seed plants)
Division Gnetophyta (Mormon tea and other gnetophytes)
Class Gnetopsida
Order Ephedrales
Family Ephedraceae (tea family)
Genus Ephedra L.
Common name Jointfir
There are 35 to 40 species in the world. These are wide spread in both in eastern and western
hemispheres
Morphology:
A. Root : Branched root, tap root are present these are characteristic xerophytes, no report of
mycorrhize.
B. Stem: Woody green branched distinctly joined apparently nodes and inter nodes, branches are
photosynthetic. Inter nodes are elongated by the activity of basal meristem.
C. Leaves: Small scaly leaves are present, scale leaves are joined to form sheath, Brown leaves
are non photosynthetic leaves.
A.
Family Leguminosae (Fabaceae) is generally characterized by typical legume fruit and the ability to symbiotically fix nitrogen. Among the three subfamilies, Papilionoideae is the largest and possesses the lion’s share of economically important legumes including pulses and forages. Although monophyletic origin is generally considered, traces of polyphyly and paraphyly are evidenced in the subfamilies Mimosoideae and Caesalpinioideae by molecular phylogenetic studies. Development of robust cytogenetic stocks (aneuploids, polyploids, chromosomal aberrations, somaclonal variants, transformants, etc.) and novel functional genomic tools (mutants, molecular markers, DNA libraries, barcode sequences, etc.) have paved the way to legume classical and molecular breeding for high-yield, nutritional quality, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and enhancement of its bioactive natural antioxidants.
This is a detailed presentation on Morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Marchantia spp. with high quality pics and eye capturing transitions and animations
* The members of this family are mainly distributed in the tropical parts of the world. The plants occur mostly in dry regions.
* Several shrubby species of Capparis occur in the Mediterranean region.
* Reference - Taxonomy of Angiosperms - Dr. B. P. Pandey
Malvaceae, or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include okra, cotton, cacao and durian. There are also some genera containing familiar ornamentals, such as Alcea, Malva and Lavatera, as well as Tilia
Systematic position:
Kingdom Plantae
Subkingdom Tracheobionta (Vascular plants)
Superdivision Spermatophyta (Seed plants)
Division Gnetophyta (Mormon tea and other gnetophytes)
Class Gnetopsida
Order Ephedrales
Family Ephedraceae (tea family)
Genus Ephedra L.
Common name Jointfir
There are 35 to 40 species in the world. These are wide spread in both in eastern and western
hemispheres
Morphology:
A. Root : Branched root, tap root are present these are characteristic xerophytes, no report of
mycorrhize.
B. Stem: Woody green branched distinctly joined apparently nodes and inter nodes, branches are
photosynthetic. Inter nodes are elongated by the activity of basal meristem.
C. Leaves: Small scaly leaves are present, scale leaves are joined to form sheath, Brown leaves
are non photosynthetic leaves.
Anatomy:
A. Root : It shows usually Gymnosperm structure. Cortex, endoderm, inner periderm, vascular
camblum, primary and secondary xylem was present.
B. Stem:
1. Primary structure: Transverse structure shows ridges and grooves. cortex clorenchyma
elongated, endoderm is present in single layer.
2. Secondary structure: Parenchymalous cells present between the vascular bundles to form a
ring of cambium, ray initials and fusiform initial are present.
C. Leaves: Transverse structure of leaves shows epidermis, cuticle, xylem, phloem, air space,
spongy parenchyma tissues. The vascular bundles are collateral closed and primary phloem and
primary xylem are also present.
Adaptations:
Mostly xerophytes scrubs or woody climbers Ephedra Pedunculata. Most species of ephedra are
branched scrubs, commonly climbing over vegetation many species spread by rhizomes Ephedra
Trifura. Under favorable condition it grows tree like habitat.
Ephedra Foliata - scrambling scrub, Ephedra Compacta - Branching type, Ephedra
Camphylophoda - Spendulus branches, Ephedra Intermedia - Shoot, Ephedra Saxatilis - scrub.
Values and functions:
In pharmaceutical industries it works as to access Ephedra drug materials.
Traditionally it is used by indigenous people for medicinal treatments of asthma, hay fever and
cold.
Alkaloids obtained from the species of Ephedra is used in herbal medicine.
Solution
Systematic position:
Kingdom Plantae
Subkingdom Tracheobionta (Vascular plants)
Superdivision Spermatophyta (Seed plants)
Division Gnetophyta (Mormon tea and other gnetophytes)
Class Gnetopsida
Order Ephedrales
Family Ephedraceae (tea family)
Genus Ephedra L.
Common name Jointfir
There are 35 to 40 species in the world. These are wide spread in both in eastern and western
hemispheres
Morphology:
A. Root : Branched root, tap root are present these are characteristic xerophytes, no report of
mycorrhize.
B. Stem: Woody green branched distinctly joined apparently nodes and inter nodes, branches are
photosynthetic. Inter nodes are elongated by the activity of basal meristem.
C. Leaves: Small scaly leaves are present, scale leaves are joined to form sheath, Brown leaves
are non photosynthetic leaves.
A.
Plant leaves help to sustain life on earth as they generate food for both plant and animal life. The leaf is the site of photosynthesis in plants. Photosynthesis is the process of absorbing energy from sunlight and using it to produce food in the form of sugars. Leaves make it possible for plants to fulfill their role as primary producers in food chains. Not only do leaves make food, but they also generate oxygen during photosynthesis and are major contributors to the cycle of carbon and oxygen in the environment. Leaves are a part of the plant shoot system, which also includes stems and flowers.
1. Plant leaves are very important structures as they help to maintain life on earth by generating food (sugars) via photosynthesis.
2. Leaves can have different shapes and sizes. The basic components of leaves in flowering plants (angiosperms) include the blade, the petiole, and the stipules.
3. There are three main tissues found in leaves: the epidermis, the mesophyll, as well as vascular tissue. Each tissue type is composed of layers of cells.
In addition to performing photosynthesis, some plants have other highly specialized functions. Examples include carnivorous plants that can 'eat' insects.
4. Some animals, like the Indian leafwing butterfly, mimic leaves to camouflage themselves from predators.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
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11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
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What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
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Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
5. DISTRIBUTION :
The Ephedra plant belongs to the Gnetum family (gnetaceae).
It is an upstanding brushy bush that can grow up to 60 cm high.
Ephedra is an evergreen shrub-like plant native to central Asia, and Mongolia; it also
grows in the southwestern United States.
It is also called commonly as joint pine, joint fir, Mormon tea or Brigham tea) is the
only genus in family Ephedraceae and order Ephedrales.
It is represented by 50 species.
These species grow in dry climate over wide areas of the Northern hemisphere
including North America , Europe, North Africa, and South west and central Asia.
Eight species of Ephedra are known from India. Some of the common Indian species
are E. intermedia, E. gerardiana, E. sexatilis, E.foliata etc.
These species are distributed in dry parts of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and parts of
Kashmir to Sikkim.
6. MORPHOLOGY:
The plant body is sporophytic and shows xerophytic
characters.
Mostly the plants are woody shrubs, a very few species are
lianas and some species grow into a small tree.
Shruby plant body usually remains less than two meters in
height in most of the species.
Chamberlain (1935) mentioned that Ephedra is a short-lived
plant.
It resembles Equisetum in its external morphology
In some species, its height up to several meters.
Plant body can be differentiated into three parts – root, stem
and leaves.
7. ROOT :
There is a prominent underground tap root
system, later on the adventitious roots develop.
Many root hairs are present but there is no
mycorrhiza.
8. STEM:
Like Equisetum, the stem is green, ribbed, branched,
fluted and differentiated into nodes and internodes.
It performs the function of photosynthesis and may be
called as phylloclade.
The branches arise from the axillary buds and are,
therefore, in pairs of threes or fours according to the
number of the scaly leaves at the nodes in different
species.
The branches are also green and differentiated into nodes
and internodes.
9. LEAVES:
Leaves are small scaly, present in pairs at the nodes and
are arranged in opposite decussate manner.
These leaves unite at the base to form a basal sheath.
Each leaf contains two unbranched, parallel veins. They
are so minute that they are of no use i.e., unable to
perform photosynthesis.
The function of photosynthesis is carried by green stem.
True foliage leaves are absent.
10. ANATOMICAL CHARACTERS :
Here we discuss about the Ephedra,
T.s of young stem
T.S of Old stem
Anatomy of Leaf
11. EPHEDRA – T.S OF YOUNG STEM
The outline shows many ridges and grooves as shown in figure.
Outermost layer in epidermis with a thick layer of cuticle. Continuity of
the epidermis is broken by many sunken stomata present in the grooves.
The wide zone of thin-walled, chlorophyll-containing green cells is present
in between the thick-walled sclerenchyma and the vascular cylinder.
Many intercellular spaces are also present in this region.
Some sclerenchyma patches are also irregularly distributed in this green
region.
The vascular cylinder is an endarch siphonostele.
12. T.S OF OLD STEM:
It is a single-layered, heavily cuticularized epidermis.
The cortex is also differentiated into sclerenchyma ,
chlorenchyma & parenchyma .
Presence of vessels is the characteristic feature of the
wood of Ephedra.
Resin canals are absent.
Parenchymatous pith is present in the Centre.
13. T.S OF LEAF :
In T.S , the reduced and membranous scaly leaves
are somewhat oval in outline.
The epidermis consists of elongated or oval cells.
Cuticle is also present.
Stomata, when present, are sunken.
Many air spaces are present in the parenchymatous
and palisade regions.
The vascular bundles are two in number.
14. ECONOMIC IMORTANCE OF EPHEDRA :
Ephedrine, an alkaloid obtained from several species of Ephedra, is used in the
preparation of medicines for treating asthma, bronchitis, cough, cold, nasal disorder
hay fever and also used to treat kidney disorders.
A decoction of stems and roots of several species is used in curing syphilis and
rheumatism .
Ephedra gerardiana tincture is effective as a cardiac and circulatory stimulant.
Rhizome of Ephedra gerardiana is used as fuel by the people of Tibet.
Some species are grown as ornamental plants.