Studies of Pharmacognosy has applications in modern medicine and traditional medicine systems.

1. Applications of Pharmacognosy
Dr. Anil V.Dusane
Vice Principal (Science),
Sir Parashurambhau College,

2. It is the study of medicines that derived from
natural sources.
It is "the study of physical, chemical,
biochemical and biological properties of drugs
of natural origin.
It has many application in the drug
development.
PharmacognosyPharmacognosy

3. Need of standardization.
Fingerprinting.
Quality control.
Export standards.
Pharmacopeias ( 'drug-making') - a
reference book for pharmaceutical drug
specifications.
Why to study PharmacognosyWhy to study Pharmacognosy

4. Need of standardization
Disputed identity of medicinal plants and its products.
Substitutes, adulterants and fake materials are used.
7000 small scale firms manufacturing medicines
without standardization.
‘The Drug and Cosmetics Act underlined need
of standardization.
80% of export to the developed countries is of
unprocessed crude drugs.

5. In India 90% of prescriptions consists plant products.
•Modern medicine employs about 119 drugs that are derived from
medicinal plants.
• Annual turnover of Medicinal plants is more than 4,000 crores.
India’s share is only 0.01%. in World trade of medicinal plants.
WHO has emphasized need of pharmacopoeial
standards to ensure quality control.
High level quality control by Fingerprinting
technique using TLC and HPTLC.

6. Important aspects of Pharmacognosy studies
Ancient literature
Ethnobotanical and specific uses
Botanical studies
Chemical studies.
Biological activity studies
Formulations

7. Steps involved Pharmacognosy
studies
Collection of plant materials and market samples
Exomorphic studies
Taxonomical studies
Anatomical studies
Pharmacognostic studies
Ash, Powder and fluorescence analysis
Micro-chemical and phytochemical tests
Chromatographic studies (TLC and HPTLC)

8. Seed method
Cuttings method
Air layering method
Plant tissue culture method
These practices are for rapid propagation,
high yield, better and uniform quality.
Cultivation practicesCultivation practices

9. Right plant material (root/stem/rhizome /leaf
/fruits /seeds/ whole plant)
Seasonal studies (maximum amount)
Right method of collection (dry under shade)
or vacuum
Proper storage
Collection from different locations
Collection (Harvesting)Collection (Harvesting)

10. Compendium of Medicinal plants
Pharmacopeias
Herbarium
Herbarium
Photographs
Research papers
Documentation

11. Exomorphic studiesExomorphic studies
External characteristics of Medicinal plantsExternal characteristics of Medicinal plants

12. Characters Trigonella
foenicum gracecum
Lepidium
sativum
Trachyspermu
m ammami
Nigella sativa
Leaves Pinnate, 3-
foliate,obovate
Lyrrate-
pinnate, upper
leaves linear
sessile
Pinnate Cut into linear
lanceolate
segments
Length of leaves
(cm)
2.0-2.5 4.0-10.0 3.0-4.0 2.5-3.0
Flowers White White White Pale blue
Inflorescence type Axillary Raceme Umbel Solitary cyme
Fruit type Legume Siliqua Schizocarp Capsule
Exomorphic (Macroscopic) characteristicsExomorphic (Macroscopic) characteristics

13. Plant classification systems.
Herbarium
Plant Flora
Research journals
Taxonomic studiesTaxonomic studies

14. Anatomical studiesAnatomical studies
Study of Internal structureStudy of Internal structure
Stomata
Trichomes (hairs)
Starch grains

15. Starch grainsStarch grains
Starch grainStarch grain analysisanalysis is a technique that is useful to determineis a technique that is useful to determine
plantplant taxa.taxa.
Features Methi Haliv Owa Kalonjee
Nature of starch
grain
Present Present Present Present
Shape (single) Oval Oval Oval Oval
Size
(single starch grain)
µ
3.84X2.92 –
(6.67 X 5.86)-
7.68 -7.86
3.84X3.84-
(7.28X6.17)-
13.3-11.52
5.76X3.84
(9.77X7.84)
13.44X13.44
1.92X1.92
(11.90X10.35)
-19.2X19.2

16. Pollen grainsPollen grains
Shape, size, structure and ornamentationShape, size, structure and ornamentation
are important characteristics forare important characteristics for
identificationidentification

17. Scanning Electron MicroscopicScanning Electron Microscopic
(SEM) studies of Pollens(SEM) studies of Pollens
Trigonella Trachispermum Lepidium

18. Anatomy of root, rhizome, stem, leaf,Anatomy of root, rhizome, stem, leaf,
flower, fruit and seed is characteristicflower, fruit and seed is characteristic

19. Maceration studies
•Essential for separating tracheids, vessels, sieve tubes
etc. from the plant material and measuring their dimensions
for the identification purpose.
TRACHEIDS
• Present in pteridophytes, gymnosperms and
some angiosperms.
•Long, thin and spindle-shaped cells.
•Cells are arranged one above the other.
• At the junction of two cells, the wall possesses pits
through which water is conducted upward direction.
VESSELS (TRACHEAE)
•Present in angiosperms.
•Short, comparatively broad and blunt at both ends.
•Cells are arranged one above the other.
•Transverse wall between the cells disintegrates to form a
continuous passage for rapid upward transportation of
water.

20. Extractive valuesExtractive values
This method determines the amount of active constituentsThis method determines the amount of active constituents
extracted with solvents from a given amount ofextracted with solvents from a given amount of medicinal plantmedicinal plant
material.material.
Sr.
No.
Extractive Eugenia Gymnema Memordica
1 Petroleum
ether
60-800
C
0.6
(0.4-1.0)
1.2
(0.9-1.9)
4.4
(2.9-6.7)
2 Ethanol 14.4
(10.1-16.3)
13.6
(11.1-15.2)
10.6
(8.5-12.6)
3 Methanol 17.4
(11.7-19.2)
16.0
(14.2-19.1)
13.0
(10.3-16.4)
4 Water 18.4
(14.2-20.1)
20.4
(17.2-22.5)
19.4
(15.3-22.0)
5 Chloro-
form
1.2
(0.7-1.6)
2.0
(1.5-2.2)
6.6
(4.7-7.9)

21. Fluorescence analysis is characteristic colour changes observed with different
chemical reagents in different parts of plant under visible and UV light.
Colour chart is used.
Chase and Pratt (1949) method.
Camag UV Lamp with dual wavelength (254 nm and 366 nm).
Powder fluorescence analysisPowder fluorescence analysis

22. Sr.
No.
Extractive
Allahabad Ahmedabad Pune
1
Dry powder
Ordinary light Hazel Hazel Olivaceous buff
UV 266nm Isabellite Isabellite Isabelllite
UV 366nm Sepia Sepia Sepia
2 P + D.W. Ordinary light Olivaceous buff Olivaceous buff Hazel
UV 266nm Isabellite Isabellite Citrine
UV 366nm Violate slate Violet slate Greenish black
3 P+1N HCl Ordinary light Hazel Hazel Hazel
UV 266nm Isabellite Isabellite Olivaceous
UV 366nm Sepia Violet slate Olivaceous black
4 P+1N NaOH (in MeOH) Ordinary light Sepia Hazel Hazel
UV 266nm Dark brick Sepia Olivaceous
UV 366nm fuscous black Fuscous black Brownish vinaceous
5 P+1N NaOH Ordinary light Purplish gray Sepia Bay
UV 266nm Fuscous black Dark brick Olivaceous
UV 366nm Mouse gray Fuscous black Fusceous black
6 P+1N H2SO4 Ordinary light Brown vinaceous Brown vinaceous Sepia
UV 266nm Purple slate Purple slate Dark brick
366 nm Violet slate Violet slate Brown vinaceous
Table no. 3 Fluorescence characteristics of powder of Syzygium

23. Micro-chemical and phytochemical tests
250 phyto-chemicals present.
One or two chemicals serve as active
principle i.e. chemical having therapeutic
value.

24. Ash values Syzygium Gymnema
sps
Momordica
Total ash 7.0
(6.1-7.8)
6.0
(3.0-9.5)
2.5
(1.2-5.2)
Water
soluble ash
15.5
(13.7-17.7)
8.5
(7.5-9.2)
5.5
(2.3-7.0)
Acid
insoluble ash
3.0
(2.1-3.5)
10.0
(6.5-12.0)
6.0
(5.5-7.0)
Different ash values
The total ash is the residue remaining after incineration.
Ash values are helpful in determining the quality and purity
of the crude drugs in powder form.

25. Proximate analysisProximate analysis
Constituents %
Total moisture
contents
12.7
Total
carbohydrates
43.2
Total proteins 19.5
Total fats 4.2
Total crude
fibres
15.9
Total ash 2.5
Other
inorganic
substances
2.0
Total percentage 100
Total moisture contents
Total carbohydrates
Total proteins
Total fats
Total crude fibres
Total ash
Other inorganic
substances
Proximate analysis of Momordica
Characteristic for a particular medicinal
plant

26. Phytochemical testsPhytochemical tests
Detects the presence of various phytochemicals presentDetects the presence of various phytochemicals present
in the plantin the plant
Chemical Syzygium Gymnema Momordica
Alkaloids + - -
Aminoacids + + +
Carbohydrates + + +
Fats/lipids + + +
Flavanoids - - -
Glycosides + - -
Mucilage + + -
Pentoses + + +
Proteins + + +
Reducing sugars + + +
Saponins - - -
Starch + + +
Steroids + - -
Tannins - - -

27. Chromatography studiesChromatography studies

28. Chromatography studies Benzene:chloroform:acetone (50:50:5)Chromatography studies Benzene:chloroform:acetone (50:50:5)
Methanol extractMethanol extract
Spot Rf
value
256nm
Syzygium Gymnema Momordica
1 0.06 Faint yellow Faint yellow
3 0.12 Yellow
4 0.18 Yellow
5 0.24 Intense yellow
6 0.34 Yellow Faint yellow Intense yellow
7 0.40 Intense yellow
8 0.48 Intense yellow
9 0.74 Intense yellow Blue
10 0.80 Intense yellow
11 0.84 Intense yellow
12 0.98 Intense yellow Faint yellow

29. HPTLCHPTLC
High-performance thin-layer chromatography (High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLCHPTLC) is) is
an enhanced form of thin-layer chromatography (TLC).an enhanced form of thin-layer chromatography (TLC).
It is used in quantification studies and to study the seasonalIt is used in quantification studies and to study the seasonal
variations in the active principles of the medicinal plants.variations in the active principles of the medicinal plants.

30. It is a new approach that enables us to provide
tailor made medicines.
Medicines are made as per individuals molecular
profile.
These medicines will be more cost effective,
safe and potent.
PharmacognomicsPharmacognomics

31. PharmacogenomicsPharmacogenomics

32. DNA analysis of Medicinal plantsDNA analysis of Medicinal plants
For identification of medicinal plants at
molecular level

33. Antifungal activity.
Antibacterial activity.
Animal tests.
Biological studiesBiological studies

34. Antifungal activityAntifungal activity
Many drugs have antifungal activity

35. Protocol for antifungal studiesProtocol for antifungal studies
Residue of water extract dissolved in sterile distilled
water to get 0.1%, 0.25% and 0.5% aqueous solutions.
0.25% solution of DM-45 prepared standard.
Sterile Distilled Water (SDW) served as the
control.
Spore germination and poisoned food
(inhibition zone).
Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) plates.
Spores were obtained from fresh and vigorous
colonies.

36. Antifungal activity of (water extract-Antifungal activity of (water extract-Lantana cameraLantana camera))
Test fungi Mean diameter of colony in mm
Control 0.1 0.25 0.5 Standard
(DM-45)
Aspergiullus 6.5 6.0 6.0 4.0 0.5
Fusarium
monoliformae
4.0 4.0 4.0 2.5 0.5
Colletotrichum
gleosporoides
5.0 3.0 1.7 1.1 0.5
Alternaria sps. 4.0 3.5 3.0 1.8 0.5

37. Animal studiesAnimal studies
EEssential for pre-clinical trials and used forssential for pre-clinical trials and used for
verification of therapeutic value of the drug.verification of therapeutic value of the drug.

38. Market sample studiesMarket sample studies
It is important aspects in PharmacognosyIt is important aspects in Pharmacognosy
It is useful for identification of fake andIt is useful for identification of fake and
substitutes materials as well as adulterants.substitutes materials as well as adulterants.

39. BooksBooks
Trease, G.E. and Evans, W.C. (1983) Pharmacognosy Twelth ed.
Sadasivam, S. and Manickam, A. (1996) Biochemical Methods. Second ed. New Age
International (P) Limited Publishers,New Delhi.
Wallis, T.E. (1985) Text Book of Pharmacognosy Fifth ed. CBS Publishers and
Distributors, New Delhi.
Anonymous,(1985) The Pharmacopoeia of India. Controller of Publication, Publication
and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi.
Important internet sites
W.W.W. garrison.com(2004) http:// w.w.w.ceph.fr/bio/ceph-genethon-map.html
http:// w.w.w.genome.mit.edu/
http:// w.w.w.ebi.ac.uk.
http:// genome -w.w.w.stanford.edu/Arbidopsis
Pubmed search engine

40. Thanks