The document discusses carbohydrates and their structure and function. It can be summarized as follows: [1] Carbohydrates are made of sugar molecules bonded together and serve as energy storage, structure, and components of cells. Examples include starch, sucrose, and cellulose. [2] Monosaccharides like glucose are single sugar units that bond to form disaccharides like sucrose. Multiple sugars bonding form polysaccharides like starch. [3] Starch is easily digestible and stores energy in plants and animals. Cellulose provides structure but is hard for humans to digest without bacterial assistance in the gut.

1. Regents Biology

2. CH2OH
H O
H
H
OH H
HO OH
H OH
Carbohydrates:
_________________
Regents Biology 2006-2007

3. Carbohydrates
 Building block molecules = ____________
sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar
sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar
Regents Biology

4. Carbohydrates
 Function:
 ________________
glucose
 ________________ C6H12O6
 ________________
 cell wall in plants
sucrose
 Examples
 ________________
 ________________
 ________________
Regents Biology starch

5. Sugars = building blocks
 Names for sugars usually end in ________
CH2OH
 ____________
H O
 ____________H H
OH H
 ____________
HO OH
 ____________H OH
glucose
C6H12O6 fructose
Regents Biology sucrose maltose

6. Building carbohydrates
 Synthesis
1 sugar = 2 sugars =
monosaccharide disaccharide
| | |
glucose glucose maltose
mono = one
saccharide = sugar
di = two
Regents Biology

7. Building carbohydrates
 Synthesis
2 sugars =
1 sugar =
disaccharide
monosaccharides
| | |
glucose fructose sucrose
(table sugar)
How sweet
it is!
Regents Biology

8. BIG carbohydrates
 __________________________
 __________________________
 _________________
 energy storage in plants
 ________________
 _________________
 energy storage in animals
poly = many  ________________
 _________________
 structure in plants
 ________________
 _________________
 structure in arthropods & fungi
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 ________________

9. Building BIG carbohydrates
glucose + glucose + glucose… = _______________
__________
(plant)
energy
storage
__________
(animal)
Regents Biology

10. Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starch
easy to enzyme
digest
cellulose
hard to
enzyme
digest
Regents Biology

11. Cellulose
 Cell walls in plants
 ___________________________________
 most ______________________________
 that’s why they
__________________
to get their energy
& nutrients
 __________________
 stays undigested
 keeps material
moving in your
intestines
Regents Biology

12. Different Diets of Herbivores
Cow
___________ cellulose well;
no need to eat other sugars
Gorilla
___________ cellulose well;
must add another sugar
source, like fruit to diet
Regents Biology

13. Helpful bacteria
 How can cows digest cellulose?
 bacteria live in their stomachs & help digest
cellulose-rich (grass) meals
Eeeew…
Chewing
cud?
Regents Biology

14. Let’s build some
Carbohydrates!
Regents Biology 2006-2007