This document summarizes carbohydrates and their classification. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and can be expressed by the formula (CH2O)n. They are classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are the simplest form and include glucose and fructose. Oligosaccharides have 2-10 monosaccharide units and include sucrose and maltose. Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides and include starch, cellulose, and glycogen. Carbohydrates serve important functions as energy sources and structural components.

1. Rungta College of Science & Technology (Durg)
SUBMITTED BY:
Miss Saroj Singh
M.Sc. sem. I Biotechnology
Dept. of Biotechnology
GUIDED BY:
Mr. Dushyant Kumar
(Assistant Professor)
Dept. of Biotechnology
Session:
July-Dec 2016

2. • Introduction
• Definition
• Classification
• Monosaccharides
• Oligosaccharides
• Polysaccharides
• Conclusion
• Reference
Contents:

3. Introduction
• Carbohydrates are the most abundant and widely distributed
compound in nature.
• They are primarily composed by carbon ,hydrogen and oxygen .
• They could be expressed by the molecular FORMULA(CH2O)n.
• Plants can build up cellulose (Carbohydrate) from carbon dioxide
by the process of photosynthesis.
• Many plants and animals contain large amount of carbohydrate as
reserve food such as cellulose & glucose respectively.

4. Definition :
Polyhydroxy alcohol with ketone or aldehydes are called
carbohydrate.
History: It is thought that cane sugar was first used by man in
Polynesia from where it spread to India in 510 BC.

5. Classification :
TYPE :ONE:
A)MONOSACCHARIDES:
 On the basis of carbonyl group.
 On the basis of carbon atoms present in their
structure
B).OLIGOSACCHARIDES:
 On the basis of monosaccharide units present in their
structure.
C).POLYSACCHARIDES:
 On the basis of types of monosaccharide units.
 On the basis of their form.
TYPE :TWO
A). SUGARS.
B).NON SUGARS.

6. MONOSACCHARIDES
 They consist of a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone
unit in their structure.
 They are simplest carbohydrates and known as simple
sugars.
 Monosaccharides cannot be further hydrolysed.
 They dont have any glycosidic bond or linkage.
 They are the major fuel for most organisms and the basic
building blocks of the oligosaccharides and polysaccharides
such as starch ,cellulose etc.

7. Structure of monosaccharide:
 Most of the monosaccharides
are asymetric in nature.
 They consist aldehyde group
or either ketone group in
their structure and they also
consist alcohol group in their
structure .
 They have number of carbon
in their structure and these
all carbon helps to attached
with other monosaccharides.

8. Optical activity:
 Optical isomerism is a characteristic feature of
compounds with asymmetric carbon atom.
 When a beam of polarized light is passed through
a solution of an optical isomer ,it will be rotated
either to the right or left.

9. ON THE BASIS OF OPTICAL ACTIVITY OR
CONFIGURATION COMPOUNDS ARE CLASSIFIED AS
FOLLOW:
DEXTROROTATORY : The term dextrorotatory are
used to compound that rotate the plane polarized
light to the right side.
They are labeled as (d) or (+).
LAEVOROTATORY : The term laevorotatory are used
to compound that rotate the plane polarized light to
the left side.
They are labeled as (l) or (-).

10. Types of monosaccharides:
 ON THE BASIS OF CARBONYL GROUP THEY ARE
CLASSIFIED AS FOLLOW:
A). ALDOSE: They consist aldehyde group in their
structure.
Example: Glucose,etc.
B). KETOSE : They consist ketone group in their
structure.
Example: Fructose ,etc.

11. •ON THE BASIS OF CARBON ATOMS PRESENT IN THEIR
STRUCTURE THEY ARE CLLASIFIED AS FOLLOW:
A). TRIOSES: They consist three carbon atoms in their
structure.
Example:Glyceraldehyde,etc.
B). TETROSE: They consist four carbon atoms in their
structure.
Example:erythrose,etc.
C).PENTOSES: They consist five carbon atoms in their
structure.
Example:Arabinose,xylose,etc.
D). HEXOSES: They consist six carbon atoms in their
structure.
Example:Glucose,Fructose,etc.

12. Some of the better known monosaccharides are:
A).GLUCOSE:
 Glucose is a single monosaccharide and it is the most
important energy source of mammals.
 They are structural units of oligosaccharides and
polysaccharides.
 They consist aldehyde group in their structure

13. B). FRUCTOSE:
• It is also known as fruit sugar.
•They consist ketone group group in their structure .
•They are generally present in fruit juice but in some
amount they are also present in honey,semen

14. oligosaccharides:
 Oligosaccharides are contain 2-10 monosaccharides units held
together with glycosidic bond.
 Oligosaccharides can be liberated on hydrolysis.
 Based on the number of monosaccharide units present in the
structure of oligosaccharides, Oligosaccharides are further
subdivided to disaccharides, trisaccharides, tetrasaccharides,
pentasaccharides etc.
 The most abundant oligosaccharides are lactose,maltose and
sucrose

15. Types of oligosaccharides:
A) . DISACCHARIDES : Consist two monosaccharide
units.
Example:Lactose,Maltose,Sucrose,etc.
B). TRISACCHARIDES: Consist three monosaccharide
units.
Example:Raffinose,Rabinose,etc.
C). TETRASACCHARIDES: Consist four monosaccharide
units.
Example:Scorodose,Stachyose,etc.
D).PENTASACCHARIDES: Consist five monosaccharide
units.
Example:verbascose,etc.

16. Some better known oligosaccharides are:
A).SUCROSE:
 Sucrose is mostly produced by cane sugar .
 It is made up of D-glucose and D-fructose .
 The two monasaccharides are held together by a α(1-2)
glycosidic linkage.

17. B). MALTOSE:
 Maltose is one of the most naturally occurring
oligosaccharide in nature.
 It is made up of two D-glucose units.
 The two monosaccharides of D- glucose is held
together by α(1-4) glycosidic linkage

18. Polysaccharides:
 Polysaccharides consist of repeat units of monosaccharides
held together by glycosidic bonds.
 Polysaccharides are linear as well as branched polymers.
 They are polymers with high molecular weight.
 Most of the carbohydrates found in nature occur as
polysaccharides.
 They are also known as glycans.

19. THEY ARE CLASSIFIED AS FOLLOW:
1. HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDES: Which on hydrolysis yield
only a single type of monosaccharide.
Example: Starch,Glycogen,Cellulose etc.
2. HETRPOLYSACCHARIDES: Which on hydrolysis yield
a mixture of a few monosaccharides or their derivatives.
3. CONJUGATED POLYSACCHARIDES: Which on
hydrolysis yield a mixture of monosaccharides with some
other compounds (non carbohydrates).
Example: Peptidoglycans etc.

20. POLYSACCHARIDES ARE ALSO CLASSIFIED
FUNCTIONALLY AS EITHER STORAGE OR
STRUCTURAL:
1.STORAGE POLYSACCHARIDES:
 They are stored in our body as a form of storage energy.
 They are storage substances of potential energy in animals.
About 60% of the total energy requirement of man is provided
by the breakdown of carbohydrates.
Example: Starch and Glycogen.
2.STRUCTURAL POLYSACCHARIDES:
 They are important components of some structural materials of
living organisms.
 They are also play an important role in cellular functions such
as cell growth, adhesion and fertilization.
Example: Cellulose and Peptidoglycan.

21. A).GLYCOGEN:
 Glycogen is the carbohydrate which is generally present in
animal in some amount it is also present in plants.
 It is present in high concentration in liver followed by
muscle,brain etc.
 Glucose is the repeating unit in glycogen joined together by
α(1-4) glycosidic bonds and α(1-6) linkage at branching
points .

22. B).GLYCOPROTEINS:
 Several proteins are
covalently bound to
carbohydrate which are
referred to as
glycoproteins
 Glycoprotein are very
widely distributed in
tissues and mucous
secretion.
 They helps in many
functions such as
immunity, digestion, and
many more..

23. Carbohydrates are also classified in two categories they are
as follow:
SUGARS:
 They are sweet to taste
 Less molecular weight
 Soluble in water
 Such as monosaccharides and oligosaccharides
NON SUGARS:
 They are usually tasteless
 High molecular weight
 Generally insoluble in normal water but soluble in warm water
 Such as polysaccharides

24. Applications
 They are most abundant dietary source of energy.
 They are structural components of many organisms.
 They are precursor for many organic compounds such as
fat and amino acid.

25. Conclusion:
 Carbohydrates are organic molecule which are present in
large amount in nature .
 Carbohydrates serve as source of energy and they are also
structural components of tissues

26. Reference:
 Nelson and Cox- Biochemistry, Fifth edition
 Albert L. Lehninger- Biochemistry, Second edition
 Satyanarayan U.-Biochemistry, Third edition.

27. Thank you slideshare