This document discusses carbohydrates, which are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates function to store energy and provide structural materials. Monosaccharides like glucose are the monomers that make up disaccharides and polysaccharides. Starch and glycogen are examples of polysaccharides that store energy in plants and animals respectively. Cellulose provides structure in plants but is difficult for animals to digest. Herbivores rely on symbiotic bacteria to break down cellulose in their digestive systems.
INTRODUCTION
“Carbohydrates” When people hear this word
the first thing comes to their mind is “weight gain”. Many weight loss plans which captured the attention of public are designed with less carbs as a result more groups of people believe that carbohydrates are inherently bad.
Carbohydrates are the chief source of energy
Provide 40- 85% of food energy in different population
Used for oxidation of fates
Also for the synthesis of certain non-essential amino acid
OCCURRENCE
Carbohydrates get synthesized by plant through the process of photosynthesis .Each plant is a complex food factory that takes water from soil,carbon dioxide from the air and energy from the sun to make glucose, a simple sugar that later convert into starch.In animals it is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.
Starch and glycogen are stored in the form of polysaccharide. Carbohydrates also have a structural role ,particularly in cell membrane as a component of glycoprotien and glycolipids.
INTRODUCTION
“Carbohydrates” When people hear this word
the first thing comes to their mind is “weight gain”. Many weight loss plans which captured the attention of public are designed with less carbs as a result more groups of people believe that carbohydrates are inherently bad.
Carbohydrates are the chief source of energy
Provide 40- 85% of food energy in different population
Used for oxidation of fates
Also for the synthesis of certain non-essential amino acid
OCCURRENCE
Carbohydrates get synthesized by plant through the process of photosynthesis .Each plant is a complex food factory that takes water from soil,carbon dioxide from the air and energy from the sun to make glucose, a simple sugar that later convert into starch.In animals it is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.
Starch and glycogen are stored in the form of polysaccharide. Carbohydrates also have a structural role ,particularly in cell membrane as a component of glycoprotien and glycolipids.
based on class feedback, i've switched the presentations to a black&white template. this is easier to see in classroom presentation and most.definitely easier to print out legible notes!
Embark on a journey through the intricate realm of nutrition with our meticulously crafted PowerPoint presentation. Delve deep into the core concepts outlined in the International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) Biology syllabus. Designed to elucidate the fundamental principles and mechanisms governing nutrition, this presentation serves as an invaluable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike.
Our presentation meticulously dissects each component of the nutrition section of the IGCSE CIE Biology syllabus, offering a comprehensive understanding of the intricate interplay between organisms and their nutritional requirements. Through vivid illustrations, concise explanations, and engaging content, we navigate through the multifaceted world of nutrients, exploring their roles, sources, and significance in sustaining life processes.
From the basics of macronutrients and micronutrients to the intricate mechanisms of digestion, absorption, and assimilation, every aspect of nutritional biology is meticulously elucidated. We unravel the mysteries of energy transfer within biological systems, shedding light on the metabolic pathways that drive cellular functions and sustain organismal growth and development.
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1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
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Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
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3. AP Biology
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O
carbo - hydr - ate
CH2O
(CH2O)x C6H12O6
Function:
energy energy storage
raw materials structural materials
Monomer: sugars
ex: sugars, starches, cellulose
sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugarsugar
C6H12O6(CH2O)x
4. AP Biology
Sugars
Most names for sugars end in -ose
Classified by number of carbons
6C = hexose (glucose)
5C = pentose (ribose)
3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
H
H
H
OH
O
Glucose
H
OH
HO
O H
H
HO
H
Ribose
CH2OH
Glyceraldehyde
H
H
H
H
OH
OH
O
C
C
C
6 5 3
6. AP Biology
Sugar structure
5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution
Carbons are numberedCarbons are numbered
Where do
you find solutions
in biology?
In cells!
8. AP Biology
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Simple & complex sugars
Monosaccharides
simple 1 monomer sugars
glucose
Disaccharides
2 monomers
sucrose
Polysaccharides
large polymers
starch
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
H
H
H
OH
O
Glucose
9. AP Biology
Building sugars
Dehydration synthesis
glycosidic linkage
|
glucose
|
glucose
monosaccharides disaccharide
|
maltose
H2O
10. AP Biology
Building sugars
Dehydration synthesis
|
fructose
|
glucose
monosaccharides
|
sucrose
(table sugar)
disaccharide
Let’s go to the
videotape!
H2O
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
11. AP Biology
Polysaccharides
Polymers of sugars
costs little energy to build
easily reversible = release energy
Function:
energy storage
starch (plants)
glycogen (animals)
in liver & muscles
structure
cellulose (plants)
chitin (arthropods & fungi)
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
12. AP Biology
Linear vs. branched polysaccharides
starch
(plant)
glycogen
(animal)
energy
storage
What does
branching do?
Let’s go to the
videotape!
slow release
fast release
13. AP Biology
Polysaccharide diversity
Molecular structure determines function
isomers of glucose
structure determines function…
in starch in cellulose
14. AP Biology
Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starch
easy to
digest
starch
easy to
digest enzyme
enzyme
cellulose
hard to
digest
cellulose
hard to
digest
15. AP Biology
Cellulose
Most abundant organic
compound on Earth
herbivores have evolved a mechanism to
digest cellulose
most carnivores have not
that’s why they
eat meat to get
their energy &
nutrients
cellulose = undigestible roughage
But it tastes
like hay!
Who can live
on this stuff?!
16. Regents Biology
Cow
can digest cellulose well;
no need to eat other sugars
Gorilla
can’t digest cellulose well;
must add another sugar
source, like fruit to diet
17. Regents Biology
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Helpful bacteria
How can herbivores digest cellulose so well?
BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest
cellulose-rich (grass) meals
Ruminants
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Tell me about
the rabbits,
again, George!
I eat
WHAT!
Caprophage
carb = carbon hydr = hydrogen ate = oxygen compound
maltose
sucrose = table sugar
Polysaccharides are polymers of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides
Can you see the difference between starch & glycogen? Which is easier to digest? Glycogen = many branches = many ends Enzyme can digest at multiple ends. Animals use glycogen for energy storage == want rapid release. Form follows function. APBio/TOPICS/Biochemistry/MoviesAP/05_07Polysaccharides_A.swf
Starch = all the glycosidic linkage are on same side = molecule lies flat Cellulose = cross linking between OH (H bonds) = rigid structure
Cross-linking between polysaccharide chains: = rigid & hard to digest The digestion of cellulose governs the life strategy of herbivores. Either you do it really well and you’re a cow or an elephant (spend a long time digesting a lot of food with a little help from some microbes & have to walk around slowly for a long time carrying a lot of food in your stomach) Or you do it inefficiently and have to supplement your diet with simple sugars, like fruit and nectar, and you’re a gorilla.
The digestion of cellulose governs the life strategy of herbivores. Either you do it really well and you’re a cow or an elephant (spend a long time digesting a lot of food with a little help from some microbes & have to walk around slowly for a long time carrying a lot of food in your stomach) Or you do it inefficiently and have to supplement your diet with simple sugars, like fruit and nectar, and you’re a gorilla. APBioTOPICS/20Biochemistry/MoviesAP/Macromolecule-Lifewire.swf