1. AP BIOLOGYChapters 4 & 5 http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/740/55147.JPG http://www.yellowtang.org/images/macromolecules1_tb_784.jpg
2. Identify the following functional groups sulfhydryl carbonyl carboxyl Hydroxyl(alcohol) phosphate amino Images from: http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week2/2webimages/Groups_5.gif http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate
3. Identify the kind of molecules ketone aldehyde Images from: http://www.chemcases.com/nutra/nutra1b.htm
4. Identify the asymmetric carbon in the following molecule B is asymmetric; it has 4 different groups attached Campbell and Reece 7th edition
5. Identify the type of geometric isomeras TRANS or CIS CIS TRANS http://www.emeraldinsight.com/fig/0170950206002.png
6. adding a phosphate group to ADP Cells store energy by ________________ a) Adding a phosphate group to ADP b) Removing a phosphate group from ATP Compounds containing carbon are called ___________ organic
7. IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN THIS TRIPEPTIDE carbonyl phosphate sulfhydryl carboxyl amino hydroxyl carbonyl ? Modified from Cambell and Reece; AP Biology 7th edition Chapter 4 Self quiz
8. Carbon atoms are able to form bonds with ___ different atoms at the same time. 4 The ionized form of an amino group has a___ charge. positive http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/biochemistry/ionized%20amino%20group.gif
10. These are examples of which kind of isomer you learned abouut? geometric http://www.emeraldinsight.com/fig/0170950206002.png
11. Molecules that are mirror images of each other that differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon are called ________________ Enantiomers (stereoisomers) How are isomers are different from isotopes? ISOMERS are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures ISOTOPES are atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
12. Hydrocarbons contain many _________carbon-hydrogen bonds. polar nonpolar Nonpolar The ionized form of a carboxyl group has a___ charge. negative http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/biochemistry/biochemi.htm
13. Chemical process that splits molecules by the addition of water. hydrolysis http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm
14. Chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule Condensation reaction (Dehydration synthesis) Name the four main classes of biological macromolecules Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
15. The simplest sugars are called ________________ monosaccharides GLYCOGEN _____________ is the highly branched polysaccharide used by animal cells to store glucose. NONPOLAR Lipids are____________ molecules polar nonpolar
16. Chemical process that splits molecules by the addition of water. hydrolysis http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm
17. Molecules made of two monosaccharides are called ______________ dissaccharides The subunits joined to make proteinsare _______________ amino acids The major polysaccharide component found in plant cell walls is _____________________ cellulose
18. 6 4 1 2 3 Use the correct numbering sequence to identify the number of this carbon 5
19. Carbohydrates made from joining manysugar molecules together are called ____________________ polysaccharides Glucose and fructose can be joined to makesucrose via a ___________________ reaction. dehydration synthesis
20. The two interconvertible forms of glucose differ in the placement of the hydroxyl group attached to the #1 carbon. Label the two forms as α (alpha) orß (beta) BETA ALPHA Hydroxyl is up Hydroxyl is down http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/images/543Halphabetaglucose.gif
21. Amylose and amylopectin are both forms of _____________ starch How are these different? Amylose is unbranched and joined only by α 1,4 linkages Amylopectin is branched with 1,6 linkagesat the branch points
22. How are starch and cellulose different? Starch is made up of glucose rings in the α (alpha) form joined by 1,4 linkages; helical; can be branched; humans can digest this Cellulose is made up of glucose rings in the ß (beta) form so every other glucose is upside down the respect to its neighbors; joined with 1,4 linkages; straight-never branched; hydrogen bonds join parallel molecules into microfibrils; humans can’t digest this
23. A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by β-1, 4-glycosidic linkages. cellulose Where is chitin found in nature? Cell walls of fungi; exoskeletons of arthropods
24. Which type of bonds hold the parallel cellulose strands together? Hydrogen bonds hold about 80 cellulose molecules together to make a microfibril Image modified from: Campbell and Reece; AP Biology 7th edition
25. Image modified from: http://www.yskf.jp/yskf_en/img_03/03_01.gif This subunit is _________________ N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) It can be joined together in long chains by ß 1,4 linkages to make _________ chitin
26. Which kind of fatty acids have kinks in their shape so that they don’t pack closely together- saturated or unsaturated? unsaturated Another name for a triacylglycerol molecule fat
27. What kind of bond is a disulfide bridge? ionic covalent hydrogen covalent A fatty acid possessing one or more doublebonds between carbons in the hydrocarbontail is called _______________ unsaturated
28. Which type of bonds hold the parallel cellulose strands together? Hydrogen bonds A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by singlebonds is called _______________ saturated
29. The subunit used to make starch, cellulose, and glycogen is __________ glucose The sequence of amino acids in a proteinis called the ________ structure Primary 1o
30. The polysaccharide made up of glucose subunits with a nitrogen containing group attached which is used to build the exoskeletons of arthropods is called_______________ chitin A fat is made up of one ________ molecule and three ___________ molecules. glycerol fatty acid
31. Amino acid molecules used by living things are usually the ___ stereoisomer version. L or D L The covalent bond that joins sugarmolecules to make a polysaccharide is called a _________ bond. glycosidic
32. The alpha helix coiling and beta pleated sheet shapes seen in proteins is called the _____________ structure. Secondary 2o Which kinds of bond holds these together? Hydrogen bonds between the C=O ofone amino acid and the N-H of another
33. The addition of smaller similar subuints to build a large repeating molecule is called polymerization The subunits are called___________ and themolecule that is formed iscalled a ______________ monomers polymer Image by K.Riedell
34. Sugar molecules used by living things are usually the ___ stereoisomer version. L or D D The structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls that provides supportis ____________ cellulose
35. Chaparonins _____________ are molecules that help proteins fold up into their correct 3D shape by shielding them from the cytoplasmic environment. Image from: AP BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reese 7th ed.
36. Sugars with 6 carbons are called _______________ hexoses Sucrose is made by joining which 2 sugars? Glucose + fructose = sucrose
37. Sugars made from 2 sugar monomers are called __________________ disaccharides Name one of the polysaccharides you learned about. Glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin
38. The kind of covalent bond that joins amino acids together is called a _________ bond peptide -> http://www.chemicalconnection.org.uk/chemistry/topics/images/pp3.jpg
39. Unsaturated fats and fatty acids are _________ at room temperature. solid liquid liquid http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/cm1503/lipids.htm
40. The folding of a protein molecule into its 3D shape due to the interactions of R side chains involved hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, an disulfide bridges result in its ___________ structure. Tertiary 3o
42. This isomer of glucose in which the -OH on C1 hangs down below the plane of the ring is called _____ glucose α Name a polysaccharide that this form ofglucose could be used to make Starch (amylose or amylopectin) or glycogen
43. The association of multiple protein chainstogether results in its _____________ Quaternary 4o http://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/hemoglobin.jpg
44. Saturated fats and fatty acids are _________ at room temperature. solid liquid solid http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/cm1503/lipids.htm
45. This isomer of glucose in which the -OH on C1 sticks up above the plane of the ring is called _____ glucose ß Name a polysaccharide that this form ofglucose could be used to make Cellulose or chitin (if nitrogen group added)
46. Name this type of Lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 rings with various functional groups steroids
47. Sugar molecules with 6 carbons arecalled ________ hexoses Which nitrogen base is not found in RNA? thymine
48. Name this steroid from which other steroids including human sex hormones are synthesized. cholesterol Which part of a phospholipid is polar? Glycerol-phosphate head
50. CONTRAST: GLYCOGEN and STARCH Differences: Glycogen Starch Highly branched amylose (unbranched) amylopectin (less branched than glycogen) Made by animals made by plants α 1,4 & 1,6
51. Which part of a phospholipid molecule is non-polar? Fatty acid tails ENZYMES __________ are proteins that act as catalysts to speed upchemical reactions in living things
52. How many fatty acid tails are found in a phospholipid? 2 Fatty acid molecules consist of long hydrocarbon chains with which functional group attached at one end? carboxyl http://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/thog4n0/public_html/fatyacid.jpg
53. COMPARE GLYCOGEN and STARCH Alike: Made of α –glucose subunits α 1,4 linkages 1,6 linkages @ branch points Glycosidic bonds Glucose polymers Ways to store glucose Digestible by humans
54. Which of the four biomolecule groups you learned is hydrophobic? lipids Another name for a fat is ____________________ triacylglycerol
55. Which of these structures would NOT be found in a DNA molecule? A (ribose)and D (uracil) Image from LearningExpress.com
56. Dehydration synthesis is also called ____________ reaction. condensation Which nitrogen base is not found in DNA? uracil
57. The addition of a phosphate group to ADP ____________ energy. stores releases stores Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistrythat studies molecules that contain _______ carbon
58. The removal of a phosphate group from ATP to form ADP____________ energy. stores releases releases TRUE or FALSE L and D stereoisomers have the samechemical properties because they contain the same number and kinds of atoms
59. TRUE or FALSE L and D stereoisomers have the samechemical properties because they contain the same number and kinds of atoms FALSEL and D enantiomers can have very differentchemical properties.Ex: L-Dopa is a drug used to treat Parkinson’s disease, but D-Dopa has no effect on patients. Thalidomide- one enantiomer of used to treat morning sickness; other form caused birth defects
60. Name the structural polysaccharidefound in the cell walls of plants thatprovides support cellulose Polymers of amino acids are called ______________ polypeptides
61. Chemical bond in which atoms share 2 pairs of electrons List some functions of fat Covalent double bond Energy storage (1 g of fat has more than twice as much energy as 1 g of polysaccharide) Cushions vital organs Insulates body against heat loss (blubber)
62. List some functions of nucleic acids Store genetic information Protein synthesis Nucleotide subunits: ATP: store and transport energy NAD+ NADP+ FAD Coenzyme A energy/electron carriers
63. Which form of glucose is used to buildcellulose molecules? ß-glucose The “kinks” in fatty acids are due to_____________________ cis-double bonds
64. Which chemical reaction joins glycerol and fatty acids to make a fat? Dehydration synthesis or condensation The place on an enzyme where the substrate attaches is called the _______________ Active site
65. The reactant in an enzyme catalyzed reaction is called a _____________ substrate Name the amino acid that can form disulfide bridges Cysteine
66. Which functional group is responsible for the formation of disulfide bridges? -SH sulfhydryl The unwinding and loss of conformationin proteins is called _____________ denaturing
67. GLYCINE It has an –H for its R group Which is the only amino acid without anasymmetric carbon? http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Glycine2.png
68. Name an environmental factor that can cause proteins to denature pH extremes Salt concentration Temperature (heat) TRUE or FALSE Denaturing in proteins is due to the disruption of peptide bonds False; 1° remains intact but hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and disulfide bridges in 2° & 3°are disrupted
69. cysteine -SH (sulfhydryl) group forms disulfide bridges Which amino acid is involved in making disulfidebridges to form the tertiary structure of proteins? http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/L-Cysteine.png http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Disulfide_bridge.htm
70. COMPARE and CONTRAST: DNA RNA Double stranded Single stranded Contain A, T, C, G Contain A, U, C, G No uracil No thymine Deoxyribose Ribose Store genetic info Carry info from DNA to cell Protein synthesis BOTH: Nucleic acids, made of nucleotide subunits, are polymers, Information molecules, joined using dehydration synthesis, Contain pentose sugars and nitrogen bases, have phosphate-sugar backbones,
71. Nitrogenous bases consisting of 2 ringsare called _______________ purines The two sugar-phosphate backbones ina DNA molecule run in opposite directions, an arrangement referred to as ___________________ antiparallel
72. Nitrogenous bases consisting of 1 ringare called _______________ pyrimidines Name the subunit used to build nucleic acids which consists of a pentose sugar, nitrogen base, and a phosphate group. nucleotide
73. The nitrogen bases that join by hydrogen bonds to form the stair stepsof the DNA ladder always pair up so that _________________ match up with each other. a pyrimidine-a purine two purines two pyrimidines a pyrimidine-a purine
74. Give an example of a pyrimidine Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) and Uracil (U) In a DNA molecule guanine always pairs upwith _____________ cytosine
75. Which of these structures would NOT be found in an RNA molecule? C (deoxyribose)and F (thymine) Image from LearningExpress.com
76. Carbohydrates that contain 5 carbon atoms are called _____________ trioses Which carbon is important in determiningwhether a glucose molecule is in theα or ß form? C1
77. In a DNA molecule adenine always pairs with _____________ thymine A pentose sugar with only the nitrogen baseattached is called a _____________ nucleoside
78. Molecules with both polar and nonpolar parts are called _______________ amphipathic Molecules containing only hydrogen and carbon are called ________________ hydrocarbons
79. Compare and contrast phospholipids and triglycerides (fat) BOTH PHOSPHOLIPIDS TRIGLYCERIDES Glycerol backbone Multiple phobic fatty acid chains attached By ester linkages 2 fatty acid chains 3 fatty acid chains phosphate group nonpolar Amphipathic(polar head; nonpolar tails)
80. Cysteine methionine Which two amino acids contain SULFUR ? methionine Look at these structures. Why can’t methionine formdisulfide bridges? No –SH group; it’s got a methyl group http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/L-Cysteine.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/L-Methionine.png
81. Tell the central dogma of molecular biology that describes how information flows in eukaryotic cells DNA ->RNA -> proteins Write the chemical formula for amonosaccharide with 3 carbons C3H6O3
82. What disaccharide does it make? Glucose + glucose = ______________ Glucose + fructose = ____________ Glucose + galactose = ______________ maltose sucrose lactose
84. Put the following in order from least to most branched… Glycogen amylose amylopectin amylose amylopectin glycogen
85. Saturated ___________ fats are more common in animals than plants. TRUE or FALSE Amino acids be enantiomers True; the center carbon is attached to 4different groups; there are D and L formsof all amino acids except glycine
87. Amylase is an enzyme that can break glyosidic linkages between α-glucose monomers. Which of the following could amylase break down? cellulose glycogen amylopectin starch chitin Glycogen, amylopectin, starch ? From AP BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reese 7th edition Chapter 5 self quiz
