Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are the four main classes of biological macromolecules. The document identifies functional groups, types of isomers, carbohydrate monomers and polymers. It also discusses lipid structure including fatty acids, triglycerides and phospholipids. Finally, it covers protein structure from primary to quaternary levels organized by bonding interactions between amino acid subunits.

1. AP BIOLOGYChapters 4 & 5http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/740/55147.JPGhttp://www.yellowtang.org/images/macromolecules1_tb_784.jpg

2. Identify the following functional groupssulfhydrylcarbonylcarboxylHydroxyl(alcohol)phosphateaminoImages from: http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week2/2webimages/Groups_5.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate

3. Identify the kind of moleculesketonealdehydeImages from: http://www.chemcases.com/nutra/nutra1b.htm

4. Identify the asymmetric carbon in the following moleculeB is asymmetric; it has 4 different groups attachedCampbell and Reece 7th edition

5. Identify the type of geometric isomeras TRANS or CISCIS TRANShttp://www.emeraldinsight.com/fig/0170950206002.png

6. adding a phosphate group to ADPCells store energy by ________________ a) Adding a phosphate group to ADP b) Removing a phosphate group from ATPCompounds containing carbon are called___________organic

7. IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN THIS TRIPEPTIDEcarbonylphosphatesulfhydrylcarboxylaminohydroxylcarbonyl? Modified from Cambell and Reece; AP Biology 7th edition Chapter 4 Self quiz

8. Carbon atoms are able to form bonds with ___ different atoms at the same time.4The ionized form of an amino group has a___ charge.positivehttp://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/biochemistry/ionized%20amino%20group.gif

9. Carbon is tetravalent. What does this mean?It can form 4 covalent bonds

10. These are examples of which kind of isomer you learned abouut?geometrichttp://www.emeraldinsight.com/fig/0170950206002.png

11. Molecules that are mirror images of each other that differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon are called ________________Enantiomers (stereoisomers)How are isomers are different from isotopes?ISOMERS are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structuresISOTOPES are atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

12. Hydrocarbons contain many _________carbon-hydrogen bonds. polar nonpolarNonpolarThe ionized form of a carboxyl group has a___ charge.negativehttp://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/biochemistry/biochemi.htm

13. Chemical process that splits molecules by the addition of water.hydrolysishttp://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm

14. Chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water moleculeCondensation reaction (Dehydration synthesis)Name the four main classes ofbiological macromoleculesProteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

15. The simplest sugars are called________________monosaccharidesGLYCOGEN_____________ is the highly branchedpolysaccharide used by animal cells tostore glucose. NONPOLARLipids are____________ moleculespolar nonpolar

16. Chemical process that splits molecules by the addition of water.hydrolysishttp://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm

17. Molecules made of two monosaccharidesare called ______________dissaccharidesThe subunits joined to make proteinsare _______________ amino acidsThe major polysaccharide component found in plant cell walls is_____________________cellulose

18. 64123Use the correct numbering sequence to identify the number of this carbon5

19. Carbohydrates made from joining manysugar molecules together are called____________________polysaccharidesGlucose and fructose can be joined to makesucrose via a ___________________ reaction.dehydration synthesis

20. The two interconvertible forms of glucose differ in the placement of the hydroxyl group attached to the #1 carbon.Label the two forms as α (alpha) orß (beta) BETA ALPHA Hydroxyl is up Hydroxyl is downhttp://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/images/543Halphabetaglucose.gif

21. Amylose and amylopectin are both forms of _____________starchHow are these different?Amylose is unbranched and joined onlyby α 1,4 linkagesAmylopectin is branched with 1,6 linkagesat the branch points

22. How are starch and cellulose different?Starch is made up of glucose rings in the α (alpha) form joined by 1,4 linkages; helical; can be branched; humans can digest thisCellulose is made up of glucose rings in the ß (beta) form so every other glucose is upside down the respect to its neighbors; joined with 1,4 linkages; straight-never branched; hydrogen bonds join parallel molecules into microfibrils; humans can’t digest this

23. A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by β-1, 4-glycosidic linkages. celluloseWhere is chitin found in nature?Cell walls of fungi; exoskeletons of arthropods

24. Which type of bonds hold the parallel cellulose strands together?Hydrogen bonds hold about 80 cellulose molecules together to make a microfibrilImage modified from: Campbell and Reece; AP Biology 7th edition

25. Image modified from: http://www.yskf.jp/yskf_en/img_03/03_01.gifThis subunit is _________________N-acetylglucosamine(NAG)It can be joined together in long chains by ß 1,4 linkages to make _________chitin

26. Which kind of fatty acids have kinks in their shape so that they don’t pack closely together- saturated or unsaturated?unsaturatedAnother name for a triacylglycerol moleculefat

27. What kind of bond is a disulfide bridge?ionic covalent hydrogencovalentA fatty acid possessing one or more doublebonds between carbons in the hydrocarbontail is called _______________unsaturated

28. Which type of bonds hold the parallel cellulose strands together?Hydrogen bondsA fatty acid in which all carbons in thehydrocarbon tail are connected by singlebonds is called _______________saturated

29. The subunit used to make starch, cellulose, and glycogen is __________glucoseThe sequence of amino acids in a proteinis called the ________ structurePrimary 1o

30. The polysaccharide made up of glucose subunits with a nitrogen containing group attached which is used to build the exoskeletons of arthropods is called_______________chitinA fat is made up of one ________ moleculeand three ___________ molecules. glycerolfatty acid

31. Amino acid molecules used by living things areusually the ___ stereoisomer version. L or DLThe covalent bondthat joins sugarmolecules to make a polysaccharide iscalled a_________ bond.glycosidic

32. The alpha helix coiling and beta pleated sheet shapes seen in proteins is called the _____________ structure. Secondary 2oWhich kinds of bond holds these together?Hydrogen bonds between the C=O ofone amino acid and the N-H of another

33. The addition of smaller similar subuints to build a large repeating molecule is called polymerizationThe subunits are called___________ and themolecule that is formed iscalled a ______________monomers polymerImage by K.Riedell

34. Sugar molecules used by living things areusually the ___ stereoisomer version. L or DDThe structural polysaccharide foundin plant cell walls that provides supportis ____________cellulose

35. Chaparonins_____________ are molecules that help proteins fold up into their correct 3Dshape by shielding them from the cytoplasmic environment.Image from: AP BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reese 7th ed.

36. Sugars with 6 carbons are called_______________hexosesSucrose is made by joining which 2 sugars?Glucose + fructose = sucrose

37. Sugars made from 2 sugar monomers are called __________________disaccharidesName one of the polysaccharides you learned about.Glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin

38. The kind of covalent bond that joins amino acids together is called a _________ bondpeptide->http://www.chemicalconnection.org.uk/chemistry/topics/images/pp3.jpg

39. Unsaturated fats and fatty acids are _________ at room temperature. solid liquidliquidhttp://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/cm1503/lipids.htm

40. The folding of a protein molecule into its 3D shape due to the interactions of R side chains involved hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, an disulfide bridges result in its ___________ structure.Tertiary 3o

41. http://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/thog4n0/public_html/fatyacid.jpgTell the kind of macromolecule you learned about that could be built from these subunitsFat (triacylglycerol)http://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/thog4n0/public_html/chemfat.html

42. This isomer of glucosein which the -OH on C1 hangs down below the plane of the ring is called _____ glucoseαName a polysaccharide that this form ofglucose could be used to makeStarch (amylose or amylopectin) or glycogen

43. The association of multiple protein chainstogether results in its _____________Quaternary 4ohttp://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/hemoglobin.jpg

44. Saturated fats and fatty acids are _________ at room temperature. solid liquidsolidhttp://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/cm1503/lipids.htm

45. This isomer of glucosein which the -OH on C1 sticks up above the plane of the ring is called _____ glucoseßName a polysaccharide that this form ofglucose could be used to makeCellulose or chitin (if nitrogen group added)

46. Name this type ofLipid characterizedby a carbon skeletonconsisting of 4 ringswith variousfunctional groupssteroids

47. Sugar molecules with 6 carbons arecalled ________ hexosesWhich nitrogen base is not found in RNA?thymine

48. Name this steroidfrom which othersteroids includinghuman sex hormonesare synthesized.cholesterolWhich part of a phospholipid is polar?Glycerol-phosphate head

49. http://z.hubpages.com/u/105829_f520.jpgA diet high in____________fats is one of the factors that can contribute to cardiovasculardisease.saturatedsaturated unsaturated

50. CONTRAST: GLYCOGEN and STARCHDifferences:Glycogen Starch Highly branched amylose (unbranched) amylopectin (less branched than glycogen)Made by animals made by plantsα 1,4 & 1,6

51. Which part of a phospholipid molecule is non-polar?Fatty acid tailsENZYMES__________ are proteins that act as catalysts to speed upchemical reactions in living things

52. How many fatty acid tails are found in a phospholipid?2Fatty acid molecules consist of long hydrocarbon chains with which functionalgroup attached at one end?carboxylhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/thog4n0/public_html/fatyacid.jpg

53. COMPARE GLYCOGEN and STARCHAlike:Made of α –glucose subunitsα 1,4 linkages1,6 linkages @ branch pointsGlycosidic bondsGlucose polymersWays to store glucoseDigestible by humans

54. Which of the four biomolecule groups you learned is hydrophobic?lipidsAnother name for a fat is____________________triacylglycerol

55. Which of these structures would NOTbe found in a DNA molecule?A (ribose)and D (uracil)Image from LearningExpress.com

56. Dehydration synthesis is also called____________ reaction.condensationWhich nitrogen base is not found in DNA?uracil

57. The addition of a phosphate group to ADP____________ energy. stores releasesstoresOrganic chemistry is the branch of chemistrythat studies molecules that contain _______ carbon

58. The removal of a phosphate group from ATP to form ADP____________ energy. stores releasesreleasesTRUE or FALSEL and D stereoisomers have the samechemical properties because they contain the same number and kinds of atoms

59. TRUE or FALSEL and D stereoisomers have the samechemical properties because they contain the same number and kinds of atomsFALSEL and D enantiomers can have very differentchemical properties.Ex: L-Dopa is a drug used to treat Parkinson’s disease, but D-Dopa has no effect on patients.Thalidomide- one enantiomer of used to treat morning sickness; other form caused birth defects

60. Name the structural polysaccharidefound in the cell walls of plants thatprovides supportcellulosePolymers of amino acids are called______________polypeptides

61. Chemical bond in which atoms share2 pairs of electronsList some functions of fatCovalent double bondEnergy storage (1 g of fat has more than twice as much energy as 1 g of polysaccharide)Cushions vital organsInsulates body against heat loss (blubber)

62. List some functions of nucleic acidsStore genetic informationProtein synthesisNucleotide subunits: ATP: store and transport energy NAD+ NADP+ FAD Coenzyme A energy/electron carriers

63. Which form of glucose is used to buildcellulose molecules?ß-glucoseThe “kinks” in fatty acids are due to_____________________cis-double bonds

64. Which chemical reaction joins glycerol and fatty acids to make a fat?Dehydration synthesis or condensationThe place on an enzyme where the substrate attaches is called the_______________Active site

65. The reactant in an enzyme catalyzed reaction is called a _____________substrateName the amino acid that can form disulfide bridgesCysteine

66. Which functional group is responsible for the formation of disulfide bridges?-SH sulfhydrylThe unwinding and loss of conformationin proteins is called _____________ denaturing

67. GLYCINEIt has an –Hfor its R groupWhich is the only amino acid without anasymmetric carbon?http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Glycine2.png

68. Name an environmental factor that can cause proteins to denaturepH extremesSalt concentrationTemperature (heat)TRUE or FALSEDenaturing in proteins is due to the disruption of peptide bondsFalse; 1° remains intact but hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and disulfide bridges in 2° & 3°are disrupted

69. cysteine-SH (sulfhydryl) group forms disulfide bridgesWhich amino acid is involved in making disulfidebridges to form the tertiary structure of proteins?http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/L-Cysteine.pnghttp://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Disulfide_bridge.htm

70. COMPARE and CONTRAST:DNA RNADouble stranded Single strandedContain A, T, C, G Contain A, U, C, GNo uracil No thymineDeoxyribose Ribose Store genetic info Carry info from DNA to cell Protein synthesisBOTH:Nucleic acids, made of nucleotide subunits, are polymers,Information molecules, joined using dehydration synthesis,Contain pentose sugars and nitrogen bases, have phosphate-sugar backbones,

71. Nitrogenous bases consisting of 2 ringsare called _______________purinesThe two sugar-phosphate backbones ina DNA molecule run in opposite directions, an arrangement referred to as___________________antiparallel

72. Nitrogenous bases consisting of 1 ringare called _______________pyrimidinesName the subunit used to build nucleic acids which consists of a pentose sugar, nitrogen base, and a phosphate group.nucleotide

73. The nitrogen bases that join byhydrogen bonds to form the stair stepsof the DNA ladder always pair up so that_________________ match up with each other.a pyrimidine-a purinetwo purinestwo pyrimidinesa pyrimidine-a purine

74. Give an example of a pyrimidineCytosine (C), Thymine (T) and Uracil (U)In a DNA molecule guanine always pairs upwith _____________cytosine

75. Which of these structures would NOTbe found in an RNA molecule?C (deoxyribose)and F (thymine)Image from LearningExpress.com

76. Carbohydrates that contain 5 carbon atoms are called _____________triosesWhich carbon is important in determiningwhether a glucose molecule is in theα or ß form?C1

77. In a DNA molecule adenine always pairs with _____________thymineA pentose sugar with only the nitrogen baseattached is called a _____________nucleoside

78. Molecules with both polar and nonpolar parts are called _______________amphipathicMolecules containing only hydrogen and carbon are called ________________hydrocarbons

79. Compare and contrast phospholipids and triglycerides (fat)BOTHPHOSPHOLIPIDS TRIGLYCERIDESGlycerol backboneMultiple phobic fatty acid chains attachedBy ester linkages 2 fatty acid chains 3 fatty acid chainsphosphate group nonpolarAmphipathic(polar head; nonpolar tails)

80. CysteinemethionineWhich two amino acids contain SULFUR ?methionineLook at these structures. Why can’t methionine formdisulfide bridges?No –SH group; it’s got a methyl grouphttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/L-Cysteine.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/L-Methionine.png

81. Tell the central dogma of molecular biologythat describes how information flowsin eukaryotic cells DNA ->RNA -> proteinsWrite the chemical formula for amonosaccharide with 3 carbonsC3H6O3

82. What disaccharide does it make?Glucose + glucose = ______________Glucose + fructose = ____________Glucose + galactose = ______________maltosesucroselactose

83. http://altopower.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/sugar.jpgTable sugar is called ____________sucroseWhich parts of a nucleotide form thebackbone of a nucleic acid?Sugar and phosphate

84. Put the following in order from least to most branched…Glycogen amylose amylopectinamylose amylopectin glycogen

85. Saturated___________ fats are more common inanimals than plants.TRUE or FALSEAmino acids be enantiomersTrue; the center carbon is attached to 4different groups; there are D and L formsof all amino acids except glycine

86. https://sharepoint.cisat.jmu.edu/isat/klevicca/Web/NMR_2002/glycine/Glycine2.gifName the only amino acid of the 20 amino acids used to make proteins that doesn’t have a stereoisomer (enantiomer)GLYCINEIt does NOThave a chiralcarbon; it doesnot have 4different groupsattached

87. Amylase is an enzyme that can break glyosidic linkages between α-glucose monomers.Which of the following could amylasebreak down?cellulose glycogen amylopectin starch chitinGlycogen, amylopectin, starch? From AP BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reese 7th edition Chapter 5 self quiz